研究性學習-中英美人之間的交際習慣

1、 中美英人之間的交際習慣 一、空間距離 當人們進行交際的時候，交際雙方在空間所處位置的距離具有重要的意義，它不僅告訴我們交際雙方的關(guān)系、心里狀態(tài)，而且也反映出民族和文化特點。多數(shù)講英語的人在交談時不喜歡離的太近，總要保持一定的距離。有趣的是英國人與意大利人交談時，意大利人不停的“進攻”，英國人不斷的“撤退”。實際上他們交談時都只不過是要占據(jù)對自己適當?shù)?，習慣的實際距離。西方文化注重個個隱私，東方人“私”的概念薄弱。在電梯，巴士或火車上，素不相識人的擁擠在一起，東方人可以容忍身體與身體接觸的那種擠，西方人無法容忍，西方人看中寬松的氛圍，崇尚個人自由和個人權(quán)利，而東方人的傳統(tǒng)文化根深蒂固。 二、目

2、光注視 在人際交往過程中，與交往對象保持目光接觸是十分必要的。如果從美國文化角度來看，這種目光是不適用于兩個男人之間的，這種長時間凝視常常是同性戀的亞文化群使用的非語言代碼的一部分。有教養(yǎng)的英國男子認為直接凝視且與之交往的人的眼睛是一種紳士風度，中國人則對緊盯著自己看的目光感到不自在，甚至惶惑不安，原因是“羞恥感文化的影響，“非禮勿視”。 三、身體接觸 正像語言和姿勢可以傳遞人們的情感信息一樣，身體與他人的接觸在交際中也無時無刻不在傳遞信息。人類學家把文化大致分為兩大類：接觸文化(touch culture)與非接觸文化(nontouch culture)，阿拉伯人，南歐和西歐人、猶太人及拉丁

3、語系的人屬于第一類，美國人、北歐人及東方人屬于第二類。(一)握手 在美國，男人之間的握手是很用力的，這可能源于印第安人的角力競賽。中國人一邊講“你好”一邊握手，對此沒有什么忌諱(二)擁抱與親吻 相對于東方較為含蓄內(nèi)斂的文化，歐洲人在表達情感這方面明顯更為熱情和奔放。接吻在歐美地區(qū)是重要的禮儀。中英美打招呼“上哪去？” “吃了沒？”“Good morning/afternoon/evening ! ”“How do you do ! ”“Nice to meet you ! ”“How are you doing ”“Good morning/afternoon/evening ! ”“How

4、do you do ! ”“Nice to meet you ! ”“How are you doing ”稱呼不可直呼其名，稱爺爺奶奶，稱呼家人、鄰居時稱 “大哥”“二姐”“叔叔”“阿姨”可以向爺爺奶奶直呼其名。年輕人稱老年人，可在其姓前加Mr/Mrs/Miss 稱呼家人，鄰居一般直呼其名可以向爺爺奶奶直呼其名。年輕人稱老年人，可在其姓前加Mr/Mrs/Miss 稱呼家人，鄰居一般直呼其名寒暄可以詢問年齡，地址，工作單位，收入，婚姻，家庭情況，信仰等話題在打電話時，我們習慣說“Hello who are you please ? ”天氣的狀況或預測接到電話先報自己的號碼或單位天氣的狀況或預測

5、接到電話先報自己的號碼或單位贊揚與祝賀說一些謙虛的話，認為謙虛是種美德人們認為謙虛是虛偽的代名詞，應(yīng)該大膽說出自己的想法人們認為謙虛是虛偽的代名詞，應(yīng)該大膽說出自己的想法道別把客人送到門口甚至送上車，客人對主人說“請留步吧！”主人往往會說“走好啊”“慢走啊”“下次再來啊”等等微微一笑并作個再見的手勢或說“Bye bye”“See you later”微微一笑并作個再見的手勢或說“Bye bye”“See you later”10 Major Cultural Differences Between China and the United StatesIt is always interest

6、ing to study other cultures and it is extremely important to do just that if you are going to have interactions with them. You dont want to insult someone or embarrass yourself and your own culture. These differences do not make either culture better or worse than the other one. It just shows their

