關(guān)于控制系統(tǒng)中的PLC的選型方法外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

重 慶 理 工 大 學(xué) 文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 二級學(xué)院 班 級 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號 關(guān)于控制系統(tǒng)中的 PLC 的選型方法 摘要 ：在設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)于 PLC 的控制系統(tǒng)時(shí)，首先應(yīng)確定該系統(tǒng)的控制方案，然后下一步工作是為該工程設(shè)計(jì)選擇 PLC 的型號。該控制系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行過程中的特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用需求是 PLC 選型的主要依據(jù)。 PLC 和相關(guān)設(shè)備應(yīng)該根據(jù)綜合、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、以及容易形成一個(gè)整體的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)和易擴(kuò)展其功能的原則選擇器件的類型，所選擇的 PLC 應(yīng)在相關(guān)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的有成功的應(yīng)用成果、該 PLC 在控制系統(tǒng)中有成熟和可靠的運(yùn)用制度，該 PLC 的硬件、軟件配置和功能都可適應(yīng)安裝的規(guī)模和控制要求。在設(shè)計(jì)該系統(tǒng)時(shí)知道它所使用的編程控制器，以及它的功能圖像及相關(guān)的編程語言有利于縮短編程時(shí)間，因此，在選擇該類型的項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)和估算時(shí)，應(yīng)先分析該項(xiàng)目的運(yùn)行過程特點(diǎn)和控制要求，詳細(xì)地明確該項(xiàng)目的控制任務(wù)和范圍，根據(jù)操作和運(yùn)動(dòng)的要求，估算出輸入和輸出的數(shù)量、估計(jì)出存 儲(chǔ)器容量、測定功能的大小以及外部設(shè)備性能等，最后選擇具有較高的性價(jià)比的 PLC 和相應(yīng)的控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。 隨著 PLC 在工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)中的普及， PLC 的數(shù)量和種類越來越多，功能也日趨完善。近年來，剛剛介紹的 PLC 產(chǎn)品已有自美國、日本和德國以及國內(nèi)廠家組裝或獨(dú)立發(fā)展成型，已有幾十種系列，幾百種型號。 PLC 的類型眾多，它的結(jié)構(gòu)模型，性能、能力、指令系統(tǒng)和編程方法等各有不同，應(yīng)用場合也各有不同。因此，在自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)中合理的選擇 PLC 的型號有很重要的作用。 隨著科技的不斷進(jìn)步， PLC 的種類是越來越多，其功能也在逐漸增加強(qiáng)。雖 然本文總結(jié)了一些選擇的方法，以及運(yùn)用實(shí)例說明如何使用 PLC，但在實(shí)際工作中它還必須做出適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整。需要根據(jù)實(shí)際條件來用 PLC 設(shè)計(jì)工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)，滿足期望。 關(guān)鍵詞 ： PLC；選型；控制系統(tǒng) 1、 介紹 PLC 的技術(shù)隨著 計(jì)算機(jī)和微電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展而得到迅速發(fā)展。從開發(fā)出第一臺(tái)PLC 后， 隨著 CPU 的應(yīng)用和單片機(jī)技術(shù)在 PLC 中的應(yīng)用 ,形成現(xiàn)代意義上的第一臺(tái)PLC。自 80年代到 20世紀(jì)的第一個(gè)十年 ,隨著微電子技術(shù)的大躍進(jìn)，出現(xiàn)了大規(guī)模集成電路和超級大型微電子技術(shù)， 16通道和 32通道的微處理器的出現(xiàn) PLC 得到了驚人的開發(fā) ,這使 得 PLC 在 概念、設(shè)計(jì)、性價(jià)比以及應(yīng)用上獲得了新的突破，不僅控制功能增強(qiáng) ,功耗和體積減少 ,成本下降 ,可靠性上升 ,編程和故障檢測更加靈活和方便 ,同時(shí)遠(yuǎn)程通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)、數(shù)據(jù)處理以及人機(jī)界面 (HMI)也得到了快速的發(fā)展?，F(xiàn)在 ,PLC 不僅可以應(yīng)用于自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)行業(yè) ,而且可以在連續(xù)生產(chǎn)時(shí)用于過程控制系統(tǒng) ,這些使得它在自動(dòng)化技術(shù)領(lǐng)域成為三大支柱之一 ,即使總線技術(shù)變成了今天的自動(dòng)化技術(shù)應(yīng)用的熱點(diǎn)、但 PLC 在現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)中仍是不可或缺的控制器。 總的來說，隨著 PLC 在自動(dòng)化工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)中的發(fā)展和普及， PLC 的種類是越來越多，使用也 越來越廣泛，因此合理選擇 PLC，對提高自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)在工作中的運(yùn)用具有重要的作用。 2、 選擇模型 我國的市場流行的 PLC 產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)廠家有以下幾個(gè)公司： 1） 施耐德公司 ，包括引進(jìn)自 Modicon 公司由早期天津儀器儀表廠生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)品有 Quantum, Premium 和 Momentum； 2）羅克韋爾公司（包括 AB 公司） PLC 產(chǎn)品，現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)品有 SLC、 Micro Logix 和 Control Logix 等 ； 3）西門子公司的 PLC 產(chǎn)品，現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)品有 S7 - 400/ 300/ 200等系列； 4）通用電氣公司 PLC 產(chǎn)品； 5）日本公司的產(chǎn)品如歐姆龍，三菱，富士，松下，其中最受歡迎的是三菱公司的 FX 系列。 PLC 選型的基本原理的 是 :在輸入 /輸出數(shù)量 滿足要求的前提下應(yīng)選擇最可靠、維護(hù)和使用最方便以及性價(jià)比最優(yōu)的產(chǎn)品。 