《閱讀理解快速》PPT課件.ppt

四級輔導(dǎo)沖刺點評之,快速閱讀,四級考試： 第一部分：聽力(時間:35 minutes)(分值:249分) 對話(短對話和長對話)(形式為多項選擇) 短文(短文理解和短文聽寫)(形式為分別為多項選擇和復(fù)合式聽寫) 第二部分：閱讀 (時間:40 minutes)(分值:249分) 快速閱讀 (15 minutes) (形式為是非判斷/多項選擇+ 句子填空或其他 ) 仔細(xì)閱讀 (25m)(篇章閱讀理解和篇章詞匯理解) （形式為分別為多項選擇和選詞填空) 第三部分：綜合測試 (時間:20 minutes)(分值:70分) 完型填空或改錯 (15m) (形式分別為多項選擇和錯誤辨認(rèn)并改正) 篇章問答或句子翻譯 (5m) (形式為簡短回答或漢譯英) 第四部分：寫作 (時間:30 minutes)(分值:142分),outline,快速閱讀 Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning) 仔細(xì)閱讀 Reading comprehension (reading in depth) 篇章層次的詞匯理解 選詞填空 Section A Banked cloze 選擇題型的篇章閱讀理解 Section B reading comprehension,一、進行快速閱讀的必要條件,進行英語快速閱讀的必要條件是：基本知識、語言基礎(chǔ)、閱讀技能、快速閱讀不是一種孤立的能力，它必須以了解一 定的基本知識為先決條件，以具備一定的詞匯和基本語法為基礎(chǔ)，還要掌握一些重要的閱讀技能。,語言基礎(chǔ)知識主要指詞匯量和句型結(jié)構(gòu)。要有一定的詞匯量。這包括兩部分，一是公共部分，二是專業(yè)部分。我認(rèn)為公共英語部分至少要達到4，000個單詞量，而專業(yè)部分最好要有1，500個詞匯量。要有一定的句型分析能力。英語文章最大的語法難點是句型，句型中的難點是定語從句。一個句子很長，往往是由于定語從句連環(huán)套在作怪，定語中套著定語。這樣的連環(huán)從句表達專業(yè)概念非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，卻給我們閱讀帶來困難。因此，我們要能夠進行層次分析，準(zhǔn)確把握各從句之間的關(guān)系，才能提高閱讀速度。同時，要了解詞性的變化，名詞的動用和動詞的名用。至于時態(tài)等其它的語法現(xiàn)象對我們具備一定語法知識的參試人員來說，基本上構(gòu)不成多大障礙。,二 難度,快速閱讀的文章雖長（1200字，仔細(xì)閱讀平均每篇330個字），但是從內(nèi)容上說，主要探討環(huán)境、社會、教育、能源等，大都是通俗易懂的說明文，沒有學(xué)術(shù)色彩和思想深度；從語言上來說，遣詞造句都比較簡單。,三 閱讀過程中的障礙,1.閱讀行為習(xí)慣的影響 （1）出聲讀。 （2）逐字讀。 （3）默讀。 （4）指讀。 （5）回讀。,四 快速閱讀題型解析,快速閱讀要求考生在15分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇 1200字左右的文章和后面的10道題。 前面7個題是判斷正誤（包括NOT GIVEN）或者選擇題，后3個是填空題(答案基本都是原文中出現(xiàn)的原詞)。該題型需要通過略讀和尋讀法，乃至文章邏輯關(guān)系、標(biāo)點符號等方面的綜合運用，實現(xiàn)對隨后的題目有效的判斷和填寫。 注意考試時間和填卡。,Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, mark Y(for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO）if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN）if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.,Directions：In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 17,choose the best answer from the four choices marked A）,B）,C）,and D）.For questions 810,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.,五 快速閱讀的方法,閱讀不同類型的文章可以采用不同的策略和方法。在快速閱讀中，略讀和掃讀是經(jīng)常用到的閱讀方法，對學(xué)生來說并不陌生，掌握也不困難。通過略讀把握文章的大意，通過掃讀（尋讀）確定細(xì)節(jié)信息或通過精讀詳細(xì)理解信息。,快速閱讀的方法,Skimming 略讀（或稱為跳躍式閱讀）重點在于快速了解文章的中心思想。略讀的方法是首先看一下標(biāo)題（在有標(biāo)題的情況下）。接著讀第一段，抓住中心思想。再瀏覽一下其他段落的首句和末句。最后讀完結(jié)尾段。 Scanning 是掃讀或查閱，是快讀或速讀的一種。尋讀的重點在于有目標(biāo)地去找出文中某些特定的信息。尋讀時，要以很快的速度掃視文章，確定所查詢的信息范圍。同時明確查詢信息的特點。 精讀（reading for detail）是指閱讀文章特定的詞匯和仔細(xì)思考文章中的句子。在閱讀過程中運用這種技巧能夠準(zhǔn)確完成細(xì)節(jié)問題。通常來說，考生首先必須略讀或掃讀文章以確定考點在文章中的具體定位，再通過細(xì)節(jié)閱讀，確定題目答案。略讀和尋讀巧妙搭配,注意一些“信號詞”,1.以下詞組提示下文所涉及的重要信息： The main / important point / conclusion / reason The point to note here 2.以下詞組提示了下文的結(jié)構(gòu)框架： There are three major reasons 3.but 和 however表示對比，常常用來提示重要信息，例如： The rising birth rate is not due to increased fertility, but to a sharp decline in the death rate. 4.在文中提問可以突出問題后的答案，提示讀者答案中有重要信息，例如： Why is a piped water supply so important? Disease due to contaminated water is a common cause of death in childhood.,5.有時，為了保證讀者完全理解自己的觀點，作者會在文中反復(fù)提出自己的觀點，例如：Death control can be achieved autonomously. In other words, the death rate can be cut without anything else changing. 6.文章的結(jié)論通常是非常重要的，因此，讀者要在文中尋找提示結(jié)論的“信號詞”，例如： Therefore the result In conclusion we can conclude One of the primary conclusions,7.舉例是為了幫助讀者理解某一個觀點，因此，文中的例子不是瀏覽文章時的重要信息。在閱讀過程中，以下詞組提示讀者下文是舉例部分信息。 