福建省南安一中高一英語 語法梳理之代詞、形容詞、冠詞.doc

福建省南安一中高一英語語法梳理之代詞、形容詞、冠詞一、冠詞 冠詞本身不能單獨使用，也沒有詞義，它用在名詞的前面，幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種：定冠詞the，不定冠詞a/an，以及零冠詞（即不用冠詞）。 考點一 不定冠詞a, an用法1. 表示首次提到的對方不知的人或物。2. 表示“一”相當于one。 例：i have a watch.3. 表示“每一”相當于per。例：we have three meals a day.4. 表示“同一性”相當于the same。 例：the children are of an age. 5. 表示類指，表一類人或物。 例：a teacher must love his students.6. 用于抽象名詞前，表“一種(的人或事)” 例：painting is an art. a pleasure一件樂事，a surprise一件令人驚訝的事 a good education 良好的教育7. 用于物質(zhì)名詞前，表“一種，一陣、一份”。例： what a heavy rain! what a good supper!8.用于人名/地名前，表示“某個”，或指與某人/某物有類似性質(zhì)、特征的人/物，或指“某樣子的某地”。例： i wish to become an edison. a miss li came to see you today. people are working hard for a new fujian.9. 用于形容詞最高級前，表示“很，非常”。例：he is a most wise man.10. 用于序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一，再一”。 a first 表示“第一名，冠軍”。in order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language. 11. 用于固定搭配。 as a matter of fact/ in a flash/ a waste of / all of a sudden/ have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / have a gift for/ give sb a lift/ have a(n) knowledge of等考點二 定冠詞the的用法1. 特指雙方都明白的人或物。例：take the medicine.把藥吃了。 2. 指上文提到過的人或事。 例：he bought a house. ive been to the house. 3. 用于世上獨一物二的事物或方位名詞前，例：the sun rises in the east. 4. 與形容詞或分詞連用，表示一類人或物：the rich 富人; the living 生者；與單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物，例：the whale is in danger of disappearing.5. 用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級，及only，very，same等前面。例： the second floor the only way6. 用于江、河、湖、海、山川、群島、港灣等名詞前。例： the changjiang river 長江 the english channel 英吉利海峽 the himalayas 喜馬拉雅山7. 用于某些由普通名詞構成的專有名詞前。例： the peoples republic of china中華人民共和國 the united states美國 the university of beijing 北京大學8. 用于表示西洋樂器的名詞之前，但中國的傳統(tǒng)樂器前不加。例： she plays the piano，but she can not play erhu她會彈鋼琴,但不會拉二胡。9. 用于某世紀、年代、朝代、時期的名詞前。例：the ming dynasty, the 1990s10. 用于姓氏的復數(shù)前，表示“一家人”。例：the greens11. 用于計量單位的名詞前，例：he got paid by the hour.他是按小時付工錢的。 by the pound/the dozen/the month/the year特殊：by weight/ height等12. 用于固定搭配。例：go to the cinema/ on the whole/ in the morning/ in the end等考點三 零冠詞的用法1. 表泛指的專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、復數(shù)名詞前一般不加冠詞。 failure is the mother of success. he lives in london.2. 表泛指的季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐名詞前一般不加冠詞。 national day, childrens day, womens day have you had supper? spring is the best season of the year. we go to school from monday to friday.3. 稱呼或表示官銜，職位的名詞作表語、賓補及同位語時，一般不加冠詞。 we made tom monitor of our class. alex, mayor of the city, made a speech the other day. 4. 學科名稱、球類、棋類名稱前不加冠詞。 do you study physics? he likes playing football/chess.5. “by+名詞”表示交通方式和做事的方式時前不加冠詞。 by car, by bus, by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land by hand, by radio, by machine, by letter6. 在以“名詞/形容詞最高級+as/though +主語+謂語”開始的讓步狀語從句中，前面的名詞/形容詞最高級不用冠詞。 child as she is, she knows a lot of french.盡管她是個小孩，她懂得很多法語。shortest though he is, he runs faster in our class.盡管是最矮的，他在我們班卻跑最快。7. 系動詞turn（表“變成”）后作表語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前不用冠詞。 the young girl has turned writer.= the young girl has become a writer.8. 用于固定搭配。 out of work/ in search of/ in advance/ at dinner/ at work in hospital 住院（因?。?in the hospital在醫(yī)院（工作、參觀等） in front of在前面，指某物體之外 in the front of在前部，指某物之內(nèi)in charge of負責，主管 in the charge of由負責out of question沒問題 out of the question不可能at table 在進餐 at the table（坐）在桌子旁by day在白天 by the day 按天二、代詞代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類，一般具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、疑問代詞、關系代詞、連接代詞、指示代詞和不定代詞等。人稱代詞物主代詞反身代詞人稱主格賓格形容性名詞性單 數(shù)第一人稱imemyminemyself第二人稱youyouyouryoursyourself第三人稱hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitself復 數(shù)第一人稱weusouroursourselves第二人稱youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人稱theythemtheirtheirsthemselves疑問代詞：用于特殊疑問句的代詞。who, whom, which, what, whose關系代詞：用來引導定語從句的代詞。who, whom, whose, which, that, as連接代詞：用來引導名詞性從句的代詞。who, what, which, whom, -ever等指示代詞：1.this, these一般指時間或空間上較接近的人或物。that, those一般指時間或空間上比較遠的人或物。2. this常指后文要提的事物（啟下），that指前文講過的事物（承上）。 