雅思簡(jiǎn)介及考生易犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤.doc

雅思簡(jiǎn)介及考生易犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤IELTS簡(jiǎn)介BAND 9 EXPERT USER成績(jī)極佳,能將英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用自如, 精確、流利并能完全理解。BAND 8 VERY GOOD USER非常好,能將英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用自如,只是偶爾有連接的錯(cuò)誤和不恰當(dāng),在不熟悉的狀況下可能出現(xiàn)誤解,可將復(fù)雜的爭(zhēng)論掌握的相當(dāng)好。BAND 7 GOOD USER良好,有能力運(yùn)用英語(yǔ),雖然在某些情況有時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生不準(zhǔn)確、不適當(dāng)和誤解,大致可將復(fù)雜的英語(yǔ)掌握的不錯(cuò),也理解其全部?jī)?nèi)容。BAND 6 COMPETENT USER及格,大致能有效的運(yùn)用英語(yǔ),雖然有不準(zhǔn)確、不適當(dāng)和誤解發(fā)生,能使用并理解相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的英語(yǔ),特別是在熟悉的情況時(shí)。BAND 5 MODEST USER適當(dāng)及格,可部分運(yùn)用英語(yǔ),在大多數(shù)情況下可應(yīng)付全部的意思,雖然可能犯下許多錯(cuò)誤,在本身領(lǐng)域內(nèi)應(yīng)可掌握基本的溝通。BAND 4 LIMITED USER水平有限,只限在熟悉的狀況下有基本的理解力,在理解與表達(dá)上常發(fā)生問(wèn)題,無(wú)法使用復(fù)雜英語(yǔ)。BAND 3 EXTREMELY LIMITED USER水平極有限,在極熟悉的情況下,只能進(jìn)行一般的溝通理解。BAND 2 INTERMITTENT USER只屬于偶爾使用英語(yǔ),除非在熟悉的情況,使用單詞和簡(jiǎn)短的短句表達(dá)最基本的信息, 在說(shuō)寫方面有重大的障礙。BAND 1 NON USER不能通過(guò),可能只能說(shuō)幾個(gè)單詞,無(wú)法溝通。IELTS考 試 結(jié) 構(gòu)閱 讀 部 分測(cè)試時(shí)間1小時(shí)，約38-42題?？荚囆问剑?簡(jiǎn)答；復(fù)選；連線題；填充題；完成圖表、表格；段落大綱與摘要；是非，無(wú)關(guān)題.寫 作 部 分寫作部分，測(cè)試時(shí)間1小時(shí)，分2大單元（Task 1&2）A類的Task 1通常考題以根據(jù)圖片、表格坐標(biāo)、曲線圖的內(nèi)容寫一份報(bào)告為基本形式。G類的Task 1是寫一封日常生活中常見的信件。 A類與G類的Task 2非常相似，一般要求考生就某問(wèn)題提出解決的方法；為某一觀點(diǎn)辯護(hù)；比較或?qū)Ρ纫恍└鶕?jù)和意見；評(píng)價(jià)或反駁一些論點(diǎn)；提供一般真實(shí)的報(bào)告。聽 力 部 分測(cè)試時(shí)間約40分鐘，約38-42題。只聽到一次語(yǔ)音，不會(huì)重復(fù)。30分鐘聽錄音，利用額外10分鐘把答案謄寫在答案紙上?？荚囆问剑簣D表法（地點(diǎn)、方向、人物特征）；復(fù)選題；簡(jiǎn)答題；完成句子，段落；完成一個(gè)格式；連接題?？?語(yǔ) 部 分時(shí)間：11-14分鐘對(duì)話形式：一對(duì)一談話（考生與主考官）第一部分：談?wù)勔话阈缘脑掝}，如生活作息上、文化習(xí)慣上、個(gè)人興趣等等，約3-4分鐘。第二部分：主考官抽出一張卡（prompt card），考生根據(jù)卡片上的內(nèi)容回答問(wèn)題。第三部分：考官根據(jù)看片的內(nèi)容通考生進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的討論。如何獲得高分？“No pain, no gain!”有獲得高分的“秘笈”嗎？有獲得高分的捷徑嗎？那些獲得高分的學(xué)生是怎樣回答的？成功之路（ 21th Century） Name: Zheng Dong Age: 26 Place of birth: Beijing I wouldnt say the test is very easy, but it was more exciting and stimulating than TOEFL. I tried to keep my confidence because this enables one to give 100%. Concentration is important too, and lots of practise. There are no shortcuts with IELTS, it is designed to reflect the overall ability of the student. Ive got more confidence now. I used to think that British English was hard, but once I passed IELTS I felt less scared about studying in the U.K or working internationally. Living in an English-speaking country requires good speaking, reading and writing abilities, and IELTS is the best way to measure them. I would recommend it.Name: Zheng Li Age: 24Place of Birth: Anqing, Anhui Province I wanted to go abroad to study, but to do that I needed an English language qualification. I decided on IELTS because I heard that it was more comprehensive than other tests. Maybe this would be harder in the beginning, but it would make life easier when I went abroad to take my main degree and I would be able to concentrate on studying without worrying about my English.