《生物英語翻譯》PPT課件.pptVIP

English to Chinese of English for biology 科技英漢翻譯要點,faithfulness Expressiveness elegance,English to Chinese of English for biology 英漢翻譯要點,faithfulness Expressiveness elegance 信： 忠實 達：通順 雅：文雅,English to Chinese of English for biology 英漢翻譯要點,Emphasis: Translation of attribute clause,attribute clause定語從句在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上屬次要部分，在語言作用上卻地位重要，應(yīng)用極廣 定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)有簡有繁，對先行詞限制有強有弱，翻譯時需靈活處理。漢語里沒有類似英語中定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，一般定語放在它所修飾的詞之前，只起修飾或限定作用，而定語從句的功能卻不止于此。 英語從句可很長，可由幾個從句并列同時修飾一個名詞，可借助關(guān)系代詞由一個從句套出另一個從句而漢語名詞前一般少用結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、描寫性的長定語因此，翻譯時不都把它前提在名詞前譯作定語。 常用的定語從句譯法有：,1. 譯成前置定語 Translate to clause be ahead,一般說來，限制性的定語從句可提前譯成定語。還有一些定語從句，雖然不明顯地帶有限定性質(zhì)，但本身較短，和被修飾語關(guān)系緊密，也可譯為前置定語。如：,Example 1To be sure, the human genome project would give jobs to many of those people who study on them.,Example 1To be sure, the human genome project (HGP) would give jobs to many of those people who study on them. 誠然，人類基因組計劃也許能為許多生物學(xué)研究者提供就業(yè)機會。,Example 2 In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems of environment.,Example 2 In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems of environment. 可是，近幾年來人們開始意識到城市也是生態(tài)環(huán)境問題成堆的地方。,如以上例句所示，這種譯法最適于翻譯較短的限定性定語從句。有時較長的也可采用這種譯法，以使修飾關(guān)系清晰，句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。 如：,譯,This practice book is intended for foreign students of bio- engineering who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of the language to read books on their subjects.,This practice book is intended for foreign students of bioengineering who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of the language to read books on their subjects. 這本練習(xí)課本是給那些已經(jīng)掌握了英語基礎(chǔ)知識而現(xiàn)在要利用學(xué)到的語言知識來閱讀專業(yè)書籍的生物工程學(xué)的學(xué)生用的。,2. 譯成后置的并列分句,A一些結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，或者意思上又較強的獨立性的限定性定語從句，通?？勺g為后置的并列分句。采取這種譯法，往往要有重復(fù)關(guān)系代詞來進行代替，經(jīng)常在這詞之前加指示詞“這”、“這些”等，以使譯文明確。 如：,Example 1（譯） But world attention also is focusing on another step, which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.,Example 1 But world attention also is focusing on another step, which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit. 人們也正把戒煙注意力集中在另一種措施上，這項措施將使吸煙者越來越意識到自己的不良習(xí)慣并為之感到不安。,Example 2In 1883, an American physician, A. King, listed twenty observations, which pointed to mosquitoes as factor in malaria.,Example 2In 1883, an American physician, A. King, listed twenty observations, which pointed to mosquitoes as factor in malaria. 1883年，美國醫(yī)生A金列舉了二十個觀察報告，這些報告表明蚊子是引起瘧疾的一個因素。,Example 3 Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.,Example 3 Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms. 物質(zhì)是由分子組成的，而分子又是又原子組成的。,譯,Example 4 The viral genome of foot and mouth disease virus consists of positive sense 8.5 kb ssRNA, which is encapsidated in an icosahedral(20面體) capsid composed of 60 copies each of the structural proteins VP1,VP2, VP3 and VP4.,Example 4 The viral genome of foot and mouth disease virus consists of positive sense 8.5 kb ssRNA, which is encapsidated in an icosahedral(20面體) capsid composed of 60 copies each of the structural proteins VP1,VP2, VP3 and VP4.,ssRNA: single-stranded RNA 口蹄疫病毒基因組為一8.5kb的單股正鏈RNA, 其基因組被一個由60分子亞單位組成的二十面體衣殼蛋白包裹，每分子亞單位由VP1，VP2，VP3和VP4四種結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白構(gòu)成。,有些定語從句翻譯時可不必重復(fù)關(guān)系代詞所代替的詞，而將其譯成人稱代詞“他”、“有些”等，使句子簡明扼要。如：,Example: 譯 The efficiency with which emergency vaccines can protect animals from such a direct-contact challenge is largely unknown.,Example: The efficiency with which emergency vaccines can protect animals from such a direct-contact challenge is largely unknown. 有些緊急接種的疫苗可以保護動物免遭直接接觸感染，而這一點卻并不廣為人知。,B. 非限定性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對先行詞加以說明，描述或解釋，或?qū)φ麄€語句所陳述的事實或現(xiàn)象加以總結(jié)概括、補充說明。在漢譯時，一般譯為后置的并列分句。如：,Example1: In English, attributive clauses are used extensively, some of which are very long and complicated in structure. 在英語中，定語從句的運用極為廣泛，有的從句很長而且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。,Example2: 譯 A serotype O1 Kaufbeuren FMDV RNA standard, which represents part of the FMDV genome, was synthesised in vitro from a plasmid containing full-length genome of FMDV serotype O1 Kaufbeuren.,該口蹄疫病毒的感染性克隆RNA，是依據(jù)克隆有O1型的Kaufbeuren口蹄疫病毒株全基因組的質(zhì)粒上的DNA序列，進行體外合成得到的，它能夠表達口蹄疫病毒部分基因組序列。,Example2: A serotype O1 Kaufbeuren FMDV RNA standard, which represents part of the FMDV genome, was synthesised in vitro from a plasmid containing full-length genome of FMDV serotype O1 Kaufbeuren.,3 溶合譯法,溶合譯法是指把主句與定語從句結(jié)合起來譯,使之溶合成一個獨立的句子。如：,Example 1 Not only DNA are germ plasm which could transmit qualities to secondary generation.,Example 1 Not only DNA are germ plasm which could transmit qualities to secondary generation. 