鳳凰國(guó)際英語基礎(chǔ)英語語法3從句一.pptVIP

基礎(chǔ)語法三,英語從句,Review Work 2,Translate the following sentences.,上個(gè)月德國(guó)人在青少年中進(jìn)行了一個(gè)關(guān)于德語的調(diào)查。 German made a survey about Germany among teenagers last month. 他努力使自己冷靜下來，但是他無法保持冷靜。 He tried to calm himself down, but he cant keep calm. 在經(jīng)歷了許多困難之后，我依然愿意為我的伙伴們赴湯蹈火。 After I have gone through many hardships, I am still willing to go through fire and water for my partners. 我們要學(xué)會(huì)感恩父母。 We should learn to be grateful to our parents.,很久之前，他就在荷蘭定居下來了。 A long time ago, he settled down in Netherlands. 雖然我們是學(xué)生，我們也應(yīng)該關(guān)心國(guó)家大事。 Though we are students, we should be concerned about national affairs. 上課的時(shí)候記錄下老師所講的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容很重要。 It is important to set down the focus that the teacher said. 有一些青少年故意忽視父母的關(guān)心。 Some teenagers ignore their parents concern on purpose.,今天的目標(biāo),寫句子第二境界：把句子寫長(zhǎng)，寫復(fù)雜。,Should we celebrate western festivals?,Task: lengthen the sentence. Make it complex. We should celebrate western festivals.,Have a try,We, the Chinese people in this modern world, have every reason to celebrate western festivals, due to the simple fact that it can not only enrich our life, but also boost the relevant industry, in the process of which people manufacture, sell and purchase countless commodities in this line of business.,如何寫復(fù)雜而地道的句子,單調(diào)、乏味 Dull, boring, tedious Complexity 造句練習(xí)/拓句練習(xí),通過添加形容性詞匯對(duì)句子進(jìn)行拓展 The wind blew. The icy wind blew fiercely.,用短語（介詞結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語動(dòng)詞等）進(jìn)行拓展 He was walking. He was walking slowly along the road. He was walking slowly along the road, thinking about something.,添加句子對(duì)原句進(jìn)行適當(dāng)拓展 He left his beloved wife and his lovely daughter unexpectedly. No one knows why he left his beloved wife and his lovely daughter unexpectedly, which even puzzles the police a great deal.,句子合并 把簡(jiǎn)單句或是零散的句式運(yùn)用各種技巧（如非謂語動(dòng)詞、從句等）合并為一個(gè)緊湊簡(jiǎn)潔的英語句子。,1 用分詞短語把相關(guān)短句合并起來，例如： The thief was caught on the spot. The thief was brought to the police station. 可合并為： Caught on the spot, the thief was brought to the police station.,2 用復(fù)合主語或謂語把相關(guān)短句合并起來，例如： We watched the basketball match on TV that night. We went to bed late that night. 這兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句可合并為： That night we watched the basketball match on TV and went to bed late.,3 用復(fù)合句把相關(guān)短句合并起來，例如： The man is our English teacher. The man has taught for about thirty years. 這兩個(gè)短句可合并為： The man who has taught for about thirty years is our English teacher.,4 通過用形容詞、副詞或介詞短語把相關(guān)的短句合并成長(zhǎng)句，例如： The building is new and magnificent. The building is situated on the main street of the city. The building makes a grand picture. 這3個(gè)短句可合并為： The new and magnificent building on the main street of the city makes a grand picture.,5 用同位語或同位短語把相關(guān)短句合并起來，例如： Jane Austin wrote six novels in all. Jane Austin was one of the leading novelists in the 19th century England. 可將其合并為： Jane Austin, one of the leading novelists in the 19th century England, wrote six novels in all.,練習(xí)1,一句多譯,她被哈佛大學(xué)錄取了。 (1) She got admitted to Harvard University. (2) She has been officially enrolled by Harvard University. (3) She has been accepted by Harvard University.,看到照片使我想起了童年。 (1) When I looked at the picture, I couldnt help recalling my childhood. (2) At the sight of the picture, I was reminded of my childhood. (3) The sight of the picture reminded me of my childhood.,我建議我們舉行一個(gè)英語晚會(huì)。 (1) I suggest our holding an English evening party. (2) I suggest that we (should) hold an English evening party. (3) My suggestion is that we (should) hold an English evening party.,艱苦的工作使他獲得了成功。 (1) His hard work led to his success. (2) His hard work resulted in his success. (3) His success resulted from his hard work. (4) He worked very hard; That was why he succeeded. (5) The reason for his success was that he worked very hard. (6) The reason why he succeeded was that he worked very hard. (7) It was because of his hard work that he succeeded. (8) He succeeded as a result of his hard work.,練習(xí)2,合并句子，改寫下面的段落。