中考英語 閱讀專題 主旨大意題(無答案)

1、主旨大意題所謂主旨大意題，就是指那些針對文章的主要內(nèi)容、主題、標(biāo)題或?qū)懽髂康乃O(shè)置的問題。這類題主要考查同學(xué)們在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié)的能力。通過研究近兩年各地的中考題我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在的閱讀題遠非停留在理解詞句和看懂內(nèi)容上。為了增加閱讀理解題的區(qū)分度，考查學(xué)生的綜合理解能力，拉開差距，閱讀題中主旨大意題和推斷題明顯增加。這里，我們主要來探討主旨大意題的解題方法。一、主旨大意題的題干表現(xiàn)形式1. 主要內(nèi)容型:What is the passage / text / article mainly about? What is the main

2、 / general idea of this passage? This passage mainly tells us about / that _.2. 主題型:What is the topic / subject of the article? Which subject is discussed in the text?3. 最佳標(biāo)題型:What is the best title for this text / passage / article? Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? 4

3、. 寫作目的型:The purpose of this article / passage / text is to_. The authors main purpose of writing the passage is _.What is the writers purpose of writing this passage? The article has been written to explain _.二、主旨大意題的解答在做主旨大意題時,不管是哪一種題型,關(guān)鍵的一步是要找出主題句或和主題有關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞,從而把握文章的主旨(main idea)。1. 議論、說明體裁的文章在議論文和說

4、明文中,文章的主題通常出現(xiàn)在首段或末段。第一段的作用通常是給出作者的觀點或引出將要介紹的事物,而末段的作用通常是總結(jié)全文、重申論點。因此,在閱讀議論文和說明文時,對于首段和末段一定要仔細(xì)閱讀,尋找對全文有提綱挈領(lǐng)或概括結(jié)論性的語句,因為那通常就是文章的主題所在。但有時文章中并不存在明確點明主題的句子,這時可以聯(lián)系每段的中心句來概括、總結(jié),然后得出主題。因為作者對文章各個段落的安排都是緊緊圍繞主題展開的,或者說每段都對主題的展開和深化起到了各自的作用。因此每個段落也是相對的一個小整體,有著各自的中心,而這個中心通常由段落中的一句話表達出來,即段落的主題句(topic sentence)。由此,我

5、們可以看出,文章各段的主題句構(gòu)成了一篇文章的骨架?？辞辶诉@個骨架的輪廓,弄清了各段與文章主題的關(guān)系,不但全文的主旨,即便是隱藏在文字深層的作者的寫作目的或意圖也會躍然紙上。每段中的主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段首、段尾或是段中,但以出現(xiàn)在段首的情況居多。盡管每段主題句的位置不固定,但尋找起來也并不難。記住主題句是能簡潔明了地概括全段的主要內(nèi)容,具有高度的綜合性和概括性的一句話,段內(nèi)的其他句子都是對主題句的進一步解釋、說明、論證或拓展。例1:Our neighborhood has really changed. When I last visited there, about half of the ho

6、uses had been torn down (拆除)to make way for a highway. The rest of the buildings were covered with billboards (宣傳板)and surrounded by traffic signs and garbage. Now the whole neighborhood has become dirty, noisy and full of cars.【分析】本段第一句話的概括性最強,指出環(huán)境發(fā)生了巨大變化。其他幾句話分別具體說明都發(fā)生了哪些變化,以及現(xiàn)在的樣子。因此,第一句為本段的主題句。2

7、. 記敘體裁的文章記敘文通常按時間先后或事情發(fā)展的順序來敘述。尋找這類文章的主題時也要特別留意首段和末段,因為作者有時會在敘述事件之前或之后流露出自己對它的看法和情感,而這正是解題的關(guān)鍵。還有些情況下,文中沒有明確的主題句,即主題隱含在行文之中。必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實細(xì)節(jié)進行全面考慮,綜合分析。這時要注意表示時間和順序的詞語,以把握事情發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)。還要特別留意那些概括情節(jié)和中心的動詞,或者反映人物特點的形容詞等,這樣才能猜測出作者在用詞、語氣之中流露出的隱含信息。例2:Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white

8、 gardenia (梔子花) was delivered to my house. No card ever came with it. Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to find out the senders name and was just pleased with the beautiful white flower, in soft pink paper. I never stopped imagining (想像) who the giver m

9、ight be, though. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these daydreams. Shed ask me if I had been especially kind to someone. Perhaps it was the old man across the street. Id delivered his mail during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun i

10、magining that it might be a boy that I had met. One month before my graduation, my father died. I was so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didnt care whether I had a new dress or not. My mother, in her own sadness, however, would not let me miss any of

11、those things. She wanted her children to feel loved. In fact, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia: lovely, strong and perfect, with perhaps a bit of mystery (神秘). My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenias stopped coming.

