自考英語詞匯學筆記小抄串講 自考筆記習題.doc.doc

Introduction On the course: lexicology 1. Interpolation （ 1） Greeting: hi everybody, welcome to . to learn the English lexicology （ 2） Interpolation to the courses: Generally speaking, the courses of English major consist of 4 parts: they are A. the comprehensive courses: B. the knowledgeable courses: English-speaking countries: A Survey/ selected readings in English and American literatures/European culture, introduction. C. the skillful courses: English writing/ oral English/ English listening D. the theoretic courses: English grammar/ English lexicology. （ 3） on English lexicology Ok, lets touch upon the course: from the contents, we learn that the course cosmists of an introduction and ten chapters； different chapters of course, have different knowledgeable aspects with different methods and different points. 2. The details concerned. Introduction of the course 1. Introduction Its about the nature and domain of English lexicology/ methods of study of this course. 0.1 The Nature and Domain of English Lexicology domain: scope 研究的領域 （ 1） Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（ WNWD） . 本句翻譯：詞匯學是語言學的分支，它主要是研究詞的來源以及詞的意義（詞匯學的定義）。 （ 2） Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 本句翻譯：它研究的是英語詞匯的形態(tài)結構，同時它還研究英語詞匯的語義結構、英語詞匯的發(fā)展歷史和英語詞匯的形成與用法。 morphological 形態(tài) （ 3） Nature： English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 本句翻譯：它是一個理論性的學科。同時它還是一個實踐性的學科。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines disciplines: subject 學科 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. Each of them has been established as discipline in its own right. 本句翻譯：英語詞匯學與五大學科相關：形態(tài)學、語義學、詞源學、文體風格學和詞典學。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 本句翻譯：形態(tài)學是語法學的分支，主要是講詞的結構以及詞的構成。當然這也屬于詞匯學的一個領域。 morpheme 詞素 word-formation 構詞法 inflections of words 詞的變形 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 本句翻譯：詞源學主要是研究詞的來源以及詞義的歷史發(fā)展構成。 如需精美完整排版，請 QQ: 67460666 手機 :137 8381 6366 聯(lián)系 從英國的歷史發(fā)展過程看，英語語言首先是來源于日爾曼 部落的語言。 Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. But lexicology will focus on the lexical level. The types of meaning and sense relations such as polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy and semantic field all belong to the scope of semantic study and constitute an important part of lexicology. 本句翻譯：語義學分為不同的語言層次：詞匯層面的、句法層面的以及話語層面的、發(fā)音層面的等。詞匯學的研究集中詞匯層面。 polysemy 多義詞 Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the users choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 本句翻譯：文體風格學主要是關注作者或使用語言的人對語言因素的選擇問題。當然在這個當中我們會把焦點集 中在評說剛才提到的詞匯方面。 stylistics 文體風格學 Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 本句翻譯：我們講的詞匯學和詞典學在某方面有共同的問題，它們共同研究的可能有詞形、詞義、詞的來源以及詞的用法等，但它們的實際用途不一樣。 0.3 Methods of Study （ 1） Two approaches There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. synchronic 共時法 diachronic 歷時法 （ 2） Definition: A, synchronic From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. For example, the word wife now means a married woman, esp. in relation to her husband. This is the current meaning. It has an obsolete meaning woman, which is only preserved in midwife, housewife, etc. midwife 助產(chǎn)士 housewife 家庭主婦 B, diachronic However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. In this light, the word wife evolved from the Old English form wif, meaning woman, but later it became specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning a married woman. （ 3） Focus on the synchronic Though our focus is on the synchronic description of words, we need the diachronic approach as a supplement, for a knowledge of historical development of the vocabulary will definitely be of great help to us in our language study. 