3、 輸入 /輸出選擇 PLC是一種工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng) ,其控制對象是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)設(shè)備或工業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程、工作環(huán)境是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場。它連接的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程是通過 I/ O接口模塊實(shí)現(xiàn)。 PLC有很多 I / O接口模塊包括開關(guān)量輸入模塊、開關(guān)量輸出模塊、模擬量輸入模塊和模擬量輸出模塊以及一些特殊的模塊 ,使用時(shí) ,我 們應(yīng)該根據(jù)他們的特征執(zhí)行選項(xiàng)。 1）確定輸入 /輸出數(shù)量 根據(jù)控制系統(tǒng)的需求，確定所需輸入 /輸出的數(shù)量，應(yīng)增加備用量的 10% - 20%，為了能在任何時(shí)間增加控制功能。 2）開關(guān)量輸入 /輸出 開關(guān)量輸入 /輸出接口可以從傳感器和開關(guān)和控制設(shè)備接受信號。典型的交流輸入 /輸出信號 24-240V，直流輸入 /輸出信號 5-240V。 3）模擬量輸入 /輸出 模擬量輸入 /輸出接口可以接受由傳感器產(chǎn)生的信號。這些接口可以用于測量流動(dòng)率、溫度和壓力，并以此來控制由電壓或電流的輸出設(shè)備。這些接口的量程為 -10-+ l0v、 0-l0v、 4-20mA 或 10-50mA。 有些廠家在 PLC 上設(shè)計(jì)了特殊的專用模擬接口，因此它可以接收低電平信號。一般來說，這種接口模塊可以用于接收不同類型的熱電偶或 RTD 混合信號。 4）特殊功能輸入 /輸出 當(dāng)選擇一個(gè) PLC，用戶可能面臨一些特殊類型的輸入 /輸出還有一些因?yàn)橛邢薜妮斎?/輸出的位置和快速響應(yīng)以及頻率問題造成的非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的輸入 /輸出。現(xiàn)在，用戶應(yīng)該考慮是否接受由市場或制造商提供的專用模塊，通過專用模塊自行處理一部分的數(shù)據(jù)，從而減少 CPU 的使用，提高任務(wù)處理的效率，以最大限度降低因高溫限制造成的控制失靈。 5）智能輸入 /輸出 目前， PLC 廠家制造出了一些智能輸入輸出連續(xù)模塊。一般智能輸入 /輸出模塊可以自我處理，它可以對指定的輸入或輸出信號做出提前處理，并將結(jié)果傳送到 CPU 或直接輸出，因此可以提高處理速度和節(jié)省存儲(chǔ)容量。 智能輸入 /輸出模塊有高速計(jì)數(shù)器， cam 模擬器、凸輪模擬器速度補(bǔ)償、單回路或者倍增 PID 調(diào)節(jié)器、 ASCII/BASIC 處理器和 RS - 232 C / 422接口模塊等。 PLC 的輸入 /輸出模塊的一般選擇原則：根據(jù)設(shè)備現(xiàn)場或操作選擇的類型和數(shù)量來選擇 I/O 模塊。 4、 選擇類型和存儲(chǔ)容量 PLC 所使用的內(nèi)存的系統(tǒng)主要是有 3種： EPROM， ROM 和 RAM。內(nèi)存的容量的大小一般與 PLC 的大小有關(guān)，通常小型機(jī)的最大的存儲(chǔ)能力要小于 6kb，中型機(jī)器的最大存儲(chǔ)能力可以達(dá)到 64KB，而大型機(jī)的最大存儲(chǔ)能力可達(dá)到兆字節(jié)。使用時(shí)可以根據(jù)程序和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)能力選擇適合的類型，必要時(shí)也可以進(jìn)行內(nèi)存擴(kuò)大設(shè)計(jì)。 PLC 中內(nèi)存的選擇方法：根據(jù)編程所用的節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)來準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算實(shí)際所需內(nèi)存的容量。 5、 軟件選擇 在系統(tǒng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)過程中， PLC 的編程問題是非常重要的。用戶應(yīng)該知道 PLC 產(chǎn)品的軟件功能。通常，一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的軟件是用來處理控制硬件的。但有 時(shí)一些應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)除了需要控制硬件部分外還需要軟件的一些功能。 一個(gè)程序塊由可執(zhí)行代碼和注釋組成?？蓤?zhí)行代碼由主程序和若干子程序或者中斷服務(wù)程序組成。可執(zhí)行代碼被編譯并下載到 FX2N 中，而程序注釋不會(huì)被下載。您可以使用組織組件（主程序、子程序和中斷服務(wù)程序）來結(jié)構(gòu)化您的控制程序。 主程序 主程序中包括控制應(yīng)用的指令。 FX2N 在每一個(gè)掃描周期中順序執(zhí)行這些指令。 子程序 子程序是應(yīng)用程序中的可選組件。只有被主程序、中斷服務(wù)程序或者其它子程序調(diào)用時(shí)，子程序才會(huì)執(zhí)行。當(dāng)您希望重 復(fù)執(zhí)行某項(xiàng)功能時(shí)，子程序是非常有用的。與其在主程序中的不同位置多次使用相同的程序代碼，不如將這段程序邏輯寫在子程序中，然后在主程序中需要的地方調(diào)用。調(diào)用子程序有如下優(yōu)點(diǎn)： (1)用子程序可以減小程序的長度。 (2)由于將代碼從主程序中移出，因而用子程序可以縮短程序掃描周期。 FX2N在每個(gè)掃描周期中處理主程序中的代碼，不管代碼是否執(zhí)行。而子程序只有在被調(diào)用時(shí)， FX2N 才會(huì)處理其代碼。在不調(diào)用子程序時(shí)， FX2N 不會(huì)處理其代碼。 (3)用子程序創(chuàng)建的程序代碼是可傳遞的。您可以在一個(gè)子程序中 完成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的功能，然后將它復(fù)制到另一個(gè)應(yīng)用程序中而無需作重復(fù)工作。 中斷服務(wù)程序 中斷服務(wù)程序是應(yīng)用程序中的可選組件。當(dāng)特定的中斷事件發(fā)生時(shí)，中斷服務(wù)程序執(zhí)行。您可以為一個(gè)預(yù)先定義好的中斷事件設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)中斷服務(wù)程序。當(dāng)特定的事件發(fā)生時(shí)， FX2N 會(huì)執(zhí)行中斷服務(wù)程序。中斷服務(wù)程序不會(huì)被主程序調(diào)用。只有當(dāng)中斷服務(wù)程序與一個(gè)中斷事件相關(guān)聯(lián)，且在該中斷事件發(fā)生時(shí)， FX2N 才會(huì)執(zhí)行中斷服務(wù)程序。 提示：因?yàn)闊o法預(yù)測何時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生中斷，所以應(yīng)考慮盡量限制中斷服務(wù)程序和程序中其它部分所共用的變量個(gè)數(shù)。