汽車制動系統(tǒng)畢業(yè)外文文獻翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯

附錄 1 英文參考資料 Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars.If the brakes fail,the result can be disastrous.Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes,the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion.The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car.They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow,stop,or hold the vehicle during normal driving.They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal.The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended.The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components:the “master cylinder”which is located under the hood,and is directly connected to the brake pedal,converts driver foots mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure.Steel“brake lines”and flexible“brake hoses”connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid， specially designed to work in extreme conditions,fills the system.“Shoes”and“pads”are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the“drums”and“rotors”thus causing drag,which (hopefully) slows the car. In most modern brake systems (see Figure 15.1),there is a fluid-filled cylinder,called master cylinder,which contains two separate sections,there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the drivers compartment.When the brake is pushed down,brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels.At the wheels,the fluid pushes shoes,or pads, against revolving drums or disks.The friction between the stationary shoes,or pads,and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them.This slows or stops the revolving wheels,which,in turn,slow or stop the car. Drum brakes,it consists of the brake drum,an expander,pull back springs, a stationary back plate,two shoes with friction linings,and anchor pins.The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle.The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub.There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining.To apply brakes,the driver pushes pedal,the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum.Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops.To release brakes， the driver release the pedal,the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels. The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical,hydraulic or pneumatic devices.The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile.When the brake pedal is depressed,the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid.The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder.The fluid pressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released,the piston returns to the initial position,the pull back springs retract the shoes,the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases. 附錄 2 譯文 汽車制動系統(tǒng) 制動系統(tǒng)是汽車中最重要的系統(tǒng)。 如果制動失靈，結果可能是損失慘重的。制動器實際就是能量轉換裝置，它將汽車的動能（動量）轉化成熱能（熱量）。當駕駛員踩下制動踏板，所產生的制動力是汽車運動時動力的 10倍。制動系統(tǒng)能 對四個剎車系統(tǒng)中的每個施加數千磅的力。 每輛汽車上使用兩個完全獨立的制動系統(tǒng)，即行車制動器和駐車制動器。 行車制動器起到減速、停車、或保持車輛正常行駛。制動器是由司機用腳踩、松制動器踏板來控制的。駐車制動器的主要作用就是當車內無人的時候，汽車能夠保持靜止。當獨立的駐車制動器 踏板或手桿，被安裝時，駐車制動器就會被機械地操作。 制動系統(tǒng)是由下列基本的成分組成 :位于發(fā)動機罩下方，而且直接地被連接到制動踏板的“制動主缸”把駕駛員腳的機械力轉變?yōu)橐簤毫Αｄ撝频摹爸苿庸苈贰焙陀腥嵝缘摹爸苿榆浌堋卑阎苿又鞲走B接到每個輪 子的“制動輪缸”上。 制動液， 特別地設計為的是工作在極端的情況，填充在系統(tǒng)中?！爸苿颖P”和“襯塊”是被制動輪缸推動接觸“圓盤”和“回轉體”如此引起緩慢的拖拉運動， (希望 )使汽車減慢速度。 在最基本的制動系統(tǒng)中，有一個制動主缸，這個主缸內部填充制動液，并包含兩個部分，每個部分里都有一個活塞，兩個活塞都連接駕駛室里的制動踏板。當制動踏板被踩下時，制動液會從制動主缸流入輪缸。在輪缸中，制動液推動制動蹄或制動襯片與旋轉的制動鼓或制動盤接觸。靜止的制動蹄或制動襯片與旋轉的制動鼓或制動盤之間產生摩擦力使汽車的運動逐 漸減緩或停止。 鼓式制動器包括制動鼓，一個輪缸，回拉彈簧，一個制動底版，兩個帶摩擦層的制動蹄。制動底版固定在輪軸外部的法蘭或轉向節(jié)。制動鼓固定在輪轂上。制動鼓的內部表面與制動蹄的內層之間有空隙。使用制動器時，司機就要踩下踏板，這時輪缸擴大制動片，對其施加壓力，是制動蹄觸碰制動鼓。制動鼓與摩擦片