助動詞與情態(tài)動詞.ppt

助動詞與情態(tài)動詞,助動詞與青苔動詞的關(guān)系,1.He can finish the work alone. He did finish the work alone. 2. Can you do that? Did you do that?,情態(tài)動詞：可表達(dá)一定語義，去掉后句子意思改變。 助動詞： 沒有語義，去掉后句子意思不變。 情態(tài)動詞與助動詞都必須與實(shí)意動詞連用，共同構(gòu)成句子謂語部分。 You have done a great job.,動詞的分類,根據(jù)在句中的功能，動詞可以分為： 1.實(shí)義動詞(Notional Verbs) 2.系動詞(Link Verbs) 3.助動詞(Auxiliary Verbs) 4.情態(tài)動詞(Modal Verbs),助動詞 （Auxiliary）,(Helping Verb),種類 be 2. have 3. do 4. shall will 寫出上述助動詞的各種形式。,1. be ( is, am, are, was, were, being, been ); 2. have ( has, had, having ); 3. do ( does, did ); 4. shall ( should ), will ( would ).,概念 沒有獨(dú)立的實(shí)際意義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，通常幫助實(shí) 義 動 詞并與其一起構(gòu)成謂語，表示_等，或構(gòu)成_。,時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣,疑問句和否定句,1. 構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài) We shall have a meeting tomorrow. She is doing her homework. Tom was making a call at this time last night. The plane had been away for almost an hour when I arrived at the airport. He promised that he would tell me the truth.,2. 構(gòu)成被動語態(tài) The window is often cleaned by the little girl . I was told to attend that meeting. A meeting will be held by us here tomorrow. The trees are being watered by them. He promised that the truth would be told to me.,3. 構(gòu)成強(qiáng)勢語氣 1)用于肯定句動詞前 He worked hard. He did work hard. She loves reading. She does love reading. -He plays the piano wonderfully. - So he does.,2) 用于祈使句前。 Come to my party on time. Do come to my party on time. Be quiet! Do be quiet!,4.用于不完全倒裝句 1）Not until the game had begun did he arrive at the sports ground. 2）The organization had broken no rules, but neither had it acted responsibly. 3) -She plays the piano wonderfully. - So does he.,將下列句子改為不完全倒裝句。 1. I have never seen such wonderful pictures in my life. 2. He seldom paints now. 3. John not only loves Chinese, but he is also good at speaking it. 4. I realized the importance of learning English only then. 5. Tom didnt begin to do his homework until his mother returned. 6. China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons under any circumstances,1. Never have I seen such wonderful pictures in my life. 2. Seldom does he paint now. 3. Not only does John love Chinese, but he is also good at speaking it. 4. Only then did I realize the importance of learning English. 5. Not until his mother returned did Tom begin to do his homework. 6. Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.,5. 構(gòu)成否定，疑問句型 Does she work here? They didnt buy that car last week. Has your father finished that job? When will you come back?,do , have 作實(shí)意動詞,1.What did you do yesterday? I did some reading. 2. I have nothing to say about it. 3. He told me the TV set he had had repaired went wrong again.,情態(tài)動詞 (Modal Verb),概念,We frequently use modal verbs when we want to, for example, ask for permission to do something; grant permission to someone; give or receive advice; make or respond to requests and offers, etc.,情態(tài)動詞用來表示說話人對一個(gè)動作或狀態(tài) 的看法，態(tài)度或者說話人的情感。它有一定 的意義，即：說話人認(rèn)為某事“可能”， “或許”，“應(yīng)該”，或是“必須”發(fā)生等。但不能單獨(dú)作謂語，它與行為動詞或系動詞連用構(gòu)成謂語。,情態(tài)動詞特征： 1. 有一定的詞義，但不能單獨(dú)使用作謂語。 2.適用于主語的各種人稱和數(shù)。 3. 后面接動詞原形。 4. 具有助動詞的作用， 既可用來構(gòu)成否定句，疑問句及簡明答語。,常用情態(tài)動詞,can could be able to may might must shall should will would ought to dare need have to used to had better,can, could, be able to,can 可用于表能力，可能性及許可。 He is only four, but he can read. Can this news be true? Can I smoke here?