考四六級必看講稿.doc

Writing Courses of College English Test 國家英語四級評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(CET-4) 2分條理不清晰，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯誤。（14） (“一塌糊涂”) 5分基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯誤。（34） （“糊里糊涂”） 8分基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫；語言錯誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯誤。（54） （“馬馬虎虎”）11分切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。（74） （“”）14分切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好，基本無語言錯誤，僅有個別小錯誤。（94）（注：白卷，作文與題目毫不相關(guān)，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達(dá)思想，則給0分。）教育部大學(xué)英語教學(xué)要求： 一般要求：能用常見的應(yīng)用文體完成一般的寫作任務(wù)，如便條、短信、通知等，能就一定的話題或提綱在半小時內(nèi)寫出120-150詞的短文，用語基本正確、得體。 較高要求：能寫日常應(yīng)用文，如信函、簡歷等，能就一定的話題、提綱、表格或圖示在半小時內(nèi)寫出150-200詞的短文，內(nèi)容完整，條理清楚，文理通順。 高要求：能用英文寫筆記、提綱、論文摘要、論文簡介等，能在半小時內(nèi)寫出約200字的報(bào)告、評論、發(fā)言稿或日常應(yīng)用文等，文理通順，表達(dá)意思清楚，無重大語言錯誤。一、 寫作中存在的問題 1. 不會寫 所謂不會寫指的是，當(dāng)考試拿過一篇文章不知如何下手，不知如何提筆進(jìn)行寫作。筆者認(rèn)為主要是存在以下兩個原因：一是考生的確無話可說；二是心里雖然有話，但是拿捏不準(zhǔn)該寫哪句為妙。于是思前想后、猶豫不決，始終不敢提筆進(jìn)行寫作。 2. 寫不好 所謂寫不好就是，拿過作文題，沒有明確的寫作思路，不按套路出牌；或是簡單漢語邏輯思維寫作，不符合英語寫作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，近而沒有文采。原因在于：第一是平時沒有養(yǎng)成良好的寫作習(xí)慣；第二對于英語寫作的句式特點(diǎn)以及整體文章結(jié)構(gòu)框架不了解。 3. 解決辦法 第一，首先必須熟悉英語四級寫作具體要求。英語四級考試要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)寫出120字的文章。體裁主要有議論文(分為“Topic題型”和A&B又稱“正反觀點(diǎn)題”)、應(yīng)用文(主要是書信)、圖表文等。針對不同的體裁，寫作思路是不同的。比如，以議論文舉例來說： 1.議論文寫作思路 2.議論文分類：闡述主題型作文(Topic)；正反觀點(diǎn)型作文(A&B) 3.闡述主題型作文寫作：(這類題型作文要求從一句話或一個主題出發(fā)，按照提綱的要求進(jìn)行論述) A. 基本寫作格式 正反觀點(diǎn)型作文(A&B) (這類題型作文通常從正反兩方面來分別論述，最后得出你自己的結(jié)論。采用論點(diǎn)加論據(jù)寫作形式。) 第二，熟悉英語寫作的幾個重要概念。 1. 英語文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 英語文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)一般有三部分構(gòu)成：主題句+擴(kuò)展句+結(jié)尾句 (1)主題句：所謂主題句，就是英語文章段落的中心思想句。它是英語文章段落的靈魂，在英語文章段落中居于主導(dǎo)地位。我們都知道英語文章一般喜歡開門見山，所以主題句一般位于英語文章段落的句首。其他句子都要圍繞它而展開。 (2)擴(kuò)展句：所謂擴(kuò)展句就是為主題句起解釋說明或論證的句子。通常我們寫擴(kuò)展句所采用的方法是舉例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that-)、列數(shù)據(jù)(according to the recent study/survey,-)等。 (3)結(jié)尾句：所謂結(jié)尾句就是總結(jié)句。英語寫作也類似于漢語寫作，最后再把自己本段落的寫作目的陳述一下。但是在英語寫作中結(jié)尾句畢竟還是少數(shù)。 因此我們通常看到英語的文章段落結(jié)構(gòu) 60%-70%都是由主題句+擴(kuò)展句構(gòu)成。 第三，學(xué)會遣詞造句 1.遣詞： (1) 詞匯等級 所謂詞匯的等級就是，我們在寫作的過程中，如果想出一個基本詞匯來之后，能夠在這個基本詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上把它在提升一下，也就是我們一般寫作所提倡的用“難詞”。比如，我們一提到“重要的”，大多數(shù)同學(xué)首先會想到“important”這個單詞，那么提升一下的話就可以想到它的如下同義詞：significant, vital, main, basilica, crucial, momentous etc.(2) 詞匯準(zhǔn)確性 所謂詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性是指，我們在有一個詞近而想到它的同義詞之后，要結(jié)合語境選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)挠迷~。在這里必須指明的是，并不是詞匯等級越高越好，必須還要考慮到適合于不同的語境。比如，眼睛大，這個“大的”形容詞，我們首先會想到big,近而想到great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc.。那么是不是用后面的詞就可以了呢？或者說用上enormous等詞更能博得閱卷人的好感呢？答案是否定的。在這里很明顯用后面的詞來修飾眼睛是不可以，只能用big，因?yàn)槲覀兟犨^一首英文歌曲叫做“I am a big big girl, in a big big world.” big表示眼睛大而迷人可愛的。 2. 造句： (1) 詞組 很多考生平時寫作不太擅長用詞組，對于他們而言最習(xí)慣的就是想到漢語，然后對應(yīng)漢語思維寫出英語句子，這種寫作只能是單詞的羅列組合，談不上什么技巧文采可言，因此，寫出來的文章必然就是所謂平淡如流水，沒有英語的味道。