初二下冊英語語法+習(xí)題+總復(fù)習(xí)題.pdf

直接引語變間接引語 一、如何變?nèi)朔Q 口訣一隨主。二隨賓第三人稱不更新。 一隨主是指在直接引語變間接引語時 如果從句中的主語是第一人 稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變 化如 She said. My brother wants to go shopping with me. She said her brother wanted to go shopping with her. “二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時若從句中的主語及賓語是 第二人稱或被第二人你所修飾。從句中的人稱要跟引號外的主句的 賓語一致。如果引號外的主句沒有賓語。也可以用第一人稱如 He said to Kate. How is your sister now? He asked Kate how her sister was then。 第三人稱不更新是指直接引語變間接引語時。 如果從句中的主語及 賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化 如 Mr Smith said, Jack is a good boy. Mr Smith said Jack was a good boy. 二、如何變時態(tài) 直接引語在改為間接引語時、時態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。 1) 一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時態(tài) She said: I am a student. She said (that) she was a student. 2)一般將來時過去將來時 She said, He will go to see his friend. She said he would go to see his friend。 Tom said, I am going to play basketball tomorrow. Tom said he was going to play basketball tomorrow. 3) 現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時 She said ,I am reading a book. She said she was reading a book. 注意以下幾種情況時態(tài) 不變 直接引語是客觀真理。 The teacher said The earth moves around the sun . The teacher said me the earth moves around the sun earth. 直接引語是過去進行時時態(tài)不變。 Jack said. I was doing chores when Tom came to see me Jack said he was doing chores when Tom came to see him. 直接引語中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語 變?yōu)殚g接引語時時態(tài)不變。如 Jack said. I was born on April 2l, 1980. Jack said he was born on April 21, 1980. 直接引語如果是一般現(xiàn)在時。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動作 變間接引語時態(tài)不變。如 He said, I get up at six every morning。 He said he gets up at six every morning. 如果直接引語中的情態(tài)動詞沒有過去時的形式不再變 例could, should, would, might The doctor said, You should stay in bed for 2 days. The doctor said I should stay in bed for 2 days. 和已經(jīng)是過去時的形式時 例 ought to had better, used to Peter said. You had better come here today. Peter said I had better go there that day. 三、如何變狀語 直接引語變間接引語狀語變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)律 時間狀語由現(xiàn)在改為原來 例now 變?yōu)?then, yesterday 變?yōu)?the day before 1 today 變?yōu)?that day He said, I want to go swimming now. He said he wanted to go swimming then. 地點狀語尤其表示方向性的 here 變 there The teacher said , You should come here at 7:00. The teacher said I should go there at 7:00. 指示代詞修飾的狀語由此改為彼 例this 改為 that He said, This books is mine. He said that book was his. 四、如何變句型 直接引語如果是陳述句間接引語應(yīng)改為由 that 引導(dǎo) 的賓語從句。 She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes. She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. 直接引語如果是反意疑問句選擇疑問句或一般疑問句 間接引語應(yīng)改為由 whether 或 if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句. He said, Can you swim, John? He asked John if he could swim. Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. 直接引語如果是特殊問句間接引語應(yīng)該改為由疑問代詞或疑 問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句賓語從句必須用陳述句語序 。 She asked me, When do they have their dinner? She asked me when they had their dinner. She asked me, What was Jack doing when I come in? She asked me what Jack was doing when she came in. 直接引語如果是祈使句間接引語應(yīng)改為 Tell (ask, order, beg 等) sb (not) to do sth.句型 。如 1.Dont make any noise, the teacher said to the students. She told (ordered) the students not to make any noise. 2.Open the door, please, said she. She asked him to open the door. 