使 用中斷服務(wù)程序中的局部變量，可以保證中斷服務(wù)程序只使用臨時(shí)存儲(chǔ)器，并且不會(huì)覆蓋程序中其它部分使用的數(shù)據(jù)。為了保證主程序與中斷服務(wù)程序正確地共享數(shù)據(jù)，您可以使用許多編程技巧。 6、 結(jié)論 隨著科技的不斷進(jìn)步， PLC 的種類是越來越多，功能也逐漸增強(qiáng)。在文章中，雖然有總結(jié)一些選擇的方法，但在實(shí)際工作中我們?nèi)匀槐仨氉龀鲞m當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整，根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來設(shè)計(jì)控制系統(tǒng)以滿足期望。 原文： The Method Selecting Type of PLC in Controlling System Abstract: When designing PLC system,first determining control scheme, the work of next step is PLC selecting type of project design. The characteristic of process and application requirement are the major accordance of designing selecting type.PLC and relevant equipments should be integrated、 standard 、 according to the principle easy to form a whole with industrial control system and easy to expand its function to select type, PLC chosen should have application achievement in related industrial field 、 the maturation and reliable system,the systematic hardware 、 software configuration and function of PLC should suit with installation scale and control requirement.Knowing programming controller, function picture and relevant programming language is helpful to shorten programming time. Therefore, selecting type of project design and estimating, it should analyse the characteristic of process and control requirement in detail, definite control task and range, determing operation and movement required,then according to control ask to estimate numbers of inputs and outputs、 memory capacity required、 determing function of PLC, the external equipment property etc. finally selecting having higher price performance PLC and desigin g the corresponding control system. Along with popularization of PLC in industrial control, quantity and kind of PLC product are more and more and function also becomes perfect day by day. In recent years, the PLC products that introduced from the countries such as America、 Japan and Germany and the domestic manufacturer assembles or develops independently have had tens of series, hundreds of models. The kind of PLC is numerous, its structural model , performance、 capacity、 instruction system and programming method etc are different, application occasion has also each to stress. Therefore, select PLC reasonably, the application for PLC in control system has important role. Along with the unceasing advance of science and technology, the kind of PLC is increasingly numerous,its function also strengthens gradually. Though the article have sumed up some methods of choosing PLC and exampled to explain how to use, in practical work it must still make proper adjustment according to practical condition in order to design the industrial control system that satisfies expectation. Key words: PLC； selecting type； controlling system I. Introduction PLC technology develops promptly along with the development of computer and microelectronics technology, and develops from a initial machine to 8 machines. Along with application of microprocessor CPU and the technical of microcomputer in PLC, it has formed PLC on modern meaning. Since 80 decade of 20 century, along with microelectronics technology development of the large-scale and super large-scale Integrated circuit etc. microelectronics technology, That the 16 and 32 microprocessor forms microcomputer PLC have gotten astonishing development, these make PLC get new breakthrough in the aspects such as concept、 design、 price performance as well as application. Not only control function