0.4 Aims and Significance of the Course Language study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and vocabulary. Vocabulary has proved particularly important and certainly the most difficult. In the discussion of the relationship between words and structure, Wilkins（ 1972） asserts, Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. The lexicologist McCarthy（ 1990） echoed the same message that no matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how successfully he masters the sounds of a L2, without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in that language cannot happen in any meaningful way. 本句翻譯：英語的學習有三個方面的內容，涉及到語音、語法以及詞匯。就詞匯或語法而言，威爾金斯指出，如果我們沒有語法知識的話，我們很難表達自己的感情、思想，如果沒有詞匯知識的話，你什么東西也不能表達。另外一個語言學家，麥卡錫也產(chǎn)生了共鳴，不管你的語 法學得如何，對第二語言的發(fā)音掌握如何，沒有足夠詞匯來表達你的思想，你用這門語言肯定不會進行一種完全有意義的交流。 A good knowledge of morphological structure of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. 本句翻譯：（ 1）如果我們有好的詞匯的結構知識，掌握了一些構詞法，就有助于學習者提高自己語言的詞匯量，以及有意識地增加語言詞 匯的能力。（ 2）如果我們對詞匯的歷史發(fā)展以及詞語分類的原則有很好的了解，則會使我們能夠更好地理解詞的語義，從而也使我們更有效地組織語言，進行語言的分類。 Language teachers will find lexicology even more helpful. With some knowledge of lexicology, they will be able to handle the teaching materials, particularly those concerning words more professionally. 本句翻譯：學習詞匯學不但對學生有好處，而且對語言教師也有很大 如需精美完整排版，請QQ: 67460666 手機 :137 8381 6366 聯(lián)系 的幫助。 Conclusion: 0.1 the nature and domain of English lexicology：重點 0.3 Methods of Study 1） Two approaches 2） Definition: A, synchronic B, diachronic 3） Focus on the synchronic Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary （ 1） Introduction: The basic concepts concerning words and vocabulary: A. the relation between sound and meaning. B.the relation between sound and form. （ 2） Important points 1.1 What Is a Word What is a word? This question has occupied the attention of linguists for ages. Although numerous definitions have been suggested, none of them seem to be perfect. Scholars still do not agree on the definition of the word. 本句翻譯：我們有許多語言學家在研究到底什么叫詞。詞的定義一直困 擾著語言學家，但是他們對詞下的定義都彼此不相一致，這個現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)持續(xù)了許多年。 Analysis to the definition of the word In this line a word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. 本句翻譯：從視角看詞是被打印在書本上的，或平衡、均勻地寫出來的，是由許許多多有意義的字母構成的。 As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment. 本句翻譯：如果我們從詞的讀音看，詞可以看作是由人體發(fā)音器官發(fā)出的不同的聲音的組合。 According to semanticists, a word is a unit of meaning. Grammarians, however, insist that a word be a free form that can function in a sentence, etc. To sum up, the definition of a word comprises the following points: （ 1） a minimal free form of a language； （ 2） a sound unity； （ 3） a unit of meaning； （ 4） a form that can function alone in a sentence. 本句翻譯：根據(jù)語義學家的觀點看，詞是意義的組合；根據(jù)語法學家的觀點看，詞又可以自由組合，這種組合能夠在句子里面起作用，等等。 1） Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language 本句翻譯：詞是語言中的最小自由形式 2） that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 本句翻譯：詞有固定的讀音，固定的意義 ，固定的句法功能。 Words can be simple and complex, yet all must comply with these criteria. Man and fine are simple, but they each have sound, meaning and syntactic function, and each can be used alone in a sentence. Naturally they are words. 本句翻譯：詞有簡單的詞和復雜的詞，但是都必 須遵循這些標準。人和五都是簡單的詞，但是它們都有發(fā)音、詞義和句法功能，每個詞都可以單獨用在句中。很顯然，它們就是詞。 如需精美完整排版，請 QQ: 67460666 手機 :137 8381 6366 聯(lián)系 There are words which are complex such as misfortune and management. Both are polysyllabic words and can function as subject, object and predictive in a sentence. 本句翻譯：較復雜的詞，例如 misfortune和 management，它們都是多音節(jié)詞，在句中可以作主語、賓語和表語。 Though misfortune can be further divided as mis- and fortune, the former cannot stand alone as a word. 