Chapter 20 concord.ppt

1、,Chapter 20,主謂一致,一、主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則： 語法一致原則 Grammatical concord 概念（邏輯）一致原則 Notional concord 毗鄰一致原則（就近原則） Principle of proximity,二、 語法一致 英語中主語與謂語之間的語法一致原則主要指謂語動詞為be動詞（或謂語動詞詞組的第一個(gè)成分為be動詞）時(shí)，主語與謂語之間的協(xié)調(diào)一致關(guān)系。其他動詞只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)才體現(xiàn)一致關(guān)系，即主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動詞后需要添加-s,

2、-es 或變詞末-y為i再加 -es 的形式。個(gè)別助詞也需體現(xiàn)一致關(guān)系，如shall/should用于第一人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)主語，will/would用于第三人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)主語，will/would用于第三人單、復(fù)數(shù)主語。如： The window is open. The windows are open. She likes singing.,三、 概念（邏輯）一致 1）邏輯一致是指謂語動詞的形式不取決于主語的表層語法形態(tài)，而取決于它的深層邏輯含義。雖然一個(gè)做主語的名詞的形式是單數(shù)，但如果它表示的是復(fù)數(shù)的含義，謂語動詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，反之亦然。有時(shí)同一個(gè)詞在不同的語境表示不同的邏輯意義，則需要依據(jù)

3、其含義使用不同的動詞形式，應(yīng)注意體味、把握不同的動詞形式，應(yīng)注意體味、把握不同的動詞形式所體現(xiàn)的主語的確切的邏輯含義：,The family (be) a happy one. 那是個(gè)幸福的家庭。 My family (be) all tall. 我的家人個(gè)子都很高大。,is,are,The recent statistics on marriage (be) interesting. 最近關(guān)于婚姻情況的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料挺有意思。 Statistics (be) not as difficult as some people think. 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)并不像某些人想象的那么難。,are,is,2）充當(dāng)主語的

4、名詞詞組即使具有可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的形態(tài)，但表達(dá)的若作為一個(gè)單位看待的單數(shù)的含義，動詞也需要用單數(shù)的形式； 含有分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)的名詞詞組的后的動詞形式依據(jù)名詞詞組充當(dāng)主語的句子，謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)形式，如：,Fifty students for a class is the utmost limit. 每班人數(shù)最多不能超過50人。 Two hours is the time limit for the examination. 本次考試時(shí)限為兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 Is ten dollars a big sum to him? 對他來說十塊錢就是個(gè)大數(shù)目嗎？,3）用連接詞連接的主語后的謂語動詞的數(shù)視情況而定。一

5、般說來，用and連接的并列主語后用復(fù)數(shù)動詞，但如果and連接的是指同一個(gè)事物或人，或指聯(lián)系密切、常作為一個(gè)整體看待的人或事物，謂語動詞也用單數(shù)； 用as well as連接的名詞詞組與連接語之前的名詞的數(shù)一致； 名詞后用介詞with連接其他名詞時(shí)，動詞與with之前的名詞的數(shù)一致； 用bothand連接的并列名詞主語往往用復(fù)數(shù)動詞，如：,A knife and fork is needed when one is eating. 人們進(jìn)餐時(shí)需要用刀叉。 A cart and horse was what he needed to carry himself away. 他只需要一輛馬車把自己載

6、走。 This bread and butter is too thick. 這片涂黃油的面包太厚了。 A watch and chain was given to him by his father as a birthday present. 父親送他一塊帶鏈的表作為生日禮物。 A rod and line is needed for angling. 釣魚需要魚線魚竿。,English and Chinese are quite different languages. 英語和漢語是完全不同的語言。 Both the rubber and pith ball are negatively

7、 charged. 這時(shí)，橡膠棒和木髓都帶上了負(fù)電荷。 I as well as they am anxious about your safe arrival. 我跟他們一樣急于知道你平安到達(dá)的消息。 She, with her two daughters, comes to spend the weekend on the farm once every two weeks. 她和她的兩個(gè)女兒每隔一周要到農(nóng)場來度一次周末。,4）含有否定意義的不定代詞或其他一些不定代詞做主語時(shí)，謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)，其中none是例外。 形容詞前邊加定冠詞表一類人，后邊動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；表一類事物（抽象概念）時(shí)，動

8、詞用單數(shù)。 定語從句中動詞的數(shù)往往與從句先行詞的數(shù)一致,Each of them is to pay his own fine. There was nobody there. There is nothing I should enjoy more. 這是我最大的樂事。 Nevertheless, none of the scientists on the scene were prepared for the awesome scale of the events that soon followed. 然而，在現(xiàn)場的科學(xué)家們并沒有一位對即將面臨的可怕事件有所準(zhǔn)備。 Everybody i

