采煤采礦采煤機(jī)外文翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

附錄 A 簡(jiǎn)介 ： 煤炭是我國(guó)的主要能源，在我國(guó)一次性能源中占 76以上。煤系地層大多形成與還原環(huán)境，煤層開(kāi)采后處于氧化環(huán)境，流鐵礦與礦井水和空氣接觸后，經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的氧化、水解等反應(yīng)，使水呈酸性，形成酸性礦井水。對(duì)地下水以及其它環(huán)境和設(shè)施等造成一定的環(huán)境影響和破壞。本文對(duì)酸性礦井水的危害、形成原因以及對(duì)酸性礦井水的預(yù)防和治理進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單的闡述。 關(guān)鍵字 ： 采煤活動(dòng) 酸性礦井水 環(huán)境影響 預(yù)防 治理 1前言 煤炭是我國(guó)的主要能源，在我國(guó)一次性能源中占 76以上，必定要進(jìn)行大量的采煤。采煤過(guò)程中破壞了煤層所處的環(huán)境， 使其原來(lái)的還原環(huán)境變成了氧化環(huán)境。煤炭中一般都含有約 0.3 5的硫，主要以黃鐵礦形式存在，約占煤含硫量的 2/3。煤層開(kāi)采后處于氧化環(huán)境，流鐵礦與礦井水和空氣接觸后，經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的氧化、水解等反應(yīng)，生成硫酸和氫氧化鐵，使水呈現(xiàn)酸性，即生產(chǎn)了酸性礦井水。 PH值低于 6 的礦井水稱酸性礦井水。酸性礦井水在我國(guó)部分煤礦特別使南方煤礦分別較為廣泛。我國(guó)南方煤礦的礦井水 pH 值一般在 2.5 5.8，有時(shí)達(dá)2.0。 pH 值低的原因與煤中含硫量高有密切關(guān)系。酸性礦井水的形成對(duì)地下水造成了嚴(yán)重的污染，同時(shí)還會(huì)腐蝕管道、水泵、鋼軌等 井下設(shè)備和混凝土井壁，也嚴(yán)重污染地表水和土壤，使河水中魚(yú)蝦絕代，土壤板結(jié)，農(nóng)作物枯萎，影響人體健康。 1 酸性礦井水的危害 礦井水的 pH 值低于 6 即具有酸性，對(duì)金屬設(shè)備有一定的腐蝕性； pH 值低于 4 即具有較強(qiáng)的腐蝕性，對(duì)安全生產(chǎn)和礦區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重危害。具體有以下幾個(gè)方面： 1腐蝕井下鋼軌、鋼絲繩等煤礦運(yùn)輸設(shè)備。如鋼軌、鋼絲繩受 pH值 探放 pH 值低的老空水，鐵質(zhì)控水管道和閘門在水流沖刷下腐蝕很快 . 3酸性礦井 水中 SO42-含量很高，與水泥中某些成分相互作用生成含水硫酸鹽結(jié) 晶。這些鹽類在生成時(shí)體積膨脹。經(jīng)測(cè)定，當(dāng) SO42-生成 CaSO42H2O 時(shí)，體積增大一倍；形成 MgSO47H2O 時(shí)，體積增大 430；體積增大使混凝土構(gòu)筑物結(jié)構(gòu) . 4酸性礦井水還是環(huán)境污染源。酸性礦井水排入河流， pH 質(zhì)小于 4 時(shí)，會(huì)使魚(yú)類死亡；酸性礦井水排入土壤，破壞土壤的團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)，使土壤板結(jié)，農(nóng)作物枯黃，產(chǎn)量降低，影響工農(nóng)關(guān)系；酸性礦井水人類無(wú)法飲用，長(zhǎng)期接觸，可使人們手腳破裂，眼睛痛癢， 通過(guò)食物鏈進(jìn)入人體，影響人體健康。 2 酸性礦井水形成的原因 煤系地層大多形成于還原環(huán)境，含黃鐵礦（ FeS2）的煤層形成于強(qiáng)還原環(huán)境。煤炭中一般都含有約 0.3 5的硫，主要以黃鐵礦形式存在，約占煤含硫量的2/3。煤層開(kāi)采后處于氧化環(huán)境，流鐵礦與礦井水和空氣接觸后，經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的氧化、水解等反應(yīng)，生成硫酸和氫氧化鐵，使水呈現(xiàn)酸性，即生產(chǎn)了酸性礦井水。酸性礦井水形成的主要原因即發(fā)生的主要化學(xué)反應(yīng)如下： 1 黃鐵礦氧化生成游離硫酸和硫酸亞鐵： 2FeS2 7O2+2H2O 2H2SO4+2FeSO4 2 硫酸亞鐵在游離氧的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化為硫酸鐵： 4FeSO4 2H2SO4 O2 2Fe2（ SO4） 3 2H2O 3 在礦井水中，硫酸亞鐵的氧化作用，有時(shí)也不一定需要硫酸： 12FeS2 3O2+6H2O 4Fe2（ SO4） 3 4Fe（ OH） 3 4 礦井水中硫酸鐵，具有進(jìn)一步溶解各種硫化礦物的作用 ： Fe2（ SO4） 3 MS H2O 3/2 O2 M SO4+2FeSO4 H2SO 5 硫酸鐵在弱酸性水中發(fā)生水解而產(chǎn)生游離硫酸： Fe2（ SO4） 3+6H2O 2 Fe（ OH） 3 3H2SO4 6 在礦井深部硫化氫含量高時(shí)，在還原條件下，富含硫酸亞鐵的礦井水也可產(chǎn)生游離硫酸： 2FeSO4 5H2S 2 FeS2 3S H2SO4 4 H2O 酸性礦井水的性質(zhì)除與煤中含硫量有關(guān)外，還與礦井水涌水量、密閉狀態(tài)、空氣流通狀況、煤層傾角、開(kāi)采深度及面積、水的流動(dòng)途徑等地質(zhì)條件和開(kāi)采方法有關(guān)。礦井涌水量穩(wěn)定，則水的酸性穩(wěn)定；密閉差、空氣流通良好，則水的酸性較強(qiáng)， Fe3+離子含量較多；反之，則酸性較弱， Fe2+離子較多；開(kāi)采越深，煤的含硫量越高；開(kāi)采面積越大，水的流經(jīng)途徑越長(zhǎng)，則氧化、水解等反應(yīng)進(jìn)行得越充分，水的酸性越強(qiáng)，反之則弱。 3 酸性礦井水的預(yù)防與治理 31 酸性礦井水的預(yù)防 根據(jù)酸 性礦井水形成的條件和原因，可以從減源、減量、減時(shí)等三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行預(yù)防或減輕其危害程度。 1減源：撿選利用造酸礦物，化害為利。煤礦床的主要造酸礦物時(shí)夾雜在煤層中的黃鐵礦結(jié)核和煤本身的含硫量。煤的開(kāi)采率低、殘留煤柱或浮煤丟失多，黃鐵礦結(jié)核廢棄在井下采空區(qū)中，被積水長(zhǎng)期浸泡，是產(chǎn)生酸性水的重要根源。