考生必讀：易犯的雅思語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤1 . Sentence fragments Make sure each word group you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that can stand alone as an acceptable sentence. 我經(jīng)常看到句子成分不全，或者兩個(gè)句子不加任何連詞的用在一起的情況，出現(xiàn)這種情況的原因有兩個(gè)： 1是句子太長(zhǎng)，把作者自己搞暈了 2是有些人還不清楚兩個(gè)完整的句子不能排在一起而不加任何連詞。 還有一種情況是一個(gè)完整的單句帶有有連詞，卻沒(méi)有主句?；蛘邔⒁粋€(gè)主從句斷裂開了。第二個(gè)例句就是此類。 Sentence Fragment Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East. 改正： Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East. 原句： Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals. 改正： Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals. 2. Sentence sprawl Too many equally weighted phrases and clauses produce tiresome sentences. 過(guò)尤不及，雖然我們強(qiáng)調(diào)句子要有一定的復(fù)雜性，但是實(shí)際上老米教授、專家從來(lái)不主張過(guò)長(zhǎng)的句子，讀者也不愛看。不過(guò)，要達(dá)到精確而又不啰嗦的表達(dá)，的確是有難度的。 Sentence sprawl The hearing was planned for Monday, December 2, but not all of the witnesses could be available, so it was rescheduled for the following Friday, and then all the witnesses could attend. There are no grammatical errors here, but the sprawling sentence does not communicate clearly and concisely. 改正： The hearing, which had been planned for Monday, December 2, was rescheduled for the following Friday so that all witnesses would be able to attend. 3. Misplaced and dangling modifiers Place modifiers near the words they describe; be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence. Misplaced or Dangling Modifier When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research.(錯(cuò)位) 改正： When writing a proposal, a scholar sets an original task for research. 原句 Many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. 本句最后是一個(gè)dangling modifer懸虛的修飾成分，讓人產(chǎn)生誤解，此成分應(yīng)該靠近發(fā)出動(dòng)作的人或物 改正： Every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried4. Faulty parallelism Be sure you use grammatically equal sentence elements to express two or more matching ideas or items in a series. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)是很容易出錯(cuò)的，在托福語(yǔ)法中也是出題點(diǎn)，這種錯(cuò)誤很容易被忽視。英語(yǔ)我們的是非母語(yǔ)，在語(yǔ)感上來(lái)識(shí)別錯(cuò)誤的可能就降低了。寫作和檢查的時(shí)候注意主胃、動(dòng)賓的搭配、一致，主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。 Faulty parallelism The candidates goals include winning the election, a national health program, and the educational system. 改正： The candidates goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program, and improving the educational system. 原句： Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for so long. 改正： Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as they are to postponing it for so long. 5. Unclear pronoun reference All pronouns must clearly refer to definite referents nouns. Use it, they, this, that, these, those, and which carefully to prevent confusion. 錯(cuò)誤的使用代詞或模糊的是用代詞，是我經(jīng)常在論壇作文里面發(fā)現(xiàn)的。不是說(shuō)不可以用，但是一定要很清楚地有所指。作文的開頭部分，我的建議是盡量不要用很多代詞，因?yàn)殚_頭部分是整個(gè)文章的一個(gè)概覽，thesis必須clear, 不要怕麻煩，即便是多陳述一遍(不要用原句！換換說(shuō)法)，也是對(duì)thesis的強(qiáng)調(diào)，并不累贅。正文、結(jié)尾只要使用代詞得當(dāng)就可以了。 不要小看代詞，它對(duì)你思想的表達(dá)有的時(shí)候很關(guān)鍵，如果指代不清，其他寫得再好讀者也會(huì)confused Unclear pronoun reference Einstein was a brilliant mathematician. This is how he was able to explain the universe. 