如果我們能夠在單詞的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步想到與之同義的詞組，那么文章就會顯得與眾不同，更具有英語的味道。比如上面所說的“重要的”這個單詞，當(dāng)我們想到important的時候，如果從語法角度再稍加考慮一下，我們會想到“be of importance”。因?yàn)?，語法中規(guī)定：形容詞等于of加這個形容詞的名詞形式。如果再提升一步，我們還學(xué)過一個常用的詞組叫做“play an important role in-”。很多同學(xué)說自己的文章湊不夠字?jǐn)?shù)或是沒有文采，那么采用詞組進(jìn)行寫作是不是就可以解決以上問題了呢？ (3) 句式 除了采用詞組，要使文章更具英語的味道，我們還需要變換句式。沒有受過正規(guī)作文訓(xùn)練的考生，通常采用的句式多為主謂賓、主系表。于是我們看到大多數(shù)的文章充斥著這樣的形式：I am a good boy, and I am a student. I study in Shandong University, and I have three years experience in Marco Polo Hotel.這樣流水賬式的文章顯然不能得到高分。 寫作中閱卷人喜歡的句式有以下兩種：一是插入語；二是倒裝。 第一， 插入語。 -這是我個人最喜歡的，在我的課堂中也常強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)！所謂插入語，英語中有兩種形式。一種是有兩個逗號之間引起的成分稱之為插入語；第二種是有兩個半破折號引起的成分稱之為插入語。如下所示(黑體劃線處)： Wuhan, the Capital City of Hubei Province, is a famous tourist city. Other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. They, however, are unlikely to become our favorite books in terms of contents. 插入語的作用主要有兩個，一個是突出主語，比如說：He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student. 第二個作用是解釋說明，比如說：People, especially students, should work hard. 第二， 倒裝。倒裝是我們寫作中需要用到的。雖然略顯俗套，但是卻是很能滿足閱卷人的主觀感受的。常用的倒裝形式有以下幾種： Only + 時間狀語 Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future. Only + 介詞詞組 -這是很多學(xué)生喜歡用的，用比不用好，雖然有些俗套！Only by planning his time care fully can he improve efficiency and make achievements. Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps. -學(xué)生最擅長的句子之一！否定詞位于句首(hardly when; never; not only-,but also-; seldom) 在我一生當(dāng)中很難遇到這樣的人-Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man. 地點(diǎn)方位名詞位于句首 In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games. 3. 修辭：無論是漢語寫作還是英語寫作，修辭其實(shí)非常的重要。它是作者寫作功底具體事例地展現(xiàn)。所謂修辭包括比喻、擬人、排比等等。英語寫作中的修辭問題我已經(jīng)專門寫過一篇文章(見英語寫作幾種修辭手法)。這里僅舉一個比喻例子，還是拿“重要的”來舉例。當(dāng)你用完詞組之后，如果你用上下面比如句子，則文章就會顯得神采飛揚(yáng)，試比較： The bicycle is important for us. The bicycle is of importance for us. The bicycle plays an important role in our life. The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life. *The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life. 那么很明顯，最后一個句子是我們最終拿到考場上去搏擊高分的句子。 第四、平時要注意積累。很多考生為了寫好作文也作了好多工作，課下也付出了很多，包括背誦大量的文章等等，但是提筆寫作時候，仍不見的有所改觀。問題在哪里呢？ 我認(rèn)為，很多考生雖然也背誦文章，但卻只是死記硬背。如果合上書本讓他復(fù)述，他們就會卡殼。就是茶壺里煮餃子，倒不出來。我們說背誦是個輸入的過程，而說和寫則是輸出的過程。我們真正需要的是把平時積累的隨時隨地用在我們的寫作中。因此，我們在注重積累的同時，一定在平時練習(xí)的時候，把他們多加運(yùn)用。只有多練多用，才能真正達(dá)到學(xué)以致用，才能真正提高寫作水平。這里，正如我反復(fù)在我的課堂中提到的，最好的資源就是我們的英語課本-我們的英語課本要比四級難多了-如果我們能好好地重新翻翻我們的課本，好好地把握課本中的重要的話題、句型、詞匯以及給我們提供的寫作思路，我想小小的英語四級作文應(yīng)該是沒有多大的問題的。這里我舉幾個例子（略）。Book I Unit one Living in Harmony-I forgive you / Unit two three days to see Book II Unit one Friendship-what is friendship? Book IV Unit one Man and Nature-Man in the Realm of Nature (考研,2011) 歷年四級作文考題集錦及梳理2003年12月四級作文題目ALetterinReplytoaFriend1建議報(bào)考的專業(yè)及理由2報(bào)考該專業(yè)的基本條件3應(yīng)當(dāng)如何備考2004年6月四級作文題目Directions For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction. You should write at least 120 words acc, ording to the following guidelines.Your role: tour guide Your audience: a group of foreign tourists Your introduction should include some welcoming words, the schedule for the day, a description of the place and the tourists will be visiting (e.g. a scenic spot or a historical site, etc.) You should make the introduction interesting and the arrangements for the day clear to everybody.2005年1月四級作文題目ACampaignSpeech1. 