減少工作面丟失的浮煤、積極撿選利用黃鐵礦結(jié)核，能減少產(chǎn)生酸性水的物質(zhì)。攔截地表水，減少入滲量。例如回填矸石，控制頂板，防止地面水沿塌陷裂隙浸入老空區(qū)。在井下，特別是老井或廢棄封閉井巷處，對(duì)礦井水施放適量的抑菌劑，抑制或 殺滅微生物的活性，或者減少礦井水中微生物的數(shù)量。通過(guò)降低微生物對(duì)硫化物的有效作用，達(dá)到控制酸性礦井水生成的目的。 2減少排水量：設(shè)立專門排水系統(tǒng)，集中排酸性水，并在地表攔蓄起來(lái)，使其蒸發(fā)、濃縮，而后加以處理，免除污染。 3減少排放酸性水的時(shí)間：減少礦井水在井下的停留時(shí)間，可在一定程度上降低微生物對(duì)煤中硫化物的氧化作用，從而有助于減少酸性礦井水的形成。對(duì)含黃鐵礦多、硫分高、地表水滲漏條件又好的淺部煤層，或已形成強(qiáng)酸性水的老窖積水區(qū)，在開(kāi)拓布局上要權(quán)衡利弊，統(tǒng)籌安排，在礦井前期不予開(kāi)采或探放，留待礦井水末期 處理，避免長(zhǎng)期排放酸性水。 32 酸性礦井水的治理 在一定地質(zhì)條件下，酸性水中的硫酸可與鈣質(zhì)巖石或其它基性礦物發(fā)生中和反應(yīng)而降低酸度。用燒堿作中和劑用量少，污泥生成也少，但水的總硬度往往很高，雖降低了水的酸度，但增加了硬度，而且成本高，現(xiàn)已基本不用。目前，處理方法有以石灰乳為中和劑的方法、石灰石為中和劑的方法以及石灰石 石灰法、微生物法和濕地處理法。石灰乳中和劑處理法適用于處理酸性較強(qiáng)、涌水量較小的礦井水；石灰石 石灰法適用于各種酸性礦井水，尤其是當(dāng)酸性礦井水中的 Fe2+離子較多時(shí)適用，還可以減少石灰 用量；微生物法基本原理時(shí)應(yīng)用氧化鐵細(xì)菌進(jìn)行氧化除鐵，此菌能從水生環(huán)境中攝取鐵，然后以氫氧化鐵形式把鐵沉淀子在它們的粘液分泌物中，時(shí)酸性水的低鐵轉(zhuǎn)化為高鐵沉淀出來(lái)，然后再用石灰石中和游離硫酸，可降低投資，減少沉渣。濕地法又稱淺沼澤法，此法具有成本低、易操作、效率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，具體方法在這里不再詳述。 結(jié)論 煤系地層大多形成與還原環(huán)境，煤層開(kāi)采后處于氧化環(huán)境，流鐵礦與礦井水和空氣接觸后，經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的氧化、水解等反應(yīng)，使水呈酸性，形成酸性礦井水。對(duì)地下水以及其它環(huán)境和設(shè)施等造成一定的環(huán)境影響和破壞，同時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)人體 健康造成一定的影響。通過(guò)對(duì)酸性礦井水的形成原因進(jìn)行分析，并采取一定的預(yù)防和治理措施，可減少酸性礦井水對(duì)地下水的污染、其它環(huán)境和設(shè)施等造成的破壞以及對(duì)人體健康的影響。 參考文獻(xiàn)： 1王大純等主編，水文地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，地質(zhì)出版社，北京 . 2苑眀順，環(huán)境及地下水水力學(xué)研究專題論文綜述，長(zhǎng)江科學(xué)院院報(bào)， 1994，3. 3林年豐，李昌輝，田春聲等，環(huán)境水文地質(zhì)學(xué)，北京，地質(zhì)出版社， 1990，21. 附錄 B Profile : Coal is Chinas main energy in the countrys total primary energy accounted for 76% and above. Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction. In this paper, the acidic mine water hazards, and the formation of acid mine water in the prevention and treatment of simple exposition. Keywords : mining activities acidic mine water prevention and correction of the environmental impact of coal a foreword is Chinas main energy, China accounted for one-time energy above 76%, will conduct extensive mining. Mining process undermined the seam office environment, the reduction of its original environment into oxidizing environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. PH value lower than the six said acidic mine water mine water. Acid mine water in parts of the country in the South in particular coal mine were more widely. South China coal mine water in general pH 2.5 5.8, sometimes 2.0. Low pH causes and coal of high sulfur closely related. Acid mine water to the formation of ground water have caused serious pollution, while also corrosion pipes, pumps, Underground rail, and other equipment and the concrete wall, but also serious pollution of surface water and soil, river shrimp pictures, soil compaction, crops wither and affect human health. An acidic mine water hazards mine water pH is below 6 is acidic, metal equipment for a certain corrosive； pH is less than 4 has strong corrosive