,Unemployment,These days, many people lost their jobs. They become laid-off workers. Some of them lost their jobs because their companies shut down. They have nothing to do. Others lost their jobs because they cant adapt to the competition. The competition is very fierce these days. So many people are having no job. This phenomenon will cause social instability.,練習(xí)3,欣賞下列復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句，分析結(jié)構(gòu)。,Topic: Does every achievement bring with it new challenges? Famous thinkers, from Albert Einstein to Albert Camus, have differed in their approaches to learning and life. But the one thing that most of these thinkers have always agreed on is that a persons education is never finished, no matter how much they have learned and achieved. Scientists do not stop their research as soon as they have produced a notable invention or discovered a hidden phenomenon in our midst, because achievements are merely building blocks to a larger goal.,基礎(chǔ)英語語法之三,英語從句,從 句,從句（subordinate clause）是具有主語部分和謂語部分 但不構(gòu)成分句或獨(dú)立句子的一組詞。從句在句子中可以 作為一種句子成份，一般皆由從屬關(guān)聯(lián)詞所引導(dǎo)。 從句有下列六種： 主語從句（subject clause） 表語從句（predicative clause） 賓語從句（object clause） 同位語從句（appositive clause） 定語從句（attributive clause） 狀語從句（adverbial clause）,在以上六種從句中，其中主語從句、表語從句、 賓語從句和同位語從句在句子中的功用相當(dāng)于名詞， 因此這四種又通稱為名詞性從句。 引導(dǎo)名詞從句的連接詞主要有三類： 從屬連詞that, whether, if; 連接代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever; 連接副詞 when, where, why, how, wherever 從屬連詞只起連接作用，不作從句的成分；連接代詞 和連接副詞除了起連接作用外，還充當(dāng)從句中的成分。,Typical example,Both of us agree that it is time to change.,1.主語從句（subject clause） 在復(fù)合句中，用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。 引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類： (1)從屬連詞that。如： That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。 (2)從屬連詞whether(注：if 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句)。如： Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否會(huì)來這里還不清楚。,1.主語從句（subject clause） (3)連接代詞who, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever (注：whom 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句);連接副詞 where, when, how, why, wherever。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰來都?xì)g迎。 Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。,說明： 由于英語句子表達(dá)一般要避免頭重腳輕，所以有些句子把it放在句道，作形式上的主語，而把主語從句放在后面。常以it作形式主語的句型有： A. It + be+形容詞+從句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無疑問她考試成績(jī)會(huì)很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。 It was not clear to me why he behaved like that. 我不太清楚他為什么會(huì)這樣做。,說明： B. It + be+名詞+從句。如： Its a pity that we cant go. 很遺憾我們不能去。 Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我們沒贏這場(chǎng)比賽真意外。 It is a question whether it is true or not. 這是不是真的還是個(gè)問題。,說明： C. It + be +過去分詞+從句。如： It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 據(jù)說格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 據(jù)報(bào)道中國(guó)又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。 It is not decided who will go there. 誰將去那里還沒有決定。,D. It+ 動(dòng)詞（+賓語或狀語）+從句。如： It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice 似乎不來參加晚會(huì)。 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。 It struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 我忽然想起我們應(yīng)制訂一個(gè)新計(jì)劃。 It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來這無關(guān)緊要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們?cè)谀睦镩_會(huì)毫無區(qū)別。,E.當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。如： Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎？ Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來很要緊嗎？,F. 當(dāng)主語從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語， 而把主語從句后置。如： How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪！ 注意連接代詞whoever, whatever, whichever等引 導(dǎo)主語從句的含義 Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 來的人將受到歡迎。 Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正確的。,句子翻譯練習(xí),你需要的是更多的練習(xí)。 What you need is more practice. 他是否加入我們，沒有太大的差別。 It doesnt make any difference whether they join us or not. 很明顯他已經(jīng)盡力而為了。 That he has done his best is obvious. 他們什么時(shí)候來還不知道。 When they will come is still not known.,句子翻譯練習(xí),她渴望的是更多的錢。 