7、differences which has been created through centuries of history and development. China can trace their traditions and customs for thousands of years. America is still a small babe of a nation that has had very few traditions of its own but has become such a melting pot of cultures that there is almo

8、st no specific American culture that can be said is applied across the board. This makes both cultures unique and worthy of study and respect.1. Social Structure In China the social structure is formal and hierarchical. You know where you fit in the structure and you abide by the rules there. There

9、is no crossing into other areas. In America, it is much more loose and informal. It is not uncommon to see those of various social levels socializing and knowing each other. There are very few lines that socially are not allowed to be crossed. This can cause problems in business relationships if the

10、 visiting culture is unaware of it.2. Confrontation/Conflict If you are planning on conducting business in China or expecting an extended stay, it might be useful to know that the direct way that most Americans approach issues is not the way to go in China. Direct conflict or confrontation over issu

11、es is highly frowned upon. Doesnt matter that the “truth” needs to be spoken, respect and honor to each person supersedes that. To prove a point and show yourself in the right even over business issues is considered shameful and should be avoided.3. Self The Chinese looks more at the group collectiv

12、e than at individualism. America has become known for its push of individualism which has been a source of conflict with other cultures that look collectively. A person from China is more prone to look at how their acts affect the whole instead of how it affects them personally. They are more willin

13、g to give up and sacrifice for the greater good. Americas individualism has been its backbone and the reason for its success as a world power, but when visiting China it needs to be reined in.4. Face/Reputation Reputation of the individual is very important in China. If an action will humiliate some

14、one or ruin a reputation, it is avoided. When shame occurs, the person sacrifices their job or whatever it is that will heal the shame. In America, reputations come and go overnight and in the end usually does not matter. The end result is more of the focus. A person is more likely to overlook a rep

15、utation to get the job done.5. Business Relations When doing business in China, be prepared for much socializing. Business becomes secondary as the parties get to know each better. If it delays a contract, that is perfectly acceptable as long as the correct social time is allotted for. In America, b

16、usiness associates are usually more aloof. There might be some social gathering but the business is more important and the socializing will be sacrificed to get the job done if needed. Though there seems to be shift in America regarding this. The recognition of networking is becoming more pronounced

17、.6. Morals Chinese society places high values on the morals of their people. Marriage is not encouraged until the late twenties. In fact, dating is discouraged early in a young adults life and proprieties are expected to be held up. The American culture is much more relaxed and some could even argue

18、 that there needs to be more moral emphasize.7. Recognition of the Dead One of the time honored traditions of the Chinese is the recognition of the dead. Once a year, all members of a family visit the gravesites of each ancestor and pay their respects. Honoring ancestors is very important in Chinese

19、 culture. This is in direct contrast to most Americans who rarely know where the majority of their ancestors are laid to rest. This might be due to the fact that most Americans are immigrants who either have lost the information on grave locations or the locations are in foreign countries. Chinas cu

20、lture is much older and the percentage of immigration is far less.8. Humility Humility is a revered virtue in Chinese culture. The success of ones business or personal life is downplayed while in America the successes are lauded. Most Americans in the fast business world consider humility a sign of

21、weakness. This can be an issue that hurts inter-cultural relations. Be very sensitive to comments and actions in the presence of another culture.9. Time Sensitivity Crossing cultures for business can be frustrating when it interferes with getting the job done. Most Americans are very time sensitive

22、when it comes to meetings and deadlines. If the meeting was to commence at 2:00, then all parties are to be present at that time. The Chinese do not view time as an absolute but more as a suggestion. Concern is not expressed for a meeting starting late or ending at a different time. The same can be

23、applied to deadlines. If a report is due on Friday, an American would be waiting for that report to be received before end of business day. The Chinese would not worry if it showed up several days later.10. Respect Being sensitive to another persons needs is very important in Chinese culture. It is

24、expected that you will respect the other person and treat them well. Their needs are met at each encounter. This is a characteristic that unfortunately has fallen on the wayside in most American circles. Communication habits research We are conducting a survey on communication habits in different countries. It is always interesting and extremely important to study other cultures. It helps us remove misunderstanding and have a better communication. Please an