改正： Einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his ability with numbers to explain the universe. 原句： Because Senator Martin is less interested in the environment than in economic development, he sometimes neglects it. 改正 Because of his interest in economic development, Senator Martin sometimes neglects the environment. 6. Incorrect pronoun case Determine whether the pronoun is being used as a subject, or an object, or a possessive in the sentence, and select the pronoun form to match. 比較弱的錯(cuò)法，不過(guò)你敢保證你從沒(méi)犯過(guò)？！ Incorrect pronoun case Castros communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between he and President Kennedy. 改正： Castros communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between him and President Kennedy. 原句： Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than them to judicial reinterpretation. 改正： Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than they do to judicial reinterpretation. 基礎(chǔ)班語(yǔ)法的任務(wù)：把漢語(yǔ)譯成英語(yǔ)。跟原文對(duì)照，并且舉一反三。I will persist until I succeed. 可以改成 I will work hard until I win. I will conquer all the difficulties until I finally achieve my goal. 句子可以越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)，越來(lái)越復(fù)雜。雅思閱讀中語(yǔ)法詞的處理 英語(yǔ)中的詞匯可分為詞匯詞和語(yǔ)法詞兩種， 前者指的是有具體意義的名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞， 也是考生在處理雅思的閱讀文章中往往重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的，但數(shù)量眾多，替換頻繁，出現(xiàn)生單詞的概率很高；后者指的是冠詞、代詞、連詞和介詞等意義比較固定的詞。熟練掌握語(yǔ)法詞的處理有助于考生猜測(cè)生單詞的含義，從而提高閱讀的速度。以下是對(duì)各種語(yǔ)法詞的使用方法的分析： 1冠詞 冠詞分不定冠詞和定冠詞兩類。不定冠詞a/an 多表示引入一個(gè)具體的例子，尤其是結(jié)合大寫的專有名詞或數(shù)字等信息時(shí)，在初次處理文章時(shí)是不需要詳細(xì)讀的，除非后面有細(xì)節(jié)性的題目涉及到。這樣的例子中多有專業(yè)詞匯夾雜在其中，如過(guò)多關(guān)注這些詞匯不但影響速度，還會(huì)加重考生的緊張心理。而定冠詞后往往接的是一個(gè)抽象性的概念，或者是對(duì)前面提到的核心事物的同義表達(dá)，可能有生單詞，但也是對(duì)前面的重復(fù)表達(dá)，只要看懂后面的評(píng)價(jià)性的觀點(diǎn)即可。如： In June 1976, 711200 people were living in a different State from that in which they had been living in 1981.In general, the direction of net interstate migration has been northwards (on the east coast) and westwards (to the west coast). 上文中的第一句that是一個(gè)閱讀中的難點(diǎn)，代替的是前一句中的某個(gè)state，但實(shí)際上這句是一舉例，不需要讀的，反復(fù)琢磨出其意思只是耽誤時(shí)間，而后面的the提示其后的內(nèi)容才是重點(diǎn)。 2代詞 任何一篇閱讀文章中都不可避免會(huì)出現(xiàn)人稱代詞和指示代詞，在處理文章的過(guò)程中應(yīng)重點(diǎn)把握this, that, these, those，such, his, their,they等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)是繼續(xù)前面的例子還是對(duì)其進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)， 重點(diǎn)看的應(yīng)是評(píng)價(jià)。 如劍3 中的The Scientific Method一文中， “There is no such thing as an unbiased observation”, 統(tǒng)領(lǐng)一個(gè)新的段落， 如看懂such是對(duì)前面的歸納，那就很容易看懂本短的主要內(nèi)容是把上一段否定了， 這一段就不需要全讀了， 閱讀速度自然提高了很多。 It是應(yīng)該高度重視的一個(gè)詞， 尤其是以判斷句式出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候， 重點(diǎn)應(yīng)看的是系動(dòng)詞后面的形容詞或類似的表達(dá)， 至于it所代表的從句或不定式或是動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)都是全文中反復(fù)提到的，只是換了一種表達(dá)方式而已，所以處理時(shí)可將其看成“這個(gè)”.如： It is a mas extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know. 該句子中的mass 和difficult to know 則是閱讀中的重點(diǎn)， 至于and 后的從句是什么即使是不看也能猜出是全文反復(fù)提到的”語(yǔ)言的死亡”者。 3.