9、nitiates and receives messages in some form or other. 每個(gè)人都以不同的方式發(fā)出并接收信息。,The good is not always the beautiful. 有錢人并不總是幸福的。 The deaf and dumb need special help. 聾啞人需要特殊幫助。 There is something in his manner which irritates others. 他的態(tài)度有激怒別人的地方。 There were few eggs which werent broken. 沒破掉的蛋沒有幾個(gè)。,四、毗鄰一致

10、(就近原則) 毗鄰一致原則是指句子中主語是由關(guān)聯(lián)詞語或其他連接語引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的名詞詞組充當(dāng)時(shí)，謂語動詞的數(shù)與其毗鄰的名詞詞組的數(shù)保持一致的原則，如：,Not only Henry but also his friends were unequivocally apposed to the compromise. 不僅亨利還有他的朋友們都反對這種妥協(xié)。 Either my brother or his friends are going. 要么是我弟弟，要么是他的朋友們要去。 Neither the girls nor John is to blame. 既不怨姑娘們，也不怨約翰。 Ca

11、sh or bills are accepted here in this store. 本店既接受現(xiàn)款又接受支票。,五、很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定。總結(jié)如下：,1.謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況 1)動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 如： Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or

12、her.,2) 表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù) 如： Two weeks was too long .Five times five makes twenty five.,3)當(dāng)and 連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)形式的名詞作主語，在意義上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)如: law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索 horse

13、and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落,His warmest admirer and severest critic was his wife. 他的妻子是他最熱心的崇拜者和最嚴(yán)厲的批評者。 Whisky and soda is always my favorite drink. 威士忌加蘇打總是最和我的口味。 War and peace is a constant theme in history. 戰(zhàn)爭與和平永遠(yuǎn)是歷史主題。,再如： If law and order i

14、s not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. Bread and butter is our daily food . Time and tide waits for no man.,4) 表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞以及表示國家、組織等名稱的專有名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時(shí)候謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 arthritics關(guān)節(jié)炎 statistics統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué) measles 麻疹 phonetics 語音學(xué) optics 光學(xué) genetics 遺傳學(xué) General Motors 通用公司 the Netherlands 荷

15、蘭 the New York Times 紐約時(shí)報(bào) the United Nations 聯(lián)合國,nouns ending in “s”,1. disease names ending in “s”- singular: e.g. diabetes, bronchitis 2. subject names ending in “ics” - singular 3. country names ending in “s” - singular 4. names of mountain chains, straits, falls, archipelagos, etc. ending in “s”

16、 - plural 5. nouns ending in “-ings” - plural: belongings, earnings, surroundings,如：Linguistics is a branch of study on human language . 語言學(xué)是研究人類語言的分支學(xué)科。 Statistics is an indispensable analytical tool in modern society. 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)是現(xiàn)代社會必不可少的分析工具。 Measles is much less common now than it used to be . 現(xiàn)在麻疹遠(yuǎn)沒有過

17、去常見。 General Motors is a large multinational company. 通用公司是一家大型的跨國公司。,5) 有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，根據(jù)意義一致原則動詞用單數(shù) 如：The chaos was stopped by the police. The news is a great encouragement to us. A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.,6) a pair(kind, sort, type, portion, s

18、pecies, series) of +名詞 做主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 如： My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一條短褲正在被修改。 A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days. 現(xiàn)在配一副眼鏡要花很多錢。,2. 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況 1) 由and, both and, 連接的并列主語，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語后面謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式 如： Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at co

19、llege.,2)集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle, poultry后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動詞 如： The cattle are grazing in the sunshine .,3)當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 如： The Japanese were once very aggressive .,4) 某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時(shí)候，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù) 如： The rich are not always selfish.,3. 謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況 1) 就近一致原則 這種情況下，謂語動詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)

20、取決于最靠近該動詞的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)，由連詞 eitheror; neithernor; whether or;not onlybut (also) ;or 等連接的并列主語 如：Neither money nor fame has influence on me .Not only you but also he is wrong .,2) 主語帶有（together/along）with, such as，accompanied by, as well as, no less than, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , includ

21、ing, together with 等等附加成分，謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致,如： Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations. The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference

22、 for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. (1981年考研題 ）,3)關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。 如： Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. （1996年考研題） There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for,

23、 but which do not bring a return in money to the community. （1990年考研題）,4)一些表示數(shù)量的短語與名詞連用時(shí)候，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)，名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。這些短語包括：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth) of; eighty (ten, twenty) percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等,如： Two-thirds of people present are women. Lots of damage was caused by the fire .,5)集體名詞作主語時(shí)