(練習(xí)33),could 可以作為can的過去式，表過去的能力，或用于表微弱的可能;還可表示委婉客氣地提出問題或陳述看法。 1. I could swim when I was only six. 2. It could rain tomorrow. 3. Could I use your bike?,can 和 be able to,Someday humans will be able to overcome such fatal disease as AIDS. 表示將來的能力可以用be able to 的將來形式，也可以用can。 We are busy today, but we can repair your car tomorrow.,could 和 was able to,The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out. A) had to B) would C) could D) was able to I could/was able to swim when I was very young.(過去能力) I was able to pass the exam although it was very difficult.（p45 2） was able to = could and succeeded in doing,cant /couldnt have done 過去否定猜測 He couldnt/cant have gone abroad. I saw him just now (練習(xí)15),must do 現(xiàn)在肯定猜測 cant do 現(xiàn)在否定猜測(練習(xí)19.39) must have done 過去肯定猜測,情態(tài)動詞have done,情態(tài)動詞完成式主要有兩方面的含義： 1.表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況的推測： must have done 2.表示一種虛擬語氣： could have done,常用在肯定句中，表示對過去發(fā)生行為的肯定推測，含有“一定”、“準(zhǔn)是”的意思。 She must have studied English before. The road is wet. It must have rained last night.(練習(xí)11 17 27 40),must have done,表示對過去事情的否定推測， “不可能做過某事”。 史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我剛才還在圖書館見過他。 Mr. Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 瑪麗不可能偷你的錢，她回家了。 Mary cant have stolen your money. She has gone home. (練習(xí) 28 29 35),cant have done/couldnt have done,may/might have done,表示對過去發(fā)生行為的不太肯定的推測，含有“可能”、“也許是”的意思。 He may have finished his homework. He might not have settled the question (練習(xí)25),He_ you more help, even though he was very busy. A) might have given B) might give C) may have given D) may give,could have done,表示本來能夠完成的動作但沒有完成。 You could have completed the task a little earlier. I could have passed the exam easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.,should have done/ ought to have done過去該做而實(shí)際上未做的動作或行為； 否定形式should not have done/ ought not to have done發(fā)生了不應(yīng)該發(fā)生的行為。 I should have thought of that. (練習(xí)28 36) They should not have left so soon. You should not have told her the truth.,should /should not have done,表示過去做了某事，但沒有做的必要， 意為“本沒必要”。 You neednt have woken me up; I dont have to go to work today. 你本來沒必要叫醒我 She neednt have come here so early. 她本來不必要來這么早。(練習(xí)22 37) did not need to do 動作并沒發(fā)生 Yesterday I didnt need to get up early, so I got up at 9 a.m.,neednt have done,There is no light on - they _ be at home. A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt 2. My MP4 player isnt in my bag. Where _ I have put it? A. can B. must C. should D. would 3. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. A. should B. can C. must D. will,4. I _ have been more than six years old when the accident happened. shouldnt B. couldnt C. mustnt D. neednt 5. She looks very happy. She _ have passed the exam. - I guess so. Its not difficult after all. should B. could C. must D. might 6. He looks very young, so he _ be a student. A. must B. can C. will D. may,may, might,may表請求、允許。 May I come in? Yes, please./Certainly. No, you may not No, you cant. No, you mustnt. I am sorry. Id rather you didnt I am afraid not. youd better not (練習(xí)38),I believe the man is from England. But I may be wrong.,Peter _ come here tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. must B. may C. can D. will,表示猜測, 推測，might 可能性更小.,may be與maybe,maybe是副詞，意為“也許，大概”。它通常放在句子的開頭，在句子中作狀語。 Maybe they wont come here tonight. Maybe she is happy. may be是情態(tài)動詞may加動詞原形be構(gòu)成的，在句中做謂語，意為“可能是、大概是”，后接形容詞、介詞短語或名詞作表語。 