What she needs is more money. 犯人是如何逃跑的是個(gè)迷。 How the criminal escaped was a mystery. 不論誰來都?xì)g迎。 Whoever comes is welcomed. 他是如何成功的仍然是個(gè)迷。 How he succeeded was a mystery.,句子翻譯練習(xí),我們明天是否在戶外開晚會(huì)要看天氣而定。 Whether we will hold a party outside tomorrow depends on the weather. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 What she has done is not clear. 她去了哪兒，還不知道。 Where she has gone is not known.,2.表語從句（predicative clause） 在復(fù)合句中，起表語作用的從句叫做表語從句。 作表語的從句有下列三類： （1）由that 引導(dǎo)的表語從句： The trouble is that we are short of funds. 困難是我們?nèi)狈Y金。 My idea is that the plan should be carried out immediately. 我的意思是馬上執(zhí)行這個(gè)計(jì)劃。 在口語中that有時(shí)可省略： The reason was (that) he was afraid. 原因是他害怕。,2.表語從句（predicative clause） （2）由關(guān)系代詞what 引導(dǎo)的表語從句： That is what we should do 這是我們應(yīng)該做的。 Asia is no longer what it used to be. 亞洲現(xiàn)在己不是過去的樣子了。 That is what I heard. 這是我聽到的情況。,2.表語從句（predicative clause） (3) 由連接副（代）詞及because, as, as if /though 引導(dǎo)的表語從句： The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。 The question is how he did it. 問題是他是如何做此事的。 The mystery is whether he ever went there at all. 他是否去過那里是個(gè)謎。 Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他對(duì)我生氣的原因。,2.表語從句（predicative clause） 說明： 可接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be，look，seem，sound，appear, remain等。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 問題還是他們能否幫我們。 At that time，it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word. 當(dāng)時(shí)，我似乎怎么也想不出一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃怼?2.表語從句（predicative clause） 說明： what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示結(jié)果或名詞reason作主語時(shí)，后面的表語從句表示原因時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo)，不宜用because。 The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我難過的原因是他沒有理解我。,2.表語從句（predicative clause） 說明： 使用虛擬語氣的表語從句,在表示建議、勸告、命令含義的名詞后的表語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞需用“should+動(dòng)詞原形” 表示，should可省略。常見的詞有：advice suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。 My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。,表語從句翻譯練習(xí),這就是我想做的 這房子正是他最需要的東西。 問題在于人們?cè)鯓硬拍苷业揭环N有效的方式來儲(chǔ)藏太陽(yáng)熱。 問題是誰能完成這項(xiàng)困難的任務(wù),這就是我想做的。 這房子正是他最需要的東西。 問題在于人們?cè)鯓硬拍苷业揭环N有效的方式來儲(chǔ)藏太陽(yáng)熱。 問題是誰能完成這項(xiàng)困難的任務(wù)。 This is what I want to do. The house is what he needs. The question is how the people can find an effective way to store the suns heat. The question is who can complete the difficult task.,今天討論的話題是未來的學(xué)校會(huì)是怎樣的 他遲到的原因是交通擁堵. 事實(shí)是他對(duì)我撒謊了. 這就是Henry 怎樣解決問題的,今天討論的話題是未來的學(xué)校會(huì)是怎樣的。 他遲到的原因是交通擁堵。 事實(shí)是他對(duì)我撒謊了。 這就是Henry 怎樣解決問題的。 The discussion topic for today is what school will be like in the future. The reason why he was late is that the traffic was busy. The fact is that he told a lie to me. This is how Henry solved the problem.,3.賓語從句（object clause） 在復(fù)合句中，起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。所有引導(dǎo) 名詞從句的連接詞都可引導(dǎo)賓語從句。 （1）由從屬連詞that, if, whether.引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 that引導(dǎo)表示陳述句的賓語從句,而if和whether引導(dǎo)表示“是否”的賓語從句.如： He told me that he would go to the college the next year. 他告訴我他明年上大學(xué). I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否還會(huì)有公交車.,3.賓語從句（object clause） if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用。 如：I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。 用if引導(dǎo)賓語從句如果會(huì)引起歧義，則應(yīng)避免使用if 而用whether。試比較： Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go. if從句可理解為賓語從句，意為“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想去”； 此句又可理解為條件狀語從句意為“如果你想去的話， 請(qǐng)告訴我一聲”。,3.賓語從句（object clause） (2) 由連接代詞who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever , whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等引導(dǎo)的 賓語從句。 The book will show you what the best CEOs know. 這本書會(huì)告訴你最好的執(zhí)行總裁該了解些什么. I havent decided yet which would be the best thing to do. 我還未決定最好是做什么。,3.賓語從句（object clause） （3）由連接副詞when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他沒有告訴我什么時(shí)候我們能再見面。 Could you please tell me how you read the new panel? 你能告訴我怎么用這個(gè)新的操作盤嗎? This depends on how hard you work. 