12、 Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. A Childhood Dream B. A Mothers Love C. A Graduation PartyD. A Special Birthday 【分析】本文寫的是一位母親在自己女兒成長的過程中以一種獨特的方式每年在女兒生日那天不署名送女兒梔子花來表達對女兒的愛。本篇文章圍繞愛展開,開頭寫暗送女兒梔子花,并鼓勵女兒去想像美好。當(dāng)女兒遇到挫折時,母親鼓勵女兒要勇敢地面對困難。盡管文章中并沒有出現(xiàn)主題句,但是以上這些關(guān)鍵信息充分說明了B項A Mothers

13、Love是正確項。3. 新聞體裁的文章值得一提的是新聞報道類文章在中考閱讀中逐漸增多。一般這類文章都有固定格式:城市名稱(或通訊社) 一句話概括新聞的主要內(nèi)容,然后是具體的報道。通常第一句是一個較長的句子,交待出主要事件、發(fā)生的時間、地點等。如果不是非常有必要交待時間和地點的事情,也至少會在第一句中點出要報道的對象和側(cè)重點。例如:例3:JAKARTA (Xinhua) The Indonesia Health Ministry said that a three-year-old Indonesian boy died of bird flu (流感) on Wednesday. He bec

14、ame the 108th people who died of this disease in the country. Nyoman Kandun, the leader of the Health Ministry, told Xinhua on telephone that the boy loved to play with birds .【分析】這則新聞報道了一個3歲的男孩死于禽流感的事情。首句就交代清楚了事情發(fā)生的時間(on Wednesday)、地點(Indonesia)、人物(a 3-year-old boy)以及主要情節(jié)(died of bird flu)。小試牛刀1. S

15、amantha, I cant eat or sleep when you are gone. I need to hear your soft voice and see your lovely toothless smile. I miss that special way you eat soup with your fingers. Please come home soon!What is the main idea of this paragraph?A. Samantha, your smile is very lovely.B. Samantha, I want to hear

16、 your soft voice.C. Samantha, I miss you very much.D. Samantha, I cant eat and sleep well.2. Someday we will all have robots that will be our personal servants (仆人). They will look and behave much like real humans. We will be able to talk to these robots and they will be able to answer us. They will

17、 be smart, strong, and tire-less workers. Their only life goal will be to make our lives easier.Which sentence expresses the main idea of the paragraph?A. Someday we will all have robots as our personal servants.B. We can talk to these robots and they can answer us.C. Robots will look and behave muc

18、h like real humans.D. The robots will be smart, strong, and tireless workers.解答主旨大意題的小技巧：1. 快速有重點地瀏覽(skimming)全文。從整體上把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系、問題的指向等。在快速瀏覽時，不糾纏文章中與主旨無關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)(如某些數(shù)字或?qū)Ｓ忻~等)，以保持閱讀的連貫性，把注意力集中于主題句的關(guān)鍵詞語上，必要時在重要詞句下面畫線標(biāo)注。2. 選擇文章標(biāo)題時，既要排除過于具體或斷章取義、以偏概全的標(biāo)題，又要排除范圍太大、空洞、不著邊際的標(biāo)題，還要警惕以事實、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象、概括的大意的情況。3. 推斷作者寫作

19、目的時，要站在作者的立場想問題，切忌將自己的觀點強加于作者。當(dāng)文中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點時，務(wù)必牢記作者的觀點才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時，要注意一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如：but, yet, however, although等。當(dāng)文章中表示相反的觀點時，往往用到這些詞。答題時要弄清哪個是作者的觀點，排除迷惑性信息。4. 必須看清題目，要求回答的是“全文主旨”還是“段落主旨”；推斷的是“作者的觀點、意圖”還是“別人的觀點、意圖”。訓(xùn)練AWhy play games? Because they are fun, and we can learn even more while playing. Foll

20、owing the rules, planning your next move, acting as a team member these are all “game” ideas that you will come across all through your life. They can help you in different ways. Think about some of the games you played as a young child, such as rope-jumping and hide-and-seek. Such games are very in

21、teresting. But perhaps more importantly, they translate part of life into exciting games that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating (合作). Many childrens games have a practical side. Children around the wor

22、ld play games that prepare them for work they will do as grown-ups. For example, some Saudi Arabian children play a game called bones, which improves the hand-eye coordination (協(xié)調(diào)) needed in fishing. The most famous games of all, the Olympic Games, bring athletes from around the world together to ta