She may be at home. =Maybe she is at home. You may be right. =Maybe you are right.,副詞 maybe 可單獨(dú)用作答語，但 may be 不能這樣用。如： A：Do you think hell come back? B：Maybe. (Maybe not.) 翻譯：你的鋼筆可能在你的口袋里。 他可能是個(gè)學(xué)生。 Your pen may be in your pocket. Maybe your pen is in your pocket. He may be a student. Maybe he is a student.,May you succeed! May you have a good journey!,may as well + 動原 “最好， 不妨” You may as well do it at once. 你最好馬上就做這件事。,表示祝愿;語氣較正式,must, have to,must表必須，必要 ，強(qiáng)調(diào)說話人的主觀意愿，而have to 更強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要，“不得不”。 I must clean the room.（主觀想法） I have to clean the room.（客觀需要）,must 用于一般疑問句的時(shí)候， 肯定回答用must , 或者 Im afraid so, 或 Yes, please. 其否定回答用 neednt 或者 dont have to Must I go tomorrow? Yes, please./Yes, you must. No, you neednt.(練習(xí)21) No, you dont have to (練習(xí)9),must 用于表示猜測，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中） He must be an honest boy. You must know my father. have to 有第三人稱單數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。 She/He/It has to. They had to . They will have to . have to的否定和疑問形式必須借助于助動詞do來構(gòu)成。 I have to get up early. I dont have to get up so early. Do I have to get up so early?,should, ought to,否定形式should not /shouldnt, ought not to/oughtnt to 疑問形式直接用should, ought 提問 你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。 You oughtnt to /shouldnt smoke so much. 我應(yīng)不應(yīng)該給她寫信？ Should I write to her? Ought I to write to her?,should的特殊用法 I find it quite astonishing that he should be so rude to you. 我很驚訝他竟然對你如此無禮。 I cant think why she should have done such a thing. 我不明白她為什么竟然做出這樣的事。 should常用在從句中表示一種感情色彩，可譯為“竟然”。,will和would,will,would作為助動詞可以用來構(gòu)成將來時(shí)態(tài)。 作為情態(tài)動詞，will/would可以： 1.表示意志，決心或愿望。 Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace. He wouldnt go to see the doctor. 2.表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的行為，常譯為“總是”。 She will listen to music alone in her room for hours. He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.,3.用于第二人稱作主語的疑問句中，表示對對方的請求，would的語氣比will委婉。 Would/will you please tell me the way to the station?,shall,Perhaps I shall pay a visit to England this winter.可能今年冬天我會去英國觀光。,A. 用于構(gòu)成將來時(shí)（助動詞）。,Shall we go by train, Mum?,B.用于征求意見（情態(tài)動詞）用于第一人稱。,1.You shall do exactly as I say.(練習(xí)34) 2.You shall have whatever you want. 3.Nobody shall throw away rubbish everywhere!,shall的主語是第二、三人稱的陳述句，表示說話人的允諾、警告、命令等語氣。,“I will be drowned and no one shall save me!” “ I shall be drowned no one will save me!”,need,既可以做實(shí)義動詞，也可以做情態(tài)動詞。 做實(shí)義動詞, 有人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化： I need some help. (need sth.) He needs to get some sleep. (need to do sth.) His hair needed cutting. (need doing 主動表被動) 此時(shí)，否定和疑問都要用助動詞do 構(gòu)成。 I dont need any help./Do you need any help? He doesnt need to get any sleep./ Does he need to.? His hair didnt need cutting./Did his hair need cutting? (p45 14),做情態(tài)動詞, 后接動詞原形，沒有人稱和時(shí)態(tài)變化，一般只用在否定句和疑問句中： sb. neednt do sth.,指“不必” You neednt wait for me. She neednt write to him. He said she neednt write to him. 疑問句可由need直接構(gòu)成，不必借助于助動詞do. Need she write to him? Need I wait for you? Yes, you must./No, you neednt. 肯定回答用must, 否定回答用neednt.,句子改錯： She need some paper. Need you any help? I neednt any help. You dont need wait for me.,She needs some paper.,Do you need any help?,I dont need any help.,You dont need to wait for me. You neednt wait for m