i want to tell you this: the boss asks to see you. he hurt his leg. thats why he didnt come.3.電話用語中，用this自我介紹，that詢問對方。4.為了避免重復，常用that或those代替前面已提過的名詞。the weather of beijing is colder than that of nanjing.the ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.不定代詞常用不定代詞有：some(something, somebody, someone), any(anything, anybody, anyone), no(nothing, nobody, no one), every(everything, everybody, everyone), all, each, both, much, many, (a)little, (a)few, other(s), another, none, one, either, neither等。1. some與anysome、any可與單、復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑問、否定或條件句。he has some chinese paintings. ask me if you have any questions. do you have any questions to ask?i dont know any of the students.特殊用法：any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。any child can do that.some用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示“某一”。smith went to some place in england.some用在表示請求或邀請的問句中，表期待對方肯定回答。would you like some bananas?用于否定句，some表示部分否定, any表示全部否定。2. both與allboth指人或指物，表示“兩者都”的意思。this maths problem can be worked out in both ways. both of the boys are here. we both are students.注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定時，用neither。如：both of us are not teachers.我們倆并不都是教師。neither of us is a teacher. 我們倆都不是教師。all “全部的”、“整個的”，可與復數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞連用，指三個或三個以上的人或物。he gave me all the money.all the schools are flooded.they have all been to xian.注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如：not all the ants go out for food.( all the ants dont go out for food.)并不是所有的螞蟻都出去尋找食物。none of the money is mine.這錢一分也不是我的。3. many和muchmany修飾或代替復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，much修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞。4. few, little; a few, a littlefew和little表示沒有多少（含否定意義）；而a few 和a little表示有一些（肯定）。few、a few 修飾可數(shù)名詞；little、a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。5. each和everyeach（各個），指兩個或兩個以上的人或物，側重個體。every（每個），指三個或三個以上的人或物，側重整體，在句中只能作定語。every student in our class has a dictionary.(定語，強調(diào)班上“所有的人”)each student in our class has a dictionary.（定語，強調(diào)各個個體）each of us has a dictionary.we each got a ticket.注意：every 用于否定時，表部分否定；each無此用法。例： every man can not succeed.并不是所有人都能成功的。6. either和neithereither是“兩者中任何一個”的意思，可修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；neither是“兩者中沒有一個”的意思，可以修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。here are two pens. you may take either of them.neither boy knows french.注意： either也作副詞，其意為“也”，用于否定句的句末。he doesnt like tea, and i dont either. either與or構成連詞，意為“不是就是”或“要么要么”。he is either japanese or chinese. neither可與nor構成連詞，意為“既不也不”。neither he nor you are a student. neither用作副詞，意為“也不”，即“noteither”。he cant do it, neither can i7. another, other, the other, others, the others another：“任何一個，另一個”，指三者或三者以上中的任何一個。i dont like this coat. show me another, please.other：“另外的”,只作定語，常與復數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞連用；但如果前面有the, this, that some, any, each, every, no, one 及my, your, his 等時，則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。如：any other plant, every other day。the other：“兩者中的另一個”，常與one 連用，構成：one the other 一個另一個；作定語修飾復數(shù)名詞時，表示“全部其余的”others：泛指別的人或物，是other 的復數(shù)形式，泛指別的人或物（但不是全部），不能作定語，構成someothersthe others：是the other 的復數(shù)形式，特指其余的人或物。he got two books; one is a textbook, the other is a novel.five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow.some are singing, others are dancing.注意：another修飾復數(shù)名詞時，意為“再，又”。 please give me another ten minutes. one another(a second) a thirdthe other意為“一個一個一個一個”用于三者或三者以上的排列。 someothersothers，意為“一些一些一些”。三、形容詞考點一 形容詞的位置和用法（一）形容詞是用來修飾名詞的詞，一般放在所修飾的名詞前面，但下列幾種情況形容詞作后置定語。1. 當形容詞修飾不定代詞someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, nobody, nothing等不定代詞時。2. 當“形容詞+介詞或不定式”構成的短語作定語時。the man carried a bag full of rice on his back.3. 當old,long,high,wide,deep等詞附有數(shù)量詞短語作定語時。there are many buildings over 20 storeys high.4. 一些表語形容詞，如alive,afraid,awake,alone,asleep,worth等作定語，常置于被修飾詞的后面。he is the most famous scientist alive in the world today.（二）多個形容詞修飾名詞的排列順序口訣：美小圓舊黃，中國木書房。限定詞(all,these,those.)