strengthens, power consumption and volume reduce, cost drops, reliability rises, programming and fault detection are more flexible and convenient, but also long-range UO and communication network, data handling as well as man-machine interface (HMI) also have got rapid development. Now, PLC can not only apply in the automation of manufacturing industry but also can still apply in the course control system in serial production, these have made it become one of 3 pillar in automation technical field, even if the technology of bus line becomes today of automation technical application hot point, PLC is still the indispensable controller in the control system on-the-spot of bus line. Synthesized, along with the development of PLC and its popularize in automation industrial control, the kind of PLC product is more and more and use is also more and more extensive, therefore, selecting PLC reasonably for raising the application of PLC in control system has important role. II. Selecting machine model The market of our country has the popular PLC product that has following few company: 1) Schneider company, include early Tianjin instrument and meter plant transfer the product of Modicon company, now, there is the products such as Quantum, Premium and Momentum； 2) Rockwell company (include AB company) PLC product, now, there is the products such as SLC、 Micro Logix and Control Logix； 3) Siemens company product, now, there is S7-400/300/200 series products； 4) GE company product； 5) Japan companys products such as Omron,Mitsubishi, Fuji and Panasonic, in which used more is FX series of Mitsubishi company. The basic principle of PLC type option is: under function satisfies the prerequisite of requirement to select type of most reliable, maintenance and use most facilitate as well as the price performance optimization. III. Selecting I/O PLC is a kind of industrial control system, its control object is industrial production equipment or industrial production course, working environment is industrial production scene. Its connections with industrial production course realize through the I/O interface module. PLC has a lot of I/O interface module including switch quantity input module、 switch quantity export module, simulated quantity input module and simulated quantity export module as well as some special module, when using, we should carry out option according to their characteristic. 1) Determine I/O numbers According to control systematic requirement to determine I/O numbers needed, it should increase the spare quantity of 10%-20%, in order to increase control function at any time. 2) Switch quantity I/O The switch quantity I/O interface can take over signal from sensor and switch and control equipment.Typical AC I/O signal is 24-240V, the DC I/O signal is 5-240V. 3) Simulated quantity I/O The simulated quantity I/O interface normally perceives the signal that sensor produces. These interfaces can be used to measure rate of flow、 temperature and pressure, and used in controlling voltage or current export equipment. the typ ical span of these interfaces is-10-+ l0V、 0-+l0V、 4-20mA or 10-50mA. Some manufacturers in PLC design special simulated interface, thus it can take over low level signal. Generally speaking, this kind of interface module can be used to take over the different type of thermocouple or RTD mix signal. 