你認(rèn)為自己具備是什么條件（能力，性格，愛好）可以勝任學(xué)生會主席工作， 2. 如果當(dāng)選你將會為本校同學(xué)做什么？2005年6月四級作文題目 In honour of teachers on the occasion of Teachers Day書信寫作：在教師節(jié)給老師寫信表示感謝2005年12月四級考試作文試題目Shouldtheuniversitycampusbeopentotourists? 1.名校校園正成為旅游新熱點(diǎn) 2.校園是否應(yīng)對公眾開放人們看法不同 3.我認(rèn)為。2006年6月四級作文題目An announcement for a voluntary program1. 校學(xué)生會將組織一次暑期志愿者活動，現(xiàn)招募志愿者2. 本次志愿者活動的目的，內(nèi)容、安排等3. 報(bào)名條件及聯(lián)系方式2006年12月四級作文題目should spring festival gala be cancelled?許多人喜歡在除夕夜觀看春節(jié)晚會但有些人提出取消春節(jié)晚會我的看法2007年6月四級考試作文題An announcement to welcome students to join to a clubWelcome to our club1、本社團(tuán)的主要活動內(nèi)容2、參加本社團(tuán)的好處3、如何加入本社團(tuán)2007年12月四級考試作文題目What electives to choose1. 各學(xué)校開了各種各樣的選修課 2. 學(xué)生選課有不同的原因 3. 就我而言.2008年6月英語四級作文題目Recreational Activities1. 娛樂活動多種多樣2. 娛樂活動可能使人們受益，也可能有危害性3. 作為大學(xué)生我的看法2008年12月英語四級作文題目Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags1. 一次性塑料袋曾被廣泛的使用2. 造成的問題3. 限制使用的意義2009年6月20英語四級作文題目。What will be the next?.附上該體裁（Argumentation型）寫作的模板，供同學(xué)們參考。1） some, others, I 型（1）模版一There is no consensus among the people as to the view of _ (主題). Some people hold the idea that _ (觀點(diǎn)A). A case in point is that _ (支持觀點(diǎn)A的例子).On the other hand, others may have a quite different view. According to them, _ (觀點(diǎn)B). The most typical example is that _ (支持觀點(diǎn)B的例子).Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable in saying to some extent, but the latter is more convincing.（2）模版二_ (主題) is a common occurrence in our lives. The attitudes toward this issue vary from person to person. Some people tend to _ when they are asked _ (觀點(diǎn)A) because _ (支持觀點(diǎn)A的原因). The most typical example is that _ (支持觀點(diǎn)A的例子).However, others argue that _ (觀點(diǎn)B). They point out that _ (重申觀點(diǎn)B) for the reason that _ (支持觀點(diǎn)B的原因).As far as I am concerned, I will choose to _ (你的觀點(diǎn)) because this choice fits my personality and my life-long belief.2） My View 型（1）模版一When asked about _ (主題), some people hold the idea that _ (觀點(diǎn)A). As far as they are concerned, _ (展開觀點(diǎn)A). But I could not agree with them in several points. In my opinion, _ (觀點(diǎn)B). The reasons for my choice are listed as follows.In the first place, _ (支持觀點(diǎn)B的理由1). In the second place, _ (支持觀點(diǎn)B的理由2). In the third place, _ (支持觀點(diǎn)B的理由3).For the reasons mentioned above, I firmly believe _ (重申觀點(diǎn)B).（2）模版二Some people believe that _ (觀點(diǎn)A). For instance, they hold the idea that _ (支持觀點(diǎn)A的例子). And it may bring them _ (A帶給他們的好處).In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing, _ (我不同意的理由1). For another, _ (我不同意的理由2).As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, I agree to the thought that _ (重申自己的觀點(diǎn)).3）利弊型（1）模版一Nowadays many people prefer _ (主題) because it plays a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. On the one hand, _ (主題的優(yōu)點(diǎn)1). On the other hand, _ (主題的優(yōu)點(diǎn)2).But everything can be divided into two. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that _ (主題的缺點(diǎn)1). To make matters worse, _ (主題的缺點(diǎn)2).Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects far outweigh its negative aspects. Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, _ (主題) itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to our society.（2）模版二With the development of science and human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality. Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful. The phenomenon of _ (主題現(xiàn)象) is an example of the former / latter one.There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects. To start with, _ (原因1). Furthermore, _ (原因2). Eventually, _ (原因3).Good as _ (主題現(xiàn)象) is, it has, unfortunately, its disadvantages. The apparent example is that _ (缺點(diǎn)例子1). In addition, _ (缺點(diǎn)例子2).On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of the progress of the modern society. There is still a long way for us to improve / eliminate _ (主題現(xiàn)象) and make our life more comfortable.A Campaign Speech1. 你認(rèn)為自己具備了什么條件（能力，性格，愛好）可以勝任學(xué)生會主席的工作；2如果你當(dāng)選，你將為本校同學(xué)做些什么。On Students Selecting Their LecturersNowadays many universities （1）entitle the students to choose freely the teachers for some courses, （2）which is welcomed by most students, and is becoming the focus of the students and teachers concern. （3）There are many factors which will influence the students choosing a teacher. （4）First of all, （5）it is generally accepted that a teachers professional knowledge and ability is the most important factor, since students choose his course to learn knowledge. （4）Moreover, （5）quite a few students think teaching methods and skills are essential to a good teacher. He must know how to teach. （4）In addition, a teachers humor sense is also often an important factor many students will consider. Undoubtedly, free choosing of teachers （6）are very beneficial to both teachers and students. （7）On one hand, it can provide a good chance for a teacher to prove and show his ability. （7）On the other hand, by this way, students can choose teachers they like and obtain more initiative in learning. （8）However, since it is a free choice, few excellent teachers will become the focus of most students choosing, （9）which will lead to an unreasonable class size and influence teaching effect seriously. （滿分作文參考一）Shouldtheuniversitycampusbeopentotourists?University campuses, especially those renowned/famous/well-known/celebrated/outstanding universities, have recently become the new tourist attractions. Pros and cons have been put forword concerning this new phenomenon. Some people are quite in favor of the campuss opening to tourists while others are opposed to it. The opening of campus will stimulate the tourist industry, but the easier access to campus will lead to some accidents or safety problems which will interfere in students life. In my opinion, campuses can be open to tourists once a week, for instance, on Saturdays or Sundays. This suggestion, I believe, is quite feasible because it could kill two birds with one stone. For one thing, campuses could