For example/instance like Such as these include To illustrate among these are 有時，作者也會用破折號或括號來提示舉例信息，例如： The developing countries are dependent on crops sugar, coffee, cacao, cotton. Precipitating/violent/unexpected factors are those which reduce the food supply (droughts, floods, wars, epidemics) 在段落瀏覽時，看到信號詞后，應(yīng)不斷對下文信息作出相應(yīng)的判斷，如：,研讀法以輔助,除了在閱讀理解中運用略讀法和尋讀法之外， 有時還需要仔細(xì)閱讀文章的某一特定部分，力 求對其有較深的理解，或?qū)ζ溥M行歸納、總 結(jié)、推斷等，這時就需要對這部分進行仔細(xì)閱 讀，理解作者的言外之意。這種仔細(xì)的閱讀方 法就是研讀法（study reading），通常適用于 推斷型閱讀理解試題。這種方法在快速閱讀中 使用并不多，但它對于快速閱讀的解題方法來 說絕對是一個有力的補充。結(jié)合三種方法, 注 意速度變換。,六 解題步驟,題目設(shè)置的順序與文章的先后順序大體一致。 做題順序，先看文章標(biāo)題，直到文章主要內(nèi)容，然后看題，在小題部分的定位詞先圈出來，在回原文找。,如何分配時間,第一步：瀏覽skim（0.5-2分鐘） 1. 分析大標(biāo)題（brainstorm the title （5-10秒）目的：調(diào)動腦細(xì)胞，主動預(yù)測文章內(nèi)容。 2.分析小標(biāo)題（tidy the subtitles） （20-25秒）目的：了解文章內(nèi)容，把握總 體結(jié)構(gòu)，然后總結(jié)文章結(jié)構(gòu)，幫助答題時 定位。,Practice 2006.12. Six Secrets of High-Energy People 1.Do something new. 2.Reclaim lifes meaning. 3.Put yourself in the fun zone. 4.Bid farewell to guilt and regret. 5.Make up your mind. 6.Give to get.,Theres an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Millions of us get up each morning already weary over the day holds. “I just cant get started,” people say. But its not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all use extra sleep and a better diet. But in truth, people are healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body. 1. The energy crisis in America discussed here mainly refers to a shortage of fossil fuels. 5. Even small changes people make in their lives can help increase their emotional energy.,Protect Your Privacy When Job-hunting Online Identity theft and identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another persons personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain. 1. Robert Ellis Smith believes identity theft is difficult to detect and one can hardly do anything to prevent it. 3. Identity theft is a minor offence and its harm has been somewhat overestimated.,第二步：審題（審題）（前7道） examine & tidy the questions（1分鐘） 同時根據(jù)題目設(shè)想一下文章可能涉及的內(nèi) 容，以及所使用的詞匯量的類型、與范 圍，乃至題目涉及到的關(guān)鍵性的詞匯。諸 如，大寫字母，時間，數(shù)字等用詞，這些 詞匯都是在閱讀文章查詢信息過程中重要 的提示。,第三步： 答題 scan& answer （12-13.5 分鐘） 前七道（9-10.5分鐘） 后三道（3分鐘）提醒：后三道題需要更強的概括能力，而且還得書寫英文，小心名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)，動詞的語法變化，相對難一些，所以，要給足三分鐘的時間。 時間的分配不是絕對的，具體問題具體分析。,利用定位詞答題 比較容易定位的詞是： A. 不能用中心思想詞定位，因為整篇文章都說的是它。 B. 時間、數(shù)字、地點、大寫字母的單詞，人名，地名等專有名詞容易定位。 C. 比較長，難的名詞容易定位，好找。 D. 定位詞找23個就行，多了也記不住。最好是位置不同的兩個詞。,Practice 例如：試題中: 1 National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921. 2 General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America. 3 It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system. 以上三題中，第一題的“1921”，第二題的“General Eisenhower”， 第三題的“1950s”都是一些比較明顯的查詢定位點，一方面閱讀題目，可以知道文章內(nèi)容涉及到了公路建設(shè)方面的話題，另一方面還提示我們在閱讀文章時候要留意相關(guān)的特殊信息點。,1. over the past three decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increased_. 2. in the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born? 3. How do Yale and Harvard prepare their undergraduates for global careers?,七 出題規(guī)律,yes的題是原句的同義詞，反義詞互換 no的題 正面沖突（contradict） 偷梁換柱（pilfer） 曲解原文（twist） 改變原文的條件、范圍、頻率、可能性等 將原文中不確定的或未經(jīng)證實的內(nèi)容作為正確的或客觀的來表述,NG題: (l)無中生有 (2)以個別代替整體，即將原文所舉例子的特殊現(xiàn)象推廣為普遍現(xiàn)象 (3)隨意比較原文中提到的兩個事物 (4)將原文具體化，即題目中涉及的范圍小于原文涉及的范圍 (5)原文中作者或某個人物的目標(biāo)、目的、愿望、誓言等內(nèi)容，在題目中作為客觀事實陳述 如果在選擇題中則為不正確選項。,與原文正面沖突的情況占90%。