influence on the safety in production and the ecological environment in mining areas serious harm. Specifically, there are the following : a corrosive underground rail, rope and other coal transport equipment. If rail, rope by the pH value 4 acidic mine water erosion, 10 days to Jishitian its intensity will be greatly reduced, Transport can cause accidents； 2 prospecting low pH goaf water, Quality Control iron pipes and the gate under the flow erosion corrosion soon. 3 acidic mine water SO42-content high, and cement production of certain components interact water sulfate crystallization. These salts are generated when the expansion. After determination of when SO42-generation CaSO4 2H2O, the volume increased by 100%； Formation MgSO4.7H2O, volume increased 430%； Volume increases, the structure of concrete structures. 4 acidic mine water or environmental pollution. Acid mine water is discharged into rivers, the quality of pH less than 4:00, would fish died； Acidic mine water into the soil, damage granular soil structure, soil compaction, arid crop yields fall, affecting workers and peasants； Acid mine water humans can not drink that long-term exposure, people will limbs broken, eyes suffering, enter the body through the food chain. affect human health. 2 acidic mine water and the reasons are mostly coal strata formed in the reduction environment, containing pyrite (FeS2) formed in the seam-reduction environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. Acidic mine water that is the main reason for forming the main chemical reaction as follows : a pyrite oxidation and free sulfate ferrous sulfate : 2FeS2 O2 +7 +2 +2 H2O 2H2SO4 FeSO4 2 ferrous sulfate in the role of oxygen free Under into sulfate : 4FeSO4 +2 Cp2Fe2 H2SO4 + O2 (SO4) 3 +2 H2O 3 in the mine water The oxidation of ferrous sulfate, sometimes not necessarily need to sulfate : 12FeS2 O2 +6 +3 H2O 4Fe2 (SO4) 3 +4 Fe (OH) 3 4 mine water Sulfate is further dissolved sulfide minerals in various roles : Fe2 (SO4) 3 + MS + H2O + / 2 + O2 M SO4 H2SO FeSO4 + 5 ferric sulfate in the water occurred weak acid hydrolysis sulfate produced free : Fe2 (SO4) 3 +6 H2O two Fe (OH) 3 +3 H2SO4 6 deep in the mine containing H2S high, the reduction of conditions, the ferrous sulfate-rich mine water can produce sulfuric acid free : 2FeSO4 +5 FeS2 H2S 2 +3 +4 S + H2O H2SO4 acidic mine water in addition to the nature and sulfur coal on the other, with the mine water discharge, confined state, ventilation conditions, seam inclination, mining depth and size, water flow channels and other geological conditions and mining methods. Mine Inflow stability, stability of acidic water； Confined poor, good air circulation, the more acidic the water, Fe3 + ion content more； Instead, the acid is weak, the more Fe2 + ion； more deep mining of coal with a sulfur content higher； The larger the area of mining, water flows through the channel longer, oxidation, hydrolysis reactions from the more full, the water more acidic strong, If not weak. 3 acidic mine water prevention and control a three acidic mine water under the Prevention of acidic mine water formation conditions and causes from source reduction, reductions, reduced when three aspects to prevent or mitigate damage. 