連詞 大部分備考的考生都已掌握了連詞but 和and以及其它類似的表達(dá)， 如：, in contrast to, however, while, fruthermore, not onlybut also, besides等對(duì)提高閱讀速度以及生單詞的處理的輔助作用。如劍6中的一篇文章： What was on offer that day was a pair of tickets for a New York musical. But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer is typical for todys drugs rep-a car trunk full of promotiojal gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country 上文中的第二句開始的but提示下面的內(nèi)容和第一句應(yīng)是不同的，至于是什么則不需要細(xì)讀，因?yàn)槔锩嬗胁欢ü谠~a及大寫的專有名詞，只要知道是舉了幾個(gè)例子即可。而其中的gadgets則是雅思?？嫉纳鷨卧~的方式之一， 一個(gè)常見的單詞和一個(gè)較生僻的單詞用and連接。 在理解某一段落的主旨時(shí)還應(yīng)注意該段最后是否有類似but之類的將前面的觀點(diǎn)否定了的詞匯或短語(yǔ)。 4. 介詞 介詞是英語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用最靈活的一類詞，閱讀中英特別關(guān)注for, to,from等方向性的詞，前兩個(gè)表示結(jié)果或目的，即使有不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞考生們也可往這方面猜；from出表示來(lái)自，在很多情況下還表示原因，有可能出判斷等題。Of前經(jīng)常是一些比較生僻的抽象性的集合詞，不影響理解句子的意思，如： the oil-rich monarchs of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait flew Asians in to build their new cities. 以上幾種語(yǔ)法詞經(jīng)一段時(shí)間訓(xùn)練后，結(jié)合閱讀中的skimming和scanning等技巧，能更快的處理完原文，然后再針對(duì)具體的題目搜索答案，效果事半功倍。雅思語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)綱要 語(yǔ)法的學(xué)習(xí)繁瑣而又枯燥，市面上厚厚的語(yǔ)法書各式各樣。學(xué)生如果自己買本在家里看，經(jīng)常會(huì)有種摸不著邊際的感覺(jué)。所以對(duì)于計(jì)劃考雅思的學(xué)生而言，補(bǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)最好是針對(duì)雅思聽、說(shuō)、讀、寫四門考試。考生做閱讀題最容易得長(zhǎng)句恐懼癥，一看到長(zhǎng)句就心理發(fā)毛，但通過(guò)一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)可以去枝葉留主干，化長(zhǎng)句為短句，把握句意的同時(shí)大大縮短閱讀理解的速度。另外大部分考生在寫作時(shí)滿腹經(jīng)綸，卻不知如何正確的用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)，結(jié)果文章語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤百出，甚至胡說(shuō)八道，影響評(píng)分。因此考生在復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法時(shí)應(yīng)該多關(guān)注自己最易犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，總結(jié)出的常見錯(cuò)句對(duì)癥下藥，把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)雜句和主謂一致作為重點(diǎn)，補(bǔ)薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，學(xué)會(huì)如何準(zhǔn)確流暢的表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，提高寫作成績(jī)。另外，時(shí)態(tài)、虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)兩個(gè)章節(jié)與雅思聽、說(shuō)緊密結(jié)合，更體現(xiàn)了其實(shí)用性。 語(yǔ)法閱讀篇 英語(yǔ)同漢語(yǔ)不同，它是種形合的語(yǔ)言，有形就可以分析。長(zhǎng)句是雅思閱讀考試的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，尤其是長(zhǎng)句中的主從句。所謂分析句子，就是分清主次，把握閱讀的節(jié)奏。 一. 從句的應(yīng)用 比方說(shuō)，定語(yǔ)從句分為限定和非限兩種，在閱讀中非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只作為補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，省略也不影響大意，所以閱讀時(shí)可以一躍而過(guò)，加快閱讀的速度。 A: The drivers who knew the traffic jam took another road. B: The drivers，who knew the traffic jam，took another road. A句的限制定語(yǔ)從句作必要說(shuō)明, 表明知道交通堵塞的司機(jī)走了另外一條道, 相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的 “的”，對(duì)司機(jī)進(jìn)行了范圍的限定。 而B句中的非限定從只是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明司機(jī)們走另外條道的原因，并未對(duì)司機(jī)進(jìn)行任何范圍限定。 But未必是作轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，當(dāng)它在定語(yǔ)從句中作特殊關(guān)系詞，學(xué)生會(huì)看不懂。 There is no rule but has its exceptions. There is no man but has his own faults.只要主句中有否定詞, 定語(yǔ)從句中就可以用but作關(guān)系詞，只要把它替換成普通關(guān)系詞的否定形式，即thatnot就能看懂了。 