舉例：,United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries in landfill disposal. Question : compared with other major industrialized countries, America buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in landfills.,practice,There is an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Question: the energy crisis in Americarefers to a shortage of fossil fuels.,and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight, restrictions, or Question: national standards for paved roads were in place by 1920.,The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. this trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. the United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries (United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills. 2. Most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.,偷梁換柱的情況占5%。舉例：,原文：a typical cancer patient has predictable attitude. She feels depressed, upset, and angry. Question have observed that a typical patient feels depressed, impatient and angry.,practice,Japan has effectively run out of low-wage workers and, in some cases, beyond western technological standards. Question: the technological standards in many areas of Japans economy are superior to those in the west.,曲解原文的情況占5% 舉例：,原文：they must be able to listen to delegates and to translate at the same time! This is a difficult but very important job. One small mistake could cause many problems. Question :translation for the UN General Assembly is a very important job because they must be able to listen and translate at the same time， 另外，包含絕對詞（must，all，never。）的命題一般是NO，包含相對詞（may，can，possibly。）的命題一般是yes。,In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environment impact study must be done on the proposed site to determine: 6. In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local governments.,選擇題難點： 如何排除干擾項 1.干擾項原文未提及 Television is an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, you can understand the power of television to communication. But television is an expensive medium, and not all advertisers can afford to use it. (2008.6) 1. television is an attractive advertising medium in that_ A. It has large audiences B. it appeals to housewives C. It helps build up a companys reputation D. It is affordable to most advertisers,2. 把與原文其他內(nèi)容相關(guān)，與題干不相關(guān)的信息作為選項。 Of the forces shaping education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 8000,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at Americas best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. in the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad. 3. In the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born? A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 38%,3. 干擾項與題干不匹配 原文同上 Question: Over the past three decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increased _ by 2.5 million By 800,000 At an annual rate of 3.9 percent At an annual rate of 8 percent,文中沒有提到的（NG）,Most of us grown-ups are seriously fun-deprived. High-energy people have the same day-to-day work as the rest of us, but they manage to find something enjoyable in every situation. A real estate broker I know keeps herself amused on the job by mentally redecorating the houses she shows to clients. “I love imagining what even the most run-down house could look like with a little tender loving care,” she says. “Its a challenge-and the least desirable properties are usually the most fun.”(2006.12.) 7. The real-estate broker the author knows is talented in home redecoration.,正確選項,For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill. 5. In most countries the selection of a landfill site is governed by rules and regulations.,后三道（3分鐘）,答題。答題時請注意，你填的基本都是原文，但他出的題目可未必，很可能包含同義詞替換，例如2006年6月的第十題： the interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of _ 定位詞localizer：rename和Eisenhower， 答案：his vision and leadership。 