這取決于你工作的努力程度。,3.賓語從句（object clause） 說明： 如果賓語從句后還有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則用it作形式賓語， 而將賓語從句后置。如： I think it advisable that you should be on time. 我認(rèn)為你準(zhǔn)時(shí)是非常明智的。 He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed. 他已說明本次會(huì)議不推遲。,3.賓語從句（object clause） 說明： 作介詞的賓語：連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞 的賓語，只用在except, but, in, besides, save 后。 如： He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生，只是有點(diǎn)粗心。 Men differ from animals in that they can speak and think. 人與動(dòng)物的區(qū)別就在于人有語言和思維。 其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo)，則需用it 先行一步，作形式賓語。如： You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你的。 Ill see to it that everything is ready on time. 我將確保按時(shí)做好一切準(zhǔn)備。,3.賓語從句（object clause） 賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。 在think, believe, suppose, expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句，有時(shí)謂語盡管是否定意思， 卻不用否定形式，而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健Ｈ纾?I dont think you are right. 我認(rèn)為你錯(cuò)了。 I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。,3.賓語從句（object clause） 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律： A 當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。 I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。 Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我告訴你我為什么叫你來。 B 當(dāng)主句是一般過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句只能使用過去范圍內(nèi) 的任何時(shí)態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如： I only knew he was studying in a western country, but I didnt know what country he was in. 我只知道他當(dāng)時(shí)在西方的一個(gè)國(guó)家讀書,可不知道是哪個(gè)國(guó)家. The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 老師昨天說月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn).,賓語從句翻譯練習(xí) 我告訴他，由于那最后一個(gè)條件，我只得謝絕。 你聽得到我所講的嗎？ 我不知道他游過了那條河。 我不知道他是怎么游過那條河的。 他已經(jīng)通知我他們將在什么時(shí)候談?wù)撐业慕ㄗh。,我告訴他，由于那最后一個(gè)條件，我只得謝絕。 你聽得到我所講的嗎？ 我不知道他是怎么游過那條河的。 他已經(jīng)通知我他們將在什么時(shí)候談?wù)撐业慕ㄗh。 I told him that because of the last condition, Id have to turn it down. Can you hear what I say? I dont know that he swam across the river. He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.,4.同位語從句（appositive clause） （1）在復(fù)合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。 它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。如： I heard the news that our team had won 我聽到了我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。 I had no idea that you were here 我不知道你在這里。,4.同位語從句（appositive clause） （2）可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea， fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope， message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility 等。如： Ive come from Mr. Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我從王先生那里來，他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來看你了。,4.同位語從句（appositive clause） （3）英語中引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞通常有連詞 that， whether，連接副詞 how, when, where等。 （注：if, which 不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。）如： I have no idea when he will be back 我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個(gè)問題。,4.同位語從句（appositive clause） （4）有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞后面， 而被別的詞隔開。 如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 幾年以后，有消息傳來說拿破侖要親自視察他們。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敵人已經(jīng)逃出城了。,4.同位語從句（appositive clause） （5）同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別。 同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，即說明它 前面名詞的內(nèi)容；定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾關(guān)系，即限定它前面的名詞范圍，或補(bǔ)充一些情況。 The news that l have passed the exam is true 我通過了考試這一消息是真的。 （同位語從句，即從句所表達(dá)的意思就是前面名詞的內(nèi)容。） The news that he told me just now is true 他剛才告訴我的消息是真的。 （定語從句，從句對(duì)前面名詞起修飾限制作用，即“他告訴我的”那個(gè)消息，而不是別的消息。）,4.同位語從句（appositive clause） （5）同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別。 關(guān)系詞在句中是否做成分 。 The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別人的聲音的想法使許多人感到驚奇。（that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成份。） The idea that he gave surprises many people 他提出的觀點(diǎn)令許多人感到吃驚。 （that在從句中作gave的賓語。）