并不只有核酸才能把性狀遺傳給子代。,英語中含有定語從句 “there be.” 的結(jié)構(gòu)漢譯時常常使用溶合譯法。如：,Example There is nothing that does not contain contradiction. Example There was little that doctors could do for the patient infected with oesophagus cancer. i:sfgs,Example There is nothing that does not contain contradiction. 沒有什么事是不包含矛盾的。 Example There was little that doctors could do for the patient infected with oesophagus cancer. 醫(yī)生對食管癌病人無能為力。,譯成狀語,英語中有些定語從句在內(nèi)容上含有時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等狀語意思，翻譯時往往可以加上相應(yīng)的詞語，以表達出其相應(yīng)的狀語意義。,Example Pro. Peter, who had spent years on studying geological science, used to consider the origin of mankind in the light of geology knowledge.,Example Pro. Peter, who had spent years on studying geological science, used to consider the origin of mankind in the light of geology knowledge. （由于）彼得教授花過多年時間研究地質(zhì)科學(xué)，因而他習(xí)慣于根據(jù)地質(zhì)學(xué)知識探索人類的起源。,Example We can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.,Example We can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. （因為）在近東人們最早使用文字記事，所以，即使追溯到五千年前那里發(fā)生的事情，我們也能知道。,B. 表示時間,Electrical energy that is supplied to the motor may be converted into mechanical energy of motion.,B. 表示時間,Electrical energy that is supplied to the motor may be converted into mechanical energy of motion. 當(dāng)把電能提供給電動機時，它就能變成能運動的機械能。,C. 表示目的,Example1He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument of tricarboxylic acid cycle. traik:bksilik Example2Steel parts are usually covered the grease, with which they may not rust.,C. 表示目的,Example1He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument of tricarboxylic acid cycle. 他正在收集確鑿的材料以證明他提出的三羧酸循環(huán)的論點。 Example2Steel parts are usually covered the grease, with which they may not rust. 鋼零件通常用潤滑油覆蓋，免得生銹。,D. 表示結(jié)果,例1He ate a fungus, which made him ill. fgs 他吃了一個？，結(jié)果病倒了。,E. 表示條件,例2A person is an idealist who thinks that rational knowledge need not to be derived from perceptual knowledge. pseptjul;,E. 表示條件,例2A person is an idealist who thinks that rational knowledge need not to be derived from perceptual knowledge. 如果認為理性知識可以不從感性知識得來，他就是一個唯心主義者。,F. 表示讓步,例Electronic computer, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man.,F. 表示讓步,例Electronic computer, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. 盡管電子計算機有許多優(yōu)點，卻不能進行創(chuàng)造性的工作，代替不了人。,練習(xí),試譯下列各句，原文中的定語從句可譯為前置定語：,1. The question, which worries everyone today, is: how long will these fuels last? 2. Scientists believe that there must be hundreds of heavenly bodies in the universe where human beings or something like human beings may exist.,1The question, which worries everyone today, is: how long will these fuels last? 今天人人都擔(dān)心的問題是：這些燃料能維持多久？ 2Scientists believe that there must be hundreds of heavenly bodies in the universe where human beings or something like human beings may exist. 科學(xué)家們認為，人或類似人的生物能夠生存的天體，在宇宙中可能有幾百個。,（二）試譯下句，原文中的定語從句可譯為后置的并列分句：,Small wonder then that more scientists are visiting the region to acquire new knowledge which will help us to have a better understanding of the earth as a whole.,Small wonder then that more scientists are visiting the region to acquire new knowledge which will help us to have a better understanding of the earth as a whole. 難怪現(xiàn)在越來越來的科學(xué)家前往該地區(qū)以獲得新知識，這些知識將有助于我們更好地了解整個世界。,（三）試譯下句，把原文中的定語從句溶合成一個獨立的句子：,In time, men say that there were seasons, which followed one another in regular order.,In time, men say that there were seasons, which followed one another in regular order. 過了一段時間，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)季節(jié)按有規(guī)律的順序前后到來。,（四）試譯下列各句中的定語從句譯成表示原因、時間、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等狀語：,1表示原因,We know that a cat, whose eye can take in more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.,1 表示原因,We know that a cat, whose eye can take in more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 我們知道，由于貓的眼睛比我們?nèi)说难劬δ芪崭嗟墓饩€，所以在夜里也能看得很清楚。,2表示時間,He always makes fun of anyone with whom he chats. 他老是一面和人聊天，一面跟人家開玩笑。,3表示結(jié)果,(1) He decided not to complete his university course, which was a great disappointment to his parents. (2) There occurred the Great Earthquakes of 1923 in Japan, which caused a serious damage of property and a great loss of lives.,3表示結(jié)果,(1) He decided not to complete his university course, which was a great disappointment to his parents. 他決定不等大學(xué)畢業(yè)即行退學(xué)，這使他的父母大為失望。 (2) There occurred the Great Earthquakes of 1923 in Japan, which caused a serious damage of property and a great loss of lives. 日本于1923年發(fā)生大地震，結(jié)果造成了重大的財產(chǎn)和生命損失。,4表示目的,(1) He wished to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter. (2) Envoys were sent who should promote friendly relation with other countrie