本句翻譯：它雖然可以分成 “mis”和 “fortune”兩部分，但是分開之后， 如需精美完整排版，請QQ: 67460666 手機 :137 8381 6366 聯(lián)系 前面 “mis”不能在句子當中充當成分。 Similarly, management can be broken down as manage and ment, the latter cannot be used freely, either. Blackmail can be separated into black and mail, and both can work as independent units in a sentence, the meaning of each, however, is by no means the combination of the two. Black is a colour, opposite to white, and mail denotes something sent by post, yet when they are put together, the combined form means compel, compulsion, to make payment or action in return for concealment of discreditable secrets etc. Hence blackmail is a different word（ COD） . 1.2 Sound and Meaning （ 1） the relationships between the sound and meaning 1） A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world, which is outside the language system. 本句翻譯：詞是語言世界之外的現(xiàn)實世界中代替其它物體的符號。 Each of the worlds cultures has come to agree that certain sounds will represent certain persons, things, properties, processes and activities. 2） Sound is the physical aspect of a word. And meaning is what the sound refers to. 本句翻譯：音是詞的物質外殼。義是音的所指。 （ 2） This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary 1） there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. 本句翻譯：它們之間關系的任意性是說：音和實際的實物和實際思想本身并沒有一定的邏輯關系，所以這種關系就稱為任意性。 如需精美完整排版，請 QQ: 67460666 手機 :137 8381 6366 聯(lián)系 A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 本句翻譯：狗之所以叫狗并不是因為它的讀音，也不是因為它的三個字母組合起來表明它就是狗的意思，因為在實際的讀音中 “dog”的音與實際的實物并沒有一定的邏輯關系，所以它們之間的關系是任意的。 2） The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. Woman, for example, becomes Frau in German, femme in French and fn in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound mi:t is used to mean meet, meat, mete. Knight and night, though denoting entirely different things, yet have the same sound. conventional 約定俗成的 1.3 Sound and Form （ 1） It is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form. In other words, the sound should be similar to the form. natural language：自然語言，是與計算機語言相對應而言的。 This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English. The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 本句翻譯：在古英語時期，它的書寫形式與口語形式很相似。 （ 2） With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. 本句翻譯：隨著時間的推移，歷史的發(fā)展，音和形之間的距離越拉越大。 What caused more and more differences between them? The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination. 本句翻譯：它的內部原因是由于英語中的字母是借助于拉丁字母，英語字母中沒有一個單獨的字母代表一個發(fā)音（英語字母僅僅 26 個，而發(fā)音要多于英語的字母），所以我們就可以看到有的字母可能會兼兩職或三職，其讀音形式則不同。 Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.（易出簡答題） During the last five hundred years, though the sounds of speech have changed considerably, there have been no corresponding changes of spelling. 本句翻譯：另一個原因是由于發(fā)音的變化遠遠快于拼寫的變化。這兩者的差異越來越大 。在過去的五百年中，雖然發(fā)音發(fā)生了大量的變化，但是拼寫沒有相應地發(fā)生那么多變化。 The third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. 本句翻譯：第三個原因是由早期的抄寫員造成的。 In the early days the spelling differences did not matter very much as people were not so used to seeing words in print, and the spelling was not fixed as it is today. 本句翻譯：早期拼寫的不同對人們來說都是不怎么重要的，因為人們并不經(jīng)常看到打印出來的文字，拼寫沒有現(xiàn)在固定。 As a result, no one was quite sure how some English words should be spelled. 本句翻譯：當然人們就不在意拼寫是這樣還是那樣的了。 Before the printing press was brought to England, everything was written by hand. 本句翻譯：在印刷術引進到應該之前，人們的書寫方式都是用手寫。 Those scribes, who made a living by writing for other people often worked in haste to meet the needs of the King, Church, and merchants. 本句翻譯：抄寫員主要以抄寫來維持生活，他們快速抄寫以滿足國王、教堂和商人的需要。 One problem was that several letters written with short vertical strokes such as i, u, v, m, v and n looked all alike. vertical 豎寫的 To solve the pr