,4.同位語從句（appositive clause） （5）同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別。 從句是否有疑問的意義。 Do you remember the day when I told you that I loved you? (when引導(dǎo)的從句不表示疑問，所以這是一個(gè)定語從句） I have asked the question why it was true just now. (why引導(dǎo)的從句表示疑問，所以這是一個(gè)同位語從句）,5 定語從句（attributive clause） 定語從句：又稱關(guān)系從句，在復(fù)合句中起定語作用，修飾名詞或代詞，有時(shí)也可修飾整個(gè)主句。 先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用： a. 引導(dǎo)定語從句 b. 代替先行詞 c. 在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,如主語、賓語、定語、狀語等。,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （1）限制性和非限制性定語從句 定語從句就其與先行詞的語義關(guān)系而言，可分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。 限定性定語從句與其先行詞的所指意義有著不可分割的聯(lián)系， 缺少了它，作為先行詞的名詞便不能明確表示其所指的對(duì)象。 所有的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞都能引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句。 非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響 主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞除了that、why、but之外都可引導(dǎo) 非限定性定語從句。如：,This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。（非限制性）,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （1）限制性和非限制性定語從句 說明：當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)， 其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。 非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒領(lǐng)會(huì)我的意思，這使我心煩。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （2）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中 充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)， 從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。 who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞， 在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語） He is the man （whom/ that）I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語， 可省略）,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （2）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 Whose 用來指人或物，只用作定語。若指物，它還 可以同of which互換。如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。 Please pass me the book whose /of which cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （2）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞， 在從句中可作主語、賓語等。如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語，可省略）,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （3）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語 I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 我依然記得我第一次去學(xué)校的那一天。 where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我的出生地。,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （3）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語 I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天看起來不高興的原因。 說明： A關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which“ 結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，如： There are occasions when/on which one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。 The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not clear. 他拒絕邀請(qǐng)的原因并不清楚。,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （3）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 Bthat代替關(guān)系副詞 that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后 取代when, where, why和“介詞+ which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句， 在口語中that常被省略。如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （4）判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用關(guān)系代詞； 從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，就必須要求用 關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞。如： This is the place which I visited last year. (visit Vt.) 這是我去年去過的地方。 It was raining on the day when they arrived. (arrive Vi.) 他們是在一個(gè)雨天到達(dá)的。,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （5）介詞+關(guān)系詞 介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。 that前不能有介詞。 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的“介詞+關(guān)系詞“ 結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換。如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。 This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late. 這是他遲到的原因。,5 定語從句（attributive clause） （6）關(guān)系代詞that 的用法 A限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況 當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing, few, all,