+描繪性形容詞（表示人們觀點的形容詞，如beautiful,bad,cold等）+表示大小、長短、高低的形容詞+表示形狀的形容詞（如round,square等）+表示年齡、新舊的形容詞+表示顏色的形容詞+表示國籍或地區(qū)的形容詞+表示材料的形容詞（如wooden）+表示用途、類別的形容詞+被修飾的名詞。a beautiful old yellow chinese wooden dining table一張漂亮的黃色中國木制舊餐桌（三）形容詞作狀語表示伴隨、結果、原因或時間，并不表達動作的方式。ripe, these apples are sweet.(時間)much interested, he agreed to give it a try.(原因)after walking for hours, we finally arrived home, hungry and tired.(結果)考點二 形容詞的比較1. as+形容詞+as “和一樣” （not as/so. as不如）2. a is +形容詞比較級+ than b. “a比b更”3. the +形容詞比較級，the +形容詞比較級?！霸骄驮健?the more careful you are,the fewer mistakes youll make.4. 形容詞比較級+and +形容詞比較級“越來越” as summer is coming,the day is becoming longer and longer.5. “the+比較級+of the two+名詞”表示“兩者中較的那個”the taller of the two boys is my brother.6. the last表示“最不可能”“最不希望” 例：he is the last man i want to see.7. 比較級用于否定時，含有最高級意義。例：i have never seen a better film.8. 如果比較的范圍不一樣，表達方式也應不同。例如：china is larger than any other country in asia.（比較的范圍一致）chian is larger than any country in africa.（比較的范圍不一致）9. 倍數(shù)表達法。a is +倍數(shù)+比較級+ than b.a is +倍數(shù)+ as +原級+ as b.a is +倍數(shù)+ the +名詞(size, length, height等) + of b. 鞏固練習1.- its said john will be in a job paying over $60,000 _ year. - right, he will also get paid by _ week. a. the; the b. a; thec. the; a d. a; a2. he missed _gold in the high jump, but will get_ second chance in the long jump. a. the; the b. /; a c. the; a d. a; /3. sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of george. a./; / b. the; / c the; the d./; the4. being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those tough times. a. the; the b. a; a c. a; / d. /; a 5. as he reached _ front door, jack saw_ strange sight. a. the;/ b. a; the c./；a d. the; a6. experts think that _recently discovered painting may be _ picasso. a. the ; / b. a ; the c. a; / d. the; a 7.the physician began to learn _ english language in his fifties. a. an b. a c. the d./8. beyond _ stars, the astronauts saw nothing but _ space. a. the; / b. /; the c./; / d. the; the9. the warmth of _ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _ wool used. a.the; the b.the; / c. /; the d. /; /10. for him, _stage is just _ means of making a living. a.a; a b.the; a c. the; the d. a; the 11.my brother would like to buy a good watch but _was available from that shop. a. nothing b. none c. no one d. neither 12.- john, when shall we meet again, thursday or friday? - _. ill be off to london then.a. either b. neither c.both d. none13. if youre buying todays paper from the stand, could you get_ for me?a. one b. such c. this d. that14. no matter where he is, he makes _a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. a. him b this c. that d. it15. silly me! i forget what my luggage looks like. - what do you think of _ over there? a. the one b. this c. that d. it 16. _ succeeded, _failed, but _ had worked hard. a. some; others; all b. all; some; others c.both; either; neither d. neither; either; both17. my sister is going to have _ examined, for she is not quite _today. a. her; her b. herself; her c. herself; herself d. her; herself18. - which of the three ways shall i take to the village? - _ as you please. a. each b. every c.any d. either19. no progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of _. a. others b. the other c. either d. another20. - is that a book on painting? if so, i want to borrow_. - yes, it is. a. this b. it c. one d. the one21. can you manage to do the work with _ money and _ people? a. little; less b.little; fewer c. less; few d.less; fewer 22. tom has been ill in bed for two weeks. he is told to have to stay in bed for _ three weeks before going to school. a. other b. the other c. another d.some more23. there are three cars in the yard. one is red, _ is yellow and _ is blue. a. another; another b. the other; the other c. the other; another d. another; the other24 he doesnt have_furniture in his roomjust an old desk.a.any b. many c. some d. much 25. how much_she looked without her glasses! a. well b. good c. better d. best26. after the long journey, the three of them went back home, _.a. hungry and tiredly b. hungry and tired c. hung