直接引語如果是以Lets開頭的祈使句變?yōu)殚g接引語時通常用 suggest +動句詞或從句如 He said, Lets go to the movies. He suggested going to the movies. 或 He suggested that they should go to see the movies. 1. Murphy: I can sleep late everyday. He said he _sleep late everyday. 2. Mrs. Kosky: My son will go bowling. She said her son _go bowling. 3. Iris: Erika is going to the dance. She said she _ _to the dance. 4. Lissa: Im excited about going on vacation. She said she _excited about going on vacation. 5. Homeroom Teacher: You can have a party. She said we _have a party. 6. Lana said, Im mad at Marcia. Lana said _ _ mad at Marcia. 7. He said to me, I will call you tomorrow. He _ me _ _ call _ the next day. 8. They said, We are having a meeting. They said _ _having a meeting. 9. She said, I go to school every Monday. She said _ _ to school every Monday. 10. My sister said to me, Im going to help you. My sister _ me _ _going to help _. 2 反義疑問句附加疑問句 它表示提問人的看法沒有把握需要對方證實。反義疑問句 由兩部分組成前一部分是一個陳述句后一部分是一個簡短的疑 問句兩部分的人稱時態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。 1 陳述部分肯定式 疑問部分否定式 2 陳述部分否定式 疑問部分肯定式 They work hare, dont they? She was ill yesterday, wasnt she? You didnt go, did you? He cant ride a bike, can he? 請注意以下句型的反義疑問句的用法 1當陳述部分的主語是 I , everyone, everything, nobody 時 后面的疑問句應(yīng)表示為 I am a student, arent I Everyone is in the classroom, arent they? Everything begins to grow in spring, doesnt it? Nobody will go, will they? 2. 當陳述部分有 neverseldom, hardlyfewlittlebarely, scarcely, nothing 等否定詞時后面的疑問句則表示為 There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? 3. 當陳述部分是 I think 加從句時疑問句應(yīng)和從句的人稱時態(tài) 保持一致。 I think chickens can swim, cant they? I think Lucy is a good girl, isnt she? I didnt think he was happy, was he? 4. 陳述部分有 had better 時疑問句應(yīng)用 hadnt 開頭 youd better get up early, hadnt you? 5. 當陳述部分是祈使句時疑問句要根據(jù)語氣來表達 Lets go out for a walk, shall we? Let us go our for a walk, will you? Turn on the radio, will you? 6. 反義疑問句的回答用 yes no 但是當陳述部分是否定形 式時回答要按事實。如 They dont work hard, do they? 他們不太努力工作是嗎 Yes, they do. 不 他們工作努力。/No, they dont. 對 他們工作不努力。 一、反意疑問句的一般情況 1 當陳述部分的主語是 等 everyone, everybody, someone, no one, nobody, somebody 合成代詞時附加疑問句的主語非正式文體 中往往 they 用。也可以按語法一致原則用單數(shù)。 2當陳述部分以 one 不定代詞做主語時附加問句的主語在正 式常場用 one非正式場合用 he。 3當陳述部分的主語是不定式、動名詞、從句、this 或 that 附加疑問句的主語用 it。是 those, these 則用 they 4當陳述部分的主語是表示物的不定代詞 everything, anything, nothing 等附加問句的主語用 it。 5陳述部分帶有否定詞或半否定詞例如never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no, none, no one, rarely, nowhere, nothing, nobody, few, little 等附加疑問句的動詞要用肯定形式。 6假如陳述部分中的否定詞僅帶有否定的前綴或后綴那么該 陳述句應(yīng)作肯定句處理附加疑問句應(yīng)用否定形式。 3 二、常見句型的反意疑問句 7 當陳述部分是 there be 存在句型時 附加疑問句的主語也用 there. 8感嘆句的附加疑問句其謂語要求用否定句。 9祈使句后面的附加疑問句題目 A) 祈使句是否定形式附加疑問句只能用 will you。 B) 祈使句是肯定形式附加疑問句用肯定、否定均可。 C) Let 開頭的祈使句要注意 1.Lets 在意義上包含談話的對方在內(nèi)表示提出建議或征求 對方意見其反意疑問句往往用 shall we。 2. Let us 在意義上一般不包含談話的對方在內(nèi)表示請求對 方允許做某事的含義let 有 allow 的意思。附加疑問部分用 will you。 3. Let me 開頭表示請求附加疑問句用 will you或用 may I。 三、復(fù)合句的反意疑問句 10當陳述部分是一個帶 that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句 時附加疑問句的主謂要和主句的主謂保持對應(yīng)關(guān)系。但是當陳 述部分的主語是I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect 等結(jié)構(gòu)時附加疑問句的主語和謂語要和從句的主語謂語 保持一致關(guān)系。而且要注意到否定的轉(zhuǎn)移題目。 11當陳述部分是 Im sure that,we are sureIm afraid thatWe are sure thatI feel sure that 等后面跟賓語從句時 反意疑問句與后面的賓語從句一致。 12當陳述部分是并列句時附加疑問句的主謂語要和離它最 近的句子的主謂保持對應(yīng)關(guān)系。 四、關(guān)于情態(tài)動詞的反意疑問句 13陳述部分中有 have 一詞且表示“所有”含義時附加疑 問句部分既可用 have 也可用 do。 14陳述部分中有 have to附加疑問句部分用 do。 15含有 ought to 的反意疑問句陳述部分是肯定的疑問部 分用 shouldnt / oughtnt 主語。 