attract many tourists on weekends, thus boosting the tourism. For another, restricted opening of campus will beneficially narrow the gap between the campuses and the outside of the world. Furthermore, this will also attract more public attention and build a great reputation for the university. （滿分作文參考二）Range-finders:No.1: As the summer holiday is approaching, the Student Union will organize a voluntary program and is now recruiting volunteers. This program will focus on teaching farmers children at Yu Cai School. It aims to instill confidence, independence and optimism into the pupils and to help them improve their English. Through participating in the activity, volunteers can gain teaching experience. Volunteers will give lessons in the morning and organize after-class activities in the afternoon. The program will start on July 10th and end on July 30th. The Student Union will arrange buses to take you to the school. We need 30 local students who are warm-hearted and good at English. Fellow students that meet the requirements and want to take part in the activity please call us at 654321 or email us at . You are welcome to join us. Students UnionNo.2:To students: As the summer vacation is near at hand, our schools student union plans to organize a voluntary activity. Now we are recruiting volunteers. This activity aims at building friendships between our school and Duke University. 20 students from Duke will visit our school as exchanged students. We need 20 students to take them to look around our campus and introduce our university. During the visiting, those foreign students will stay in the volunteers homes. Our arrangement is that you should be in school on July 10th to meet the students and have an acquaintance with them and introduce our school. For the rest 9 days, you just arrange it by yourself. Our requirements are: first, you should be a local student. Second, you should have a spare room in your home. Last, a good command of English is a necessity. If there is still some questions or you want to be the volunteer please call 12345678. Students UnionNo.3:In order to color the students life in summer holidays, students union has planned an outdoor activity. So now I tell you volunteers needed. This summer will be hard but meaningful for the volunteers since we go to Yunnan province to do some teaching for the poor children. Volunteers could only live in the native homes. Except beautiful sightseeing, 7-day life and without TV, air condition, even lights would be a big chalenge for you this time. Two days helping the farmers to harvest follows five days teaching, there will be no rest for you to go anywhere else. For this tough trip, we need some students with great enthusiastic for helping others and responsible for whatever he does. We have no limit for your school score but your keen heart. Those apply for this activity should send an Email to . We should have an interview at the end of this term. Remember the sincere smile from the poor children is waiting for you. Students UnioNo. 4:Every student: The students organization of the school will hold a plan in July of the summer holiday. Now we need some v