原文: the highway system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. (honor= in recognition of),文章首尾命題 2006.12.,Theres an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Millions of us get up each morning already weary over the day holds. “I just cant get started,” people say. But its not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all use extra sleep and a better diet. But in truth, people are healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body. 1.The energy crisis in America discussed here mainly refers to a shortage of fossil fuels.,各段首尾命題 2008.6.,Televisions is an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, you can understand the power of television to communicate with a large audience. When advertisers create a brand, for example, they want to impress consumers with the brand and its image. 1. Television is an attractive advertising medium in that_. A. it has large audiences B. it appeals to housewives C. it helps build up a companys reputation D. it is affordable to most advertisers,Thank you very much !,猜測單詞的技巧 利用同義關(guān)系和反義關(guān)系（Synonym and Antonym） 利用上下義關(guān)系（Word Relations） 利用定義和舉例（Defining and Exemplifying） 利用重復(fù)信息（Rephrasing） * 重述標(biāo)志有： that is, that is to say, in other words, namely, 以及破折號,一、針對性解釋,針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或 詞匯等所作的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對性，利用它們猜詞義比較容易。,1、根據(jù)定義猜測詞義 如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。 【例一】anthropology is the scientific study of man. 【例二】In slang the term “jam“ constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 定義句的謂語動詞多為：be， mean， deal with， be considered， to be， refer to， be called， be known as， define， represent， signify， constitute等。,2、根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測詞義 雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，但是提供的信息足以使閱讀者猜出生詞詞義。復(fù)述部分可以適當(dāng)詞、短語或是從句。 1)同位語 【例一】Semantics， the study of the meaning of words， is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號、引號、和括號等。 【例二】Capacitance， or the ability to store electric charge， is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. 需要注意的是：同位語前還常有or， similarly， that is to say， in other words， namely， or other等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。,2)定語從句 【例如】Krabacber suffers from SAD， which is short for seasonal affective disorder， a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.,3、根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義 恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。 【例如】The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.,二、 內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系,根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指運用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。 1、根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義 在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。 【例一】Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother， in contrast， is quite humble and modest.,表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。 【例二】A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones. 該句中并未出現(xiàn)上面提到的表示對比關(guān)系的詞或短語，但是通過上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對比關(guān)系,2、根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義 同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。 【例如】Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。,3、根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義 在句子或段落中，若兩個事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