1 by the source : the seizure election made use of mineral acid, being the case. The main coal-bed mineral create acid when in a mixture of coal pyrite nodules and coal with a sulfur content itself. Coal mining rate is low and residual coal pillars or floating coal lost, abandoned pyrite nodules underground goaf, in which long-term water immersion, Acidic water produced is a major source. Face to reduce the loss of float coal, the use of positive seized election pyrite nodules, can reduce the production of acidic water substances. Intercept surface water, reduce infiltration. For example, the filling of waste, control of roof to prevent collapse fissures along the surface water immersion goaf. In Underground, particularly old or abandoned wells closed shaft, the mine water discharge appropriate antibacterial agent, kill or inhibit microbial activity, or reduce the microbial mine water quantity. By reducing microbial sulfide on the effective role and to control the generation of acid mine drainage purposes. 2 reduced discharge : the establishment of specialized drainage system, centralized emission acidic water, and storing up on the surface, it evaporated, condensed, then to be addressed to remove pollution. 3 to reduce emissions of acid water in time : to reduce the underground mine water in the length of stay, in a certain extent, to reduce the microbial coal oxidation of sulphides, thus helping to reduce acid mine water. Containing pyrite, sulfur, surface water leakage conditions for a good shallow seam, or have formed strong acidic water stagnant water in the old cellar, the pioneering layout to weigh the pros and arrangements, not early in the mine prospecting or mining, leaving the end of mine water treatment avoid long-term emissions acidic water. 2 3 acidic mine water treatment in certain geological conditions, Acidic water with calcium sulfate rock or other basic mineral occurrence and the reaction decreases acidity. Neutralizer with caustic soda used for less, less sludge is generated, but the total water hardness is often high, while reducing the acidity of the water. However, an increase in the hardness, and the high cost is no longer. Currently, treatment for a neutralizer to the milk of lime, limestone for the neutralizer and limestone - lime, microbiological method and wetlands treatment. Neutralizer milk of lime treatment method applicable to the handling of a strong acid, Inflow smaller mine water； Limestone - lime applied to various acidic mine water. especially when acidic mine water Fe2 + ions more applicable, but also can reduce the amount of lime； microbiological method applied when the basic tenets of iron oxide bacterial oxidation than iron, bacteria from the aquatic environment intake of iron, then to form ferric hydroxide precipitation-iron in their mucus secretions, Acidic water at the low iron