He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he? 16 陳述部分有 used to 附加疑問句部分可用 used 也可以用 did 。 17陳述部分有 neednt 時附加疑問句部分用 need 但有時也可 用 must。 18 陳述部分有 must 且表示 “必須” 時 附加疑問句部分用 mustn t假如表示“必要”則用 neednt。 19 陳述部分中是 mustn t 表示 “禁止” 時 附加疑問句部分用 must。 陳述部分中的 must 表示“一定”、“想必”等推測意義時附加 疑問句部分而是根據(jù)陳述部分的謂語動詞或其助動詞來定。 20陳述部分是 I wish 表示詢問或征求意見附加疑問部分用 may I。 21弄清陳述句中的d rather = would ratherd better = had better 附加疑問句部分前者用 would后者用 had。 其它特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的反意疑問句 22陳述部分的主語是 each of.結(jié)構(gòu)時附加疑問句在夸大整體 時用 they當作個別時用 he。 23陳述部分有 neither.nor.(either.or.)做并列主語 附加疑問部分根據(jù)其實際邏輯意義而定。 Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 24陳述部分是Im .結(jié)構(gòu)附加疑問句一般用 arent I? 25. 陳述部分有 had better v. 疑問句部分用 hadnt you? Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you? 26. 陳述部分有 would rather v.疑問部分多用 wouldnt 主語。 He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he? 27. 陳述部分有 Youd like to v. 疑問部分用 wouldnt 主語。 4 Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you? 28. 帶情態(tài)動詞 dare 或 need 的反意疑問句疑問部分常用 need (dare ) 主語。 We need not do it again, need we ? He dare not say so, dare you? 當 dare, need 為實義動詞時疑問部分用助動詞 do 主語。 She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she? 反意疑問句練習(xí) 1. Youd rather watch TV this evening, _? a. isnt it b. hadnt you c. wouldnt you d. wont you 2. I suppose youre not going today, _? a. are you b. do you c. dont you d. arent you 3. I wish to shake hands with you, _? a. shall b. may I c. do I d. will I 4. Three hours ought to be enough time, _? a. oughtnt three hours b. didnt they c. shouldnt it d. shouldnt three hours 5. They have to study a lot, _? a. dont they b. havent they c. did they d. hadnt they 6. When the car crashed, your brother escaped being hurt, _ ? a. didnt he b. did he c. did it d. didnt it 7. Im sure dirty, _? a. am I b. isnt I c. arent I d. am not I 8. You seem to be dissatisfied with your present post. I dont think you judged your ability objectively when you applied for it, _ you? a. do b. did c. dont d. didnt 9. Thats the sort of the book you want, _? a. is it d. isnt that c. is that d. isnt it 10. All these dictionaries are a great help to you, _? a. are they b. arent they c. are all these dictionaries d. arent all these dictionaries 11.The movie that we saw last week was quite interesting, _? a. wasnt it b. was it c. didnt we d. werent we 12.Tom has been writing letters all afternoon, but he should have finished them by now, _? a. hasnt he b. has he c. shouldnt he d. didnt you 13.David told me that you would take a trip to America, _? a. would you b. wouldnt you c. did you d. didnt you 14.There appeared to be no better way, _? a. was there b. were there c. did there d. didnt there 15. You has some trouble finding where I live, _? a. didnt you b. hadnt you c. do I d. dont I 16.He has his hair cut every month, _? a. has he b. hasnt he c. does he d. doesnt he 17.Your friend needs to come earlier, _? a. does he b. doesnt he c. need he d. neednt he 18.The little boy dare not go to church, _? a. dare he b. darent he c. does he d. doesnt he 19. Susand have worked abroad if shed had the chance, _? a. has she b. hadnt she c. would she d. wouldnt she 20. Everyones having a good time, _? a. is he b. isnt everyone c. does he d. arent they 21.Any one can join the club, _? a. can any one b. cant any one c. cant they d. can they 22.Tell me how to operate the electronic computer, _? a. will you b. shant you c. do you d. dont you 23.Magaret scarcely comes to visit you on Christmas Day, _? a. doesnt she b. does she c. do you d. dont you 24. Lets listen to the radio program that the teacher mentioned, _? 