4) Special function I/O When selecting a PLC, user may faced some special types and cant be realized by standard I/O as the limited position I/O, fast input and frequency etc. Right now, user should consider whether supply and market manufacturer offers the special module that is helpful for high limit to reduce control role, some special interface modules selves can handle a part of field data and make CPU free from the consuming task handling. 5) Intelligent I/O Currently, PLC manufacturers protrude some intelligent I/O modules in succession. Generally the intelligent I/O module self has with processor, it can assigned handling for inputting or exporting signal in advance, and will send result to CPU or output directly, so this can raise the handling speed of PLC and save the capacity of memory. Intelligent I/O has the high speed counter, cam simulator、 the cam simulator with speed compensation、 single loop or multiply loop PID regulator、 the ASCI1/BASIC processor and RS-232C/422 interface module etc. The general principle of selecting the I/O module is: According to equipment on-the-spot or the operating to select the type and count of the 1l0 module. IV. Selecting type and capacity of memory The memory used by PLC system basically is composed from 3 kinds of type as PROM, EPROM and RAM, memory capacity changes with the size of machine, normally the biggest store ability of small-sized machine is lower than 6KB, the biggest store ability of medium-sized machine can reach 64KB, the biggest store ability of large scale machine can reach MB. When using we can choose suitable type according to program and data store capacity and can also carry out memory expand design especially necessarily. The option method of memory capacity: According to the node that programming uses to calculate accurately the actual use capacity of memory. V. Selecting software In the course of systematic realizing, the programming problem of PLC is very important. User should know as software function of PLC product. Usually, a systematic software is used in handling the control hardware that controller has always. But some application systems need also the software function besides controlling hardware parts. A program block is composed of executable code and comments. The executable code consists of a main program and any subroutines or interrupts routines. The code is compiled and downloaded to the FX2N； the program comments are not. You can use the organizational elements (main program, subroutines, and interrupt routines) to structure your control program. Main Program The main body of the program contains the instructions that control your application. The FX2N executes these instructions sequentially, once per scan cycle. Subroutines These optional elements of your program are executed only when called: by the main program, by an interrupt routine, or by another subroutine. Subroutines are useful in cases where you want to execute a function repeatedly. Rather than rewriting the logic for each place in the main program where you want the function to occur, you can write the logic once in a subroutine and call the subroutine as many times as needed during the main program. Subroutines provide several benefits: (1)Using subroutines reduces the overall size of your program. (2)Using subroutines decreases your scan time because you have moved the code out of the main program. The FX2N evaluates the code in the main program every scan cycle, whether the code is executed or not, but the FX2N evaluates the code in the subroutine only when you call the subroutine, and does not evaluate the code during the scans in which the subroutine is not called. (3)Using subroutines creates code