23、ke part in friendly competitions. People who watch the event (比賽項目) know that a gold medal is a win for the whole country, not just the athlete who got it. For countries experiencing natural disasters (災(zāi)害) or wars, an Olympic win can mean so much. Sports games are also an event that unites (團結(jié)) peop

24、le. Football is the most popular sport in the world. People all over the world play it some for fun and some for a living. Nicolette Iribarne, a Californian football player, has discovered a way to spread hope through football. He created a foundation (基金會) to provide poor children with not only soc

25、cer balls but also a bright future. Next time you play your favorite game or sport, think about why you enjoy it, what skills are needed, and whether these skills will help you in other parts of your life. 55Whats the main idea of the passage? A. Games can help people in different ways. B. People ar

26、e advised to play games for fun. C. An Olympic win means a lot to every country.D. Sports can get people all over the world together.訓(xùn)練BAsk someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost mention recycling, which is the process (過程) of treating used things, such as

27、paper or steel so that they can be used again. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more things than we need. We are now dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the possible greenest way, but it would be far bett

28、er if we did not bring so many things home in the first place. Here is an example. In the UK, the total of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2005. It now makes up a third of a households waste. In many supermarkets, foods are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard. Too much packaging ca

29、uses serious environmental problems. The UK is running out of different kinds of ways for dealing with this unnecessary waste. If such packaging is burnt, it gives off greenhouse gases which go on to cause the greenhouse effect (效果). Recycling helps, but the process itself uses energy. The best way

30、of avoiding this problem is to stop producing such unnecessary things in the first place. Food waste is another serious problem, too. Too many supermarkets encourage customers (消費者) to buy more than they need. They seldom encourage customers to reuse their plastic bags, for example. However, a few o

31、f them are coming round to the idea that this cannot continue.But this is not just about supermarkets. It is about all of us. We have learned to connect packaging with quality (質(zhì)量). We have learned to think that something unpackaged is of poor quality. Is it true for all the products? In fact, more

32、and more companies realized the importance of protecting the environment. They try to package what really should be packaged, including products in good quality. As more of us recycle, we are beginning to realize how many unnecessary things are being collected. We need to face the waste of our daily

33、 life. Although many people have taken action to recycle, we have a high mountain to climb.57. What is the main purpose of the second paragraph? A. To show the facts of over-used packaging.B. To talk about the possible greenest ways.C. To teach people how to do recycling at home.D. To express worrie

34、s about environmental problems. 59. What does the passage mainly talk about? A. Supermarkets should recycle first. B. Packaging causes serious problems.C. Needless things are mostly recycled.D. Recycling should be done in the first place.訓(xùn)練CThe secret in re-remembering is to allow the full power of

35、your memory to flow freely without “trying” to remember any one specific (特定的) thing.I recently sat down to a relaxed and enjoyable dinner with some friends. At the beginning of the meal, a friend told us that his car had just been broken into and his briefcase (公文包) had been stolen. He was frustrat

36、ed (懊惱的) because his diary and a number of other items (物品) important to him were in the briefcase. He said he could remember only four items that were in his stolen briefcase, that he knew there were many more, that he had to give a full report to the police within two hours, and that the more he t

37、ried to remember the more blocked he became. Several of us at the table who were familiar with Memory Principles (規(guī)則) then took him through the following exercise: instead of continuing to allow him to think of what he could not remember, we asked him when he had last had his briefcase open. It turn

38、ed out that it was at the office just before he left work, at which point he suddenly remembered that he had put two important magazine articles in the briefcase. We then asked him when he had last had the briefcase open before leaving home for work. It turned out to have been the night before, and

39、he remembered having put in two more articles as well as a tape recorder, in preparation for the following morning. Finally we asked him to describe the inner (內(nèi)部的) design of his briefcase, and as he went through a detailed description, he remembered pens, pencils, letters and a number of other item

40、s that he had completely “forgotten” before. Within 20 minutes, he remembered 18 additional items.The secret is to “forget about” whatever you are trying to remember and “relive” all experiences that connect in any way with the item you are trying to remember. This method works at once almost in all

41、 cases, and takes the form of a created Mind Map around the “missing” center. This memory method, like the others, improves your memory as well as your creativity, and in addition gives you confidence when you realize that, no matter what you have forgotten, there is still a chance to solve any memo

42、ry mystery (謎團)! 60. What can be the best title for the passage?A. Forgetting You can never really forget B. Drawing The better way to remember thingsC. Re-remembering Remember what you have forgottenD. Replacing Forgetting something instead of remembering 訓(xùn)練DJames Naismith, a physical education teacher in Massachusetts, invented basketball in 1891. Naismiths boss asked him to invent a game that