5 a. do we b. dont we c. shall we d. shant we 25.You think youre funny, _? a. didnt you b. are you c. dont you d. do you 26.Janet used to take part in labor in that village, _? a. used she b. did she c. didnt she d. should she 27.What beautiful weather, _? a. is it b. isnt it c. wont it d. doesnt it 28. He ought to go to Kwangchow by plane, _? a. should he b. shouldnt he c. would he d. wouldnt he 29. We never dared to ask him a question, _? a. did we b. didnt we c. dared we d. darent we 30. Nobody will believe how difficult his work has been _? a. will he b. wont nobody c. will they d. wont they 31.You must have made the mistake, _? a. mustnt you b. havent you c. didnt you d. hadnt you 32.Learning how to repair computers takes a long time, _? a. isnt it b. arent they c. doesnt it d. dont they 33.Jack has coffee with breakfast, _? a. hasnt Jack b. hasnt he c. doesnt Jack d. doesnt he 34.They must have stayed at hotel last night, _? a. mustnt they b. havent they c. didnt they d. hadnt they 35.There isnt anything wrong with the radio, _? a. is there b. is it c. does it d. does there 36.You must be hungry, _? a. must you b. mustnt you c. are you d. arent you 37.Lets do the exercises by ourselves, _? a. shall we b. shant we c. will you d. will we 38.Her daughter had the carpets and curtains cleaned, _? a. had she b. hadnt she c. didnt she d. didnt her daughter 39.The teacher had a talk with you, _? a. has you b. hadnt she c. did she d. didnt she 40.Somethingll have to be done about the air pollution, _? a. wont it b. will it c. has it d. does it 41. Linda ate nothing this morning, _? A. didnt she B. was she C. did she D. wasnt she 42. Theres hardly_ milk in the bottle, _there? A. no, isnt B. some, is C. little, isnt D. any, is 43. He has never ridden a horse before, _? A. does he B. has he C. hasnt he D. doesnt he 44. He seldom came here, _? Yes sir. A. didnt he B. does he C. doesnt he D. did he 45. Everything seems all right, _ ? A. does it B. dont they C. wont it D. doesnt it 46. Nobody was absent from the meeting, _ ? A. was it B. were they C. wasnt he D. werent they 47. One cant be too modest, can _ ? A. one B. he C. it D. we 48. No one failed in the exam, _ ? A. was he B. did one C. did they D. didnt he 49. Im a little late for class, _ I? A. amnt B. am not C. isnt D. aint 50. Neither you nor I am a artist, _ ? A. am I B. arent we C. are we D. aint I 51. He cant be her father, _ he? A. is B. isnt C. can D. cant 答案1C 2 A 3B 4C 5A 6 A 7C 8B 9D 10B 11A 12C 13B 14D 15A 16D 17B 18A 19D 20D 21C 22A 23B 24C 25D 26C 27B 28B 29A 30C 31B 32C 33D 34C 35A 36D 37A 38C 39D 40A 41C 42D 43B 44D 45D 46B 47A 48C 49D 50C 51A 6 形容詞的比較級和最高級 一、比較級的定義 大多數(shù)的形容詞都有三個級別原級、比較級、最高級。其中比 較級表示“更” 用于兩者之間的比較用來說明“前者比后者 更” 比較級前面一般用 much, even, a little 修飾 其中 even, much 只能修飾比較級。 二、比較級的構(gòu)成 1規(guī)則變化 單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)的形容詞一般在詞尾加-er Eg: calm-calmer tall-taller smart-smarter 以字母 e 結(jié)尾的直接在詞尾加-r Eg: nice-nicer fine-finer large-larger 以“輔音+y 結(jié)尾的詞變 y 為 i再加-er” Eg: early-earlier happy-happier busy-busier 以重讀閉音節(jié)的單個輔音字母結(jié)尾的詞雙寫輔音字母再加-er Eg: big-bigger thin-thinner hot-hotter 多音節(jié)或部分雙音節(jié)的形容詞在原級前面加 more Eg: popular-more popular important-more important 2不規(guī)則變化 少數(shù)形容詞的比較級變化是不規(guī)則的 good-better bad/ill-worse many/much-more little-less far-farther/further old-older/elder 三、比較級的用法: (一)當兩個人或事物 A 和 B 進行比較時 我們需要用到形容詞 副 詞的原級或者比較級 1 表達“A 和 B 一樣”用 asas 的結(jié)構(gòu)。 公式: A+be 動詞+as+形容詞原級+as+B A+實義動詞+as+副詞原級+as+B 例I am as tall as you. / He runs as fast as I. 2表達“A 不如 B”用 not asas 的結(jié)構(gòu)。 公式: A+be 動詞的否定形式+as+形容詞原級+as+B A+助詞的否定形式+動詞+as+形容詞原級+as+B 例I am not as tall as you.我沒有你高。 He doesnt run as fast as I. 他沒有我跑得快。 2 表達“A 大于 B”用“比較級+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)。 公式: A+be 動詞+形容詞比較級+than+B A+實義動詞+副詞比較級+than+B 例I am taller than you. He runs faster than I. (二)關(guān)于形容詞、副詞比較級的更多用法 1 比較級前面可以加上表示“優(yōu)劣程度”的詞或短語 意思是“更” “得”。常見詞有 much, a little, even, a lot, a great deal 等。 例He is much taller than I. I jump a little higher than he. 想一想這些詞能修飾形容詞或副詞的原級嗎 2.比較級前面可以加上表示具體數(shù)量差別的結(jié)構(gòu),表示具體“大多 少”“小多少”“長多少”“短多少”等。 例I am two years older than he. This building is 20 meters higher than that one. 3“比較級+and+比較級”表示“越來越”。 It is getting warmer and warmer He is running faster and faster 0ur country is becoming more and more beautiful 4“the more the more”表示“越就越” The morethe better.多多益善。 The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you will make. 5“the moreof the two”表示“兩個當中較。 。 。的一個” The taller of the two boys is my brother. 7 四、當三個或三個以上的人或事物進行比較時我們需要用到形容 詞副詞的最高級 1表達是中最的,用the+形容詞副詞的最高級的結(jié)構(gòu)。 后面可以加上表示范圍的介詞短語或從句。 公式:主語+be 動詞+the +形容詞最高級+名詞+表示范圍的介詞短語或從句 主語+實義動詞+the +形容詞最高級+表示范圍的介詞短語或從句 例He is the tallest (student) in our class. He jumps the highest of the three boys. This is the best book that I have ever read. 2表示最的中一個用one of +the +最高級+復(fù)數(shù)名詞的結(jié) 構(gòu)來表達。 例 He is one of the best students in our class. This is one of the most beautiful flowers in the garden. 注意(一) 形容詞的最高級前面有定冠詞 the , 而副詞的最高級 前面定冠詞 the 可以省略。但在形容詞最高級前有物主代詞時不能 要定冠詞 the. 二常見的用來表示范圍的介詞有 in, of, among 五、運用形容詞、副詞比較級應(yīng)當注意的問題 (一)、按語法規(guī)則than 后面的人稱代詞應(yīng)當用主格但口語當中有 時會用賓格代替主格。 Eg He is more careful than I (me). (二)、只有同類的事物才能比較 e.g Her bag is bigger than mine. 不能說 Her bag is bigger than I. The weather of Kunming is much better than that of Shenyang. 不能說 The weather of Kunming is much better than Shenyang. 【語法專項練習(xí)題】 1、That boy looks as as a boxer. A. strong B. stronger C. strongest D. more strong 2、Then Summer Palace is than Zhong Shan park. A. biger B. more big C. the biggest D. bigger 3、Which do you like , apples or oranges? A. good B. better C. best D. well 4、-Oh, the food is bad. -I think so .And the service(服務(wù)) is _. Athe worst B. worse C. badder D. the worse 5、-You are the same coat as I. -Yes, Mine is , but not so as yours. A. better, expensive B. better, more expensive C. much better, more expensive D. good, more expensive 6、The experts think that Indias population may be than Chinas 2020. A. much, by B. more, in C. larger, by D. larger, on 7、This year our school is than it was last year. A. much beautiful B. the most beautiful C. beautifuler D. much more beautiful 8、 you work, knowledge you will get. A. The harder, more B. The harder, the more C. Harder, the more D. Harder, more 9、He has friends than I. A. much more B. many more C. very more D. too more 10、She draws better than . A. us all B. we all C. all us D. all we 11、Shanghai is larger than city in China. A. any B. any other C. the others D. any else 12、Im not sure whether Mary can sing Ann. A. as well as B. as good as C. as better as D. so good as 13、I have fewer apples than . A. he B. his C. hers D. mine 8 14、The news is surprising. A. much B. very C. more D. very much 15、The population of China is larger than . A. America B. the one of Americas C. that of