There is no rule that has not its exceptions. (沒(méi)有什么事是沒(méi)有例外，即凡事都有例外。) There is no man that has not his own faults.（沒(méi)有人沒(méi)有缺點(diǎn)，即人無(wú)完人。） 另外，從句的簡(jiǎn)化形式也是閱讀中的一個(gè)陷阱。 1. 定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化形式: 先行詞 + （關(guān)系詞 + be動(dòng)詞 ）+ 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 eg. New jobs (which is) created by roboticism generate stress. 這是一句定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化, 由于關(guān)系詞和be 動(dòng)詞被省略了，很多學(xué)生會(huì)錯(cuò)把created 看成謂語(yǔ), 其實(shí)真正的謂語(yǔ)是 generate。 2. 狀語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化必須符合兩個(gè)要求，第一是主從句中的主語(yǔ)一致，第二是從句中的謂語(yǔ)是be 動(dòng)詞。Ripe，the apple tastes better. ( 原句為 When it is ripe, the apple tastes better.) 文章中如果出現(xiàn)這種結(jié)構(gòu): 形容詞, 主+ 謂 形容詞指的就是后面的主語(yǔ), 它其實(shí)是狀語(yǔ)從句的省略形式。 二. 虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)與閱讀: 虛擬就是假的, 是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的白日做夢(mèng), 一相情愿。對(duì)過(guò)去事與愿違的惋惜和責(zé)備。所以答案應(yīng)該與原文正好相反。來(lái)看一句主題句： If experiments were planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate， then it would be perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents。If引導(dǎo)的虛擬句只不過(guò)是作者的一個(gè)假設(shè)，不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，理解時(shí)要反過(guò)來(lái)想，即科學(xué)研究的結(jié)果事實(shí)上并不那么有效。 三. 是是非非的否定與閱讀題： 1. 雙重否定: eg.1 原文 However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries. 題目 During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United States _. 雙重否定其實(shí)就是肯定句的變體，目的還是為了強(qiáng)調(diào), 雅思考試往往將文章中的雙重否定句在出題時(shí)變?yōu)榭隙ň?，反之亦然。答案?reduced。 eg.2 原文 Only 14 percent fathers are highly participant in terms of time spent on family work. 題目 The vast majority of fathers do not take part to any great extent in family. 這是雅思閱讀中一道T/F/NG題。題目將原文中的14%和highly用反意層面上的詞替換掉了, 學(xué)生因?yàn)檎也坏皆?，一般?huì)認(rèn)為這句話是錯(cuò)的，事實(shí)上是對(duì)的。 2 部分否定： eg . All my friends do not smoke. He cannot read and write。 幾乎所有的學(xué)生看到這兩個(gè)句子的第一反應(yīng)就是 “我所有的朋友都不吸煙?！?“她不會(huì)讀也不會(huì)寫?！崩斫忮e(cuò)誤！All， both， everyone，everywhere，etc和not 出現(xiàn)在一句話中表示部分否定，而不是全部否定。原句的正確意思是“我的朋友不都吸煙?！闭纭伴W光的不都是金子”的英文就是 “All is not gold that glitters.” 3. 否定形式表肯定, 肯定形式表否定 eg. A man can not have too many friends. (一個(gè)人不能擁有太多的朋友。) No man can have too many friends. （沒(méi)有人能夠擁有太多的朋友。） 以上兩種理解都是錯(cuò)的。Too和否定詞連用表示“再怎么也不為過(guò)”, 即“越越好”(一個(gè)人擁有的朋友越多越好。)還有許多容易誤導(dǎo)的其他形式在這里就不一一舉例了。 四. 語(yǔ)法在不同題型中的應(yīng)用: 1. 猜詞: 閱讀考試中常常會(huì)要求考生猜測(cè)詞意, 而詞意不會(huì)一目了然, 躲在隱蔽處, 很容易被忽視，包括：同位語(yǔ)，插入語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)從句，不定式等等。要引起注意。 2靠連詞推斷，把握上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。 3Summary題和匹配題 這種題對(duì)文中的幾個(gè)段落歸納總結(jié)后，留下空格要學(xué)生填，選項(xiàng)數(shù)往往比空格數(shù)要多一倍。學(xué)生可以運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)來(lái)判斷詞性，縮小選詞目標(biāo)，從而縮短答題時(shí)間。 比如： 系動(dòng)詞后面用動(dòng)詞或名詞 介詞后面用名詞或動(dòng)名詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面用動(dòng)詞原形 及物動(dòng)詞后面用名詞、動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式 語(yǔ)法聽說(shuō)篇 聽力題中有許多陷阱，虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)就是一個(gè)。 題目：Mary said “I shouldnt have gone to the party.” 問(wèn)題：Did Mary go to the party？ 許多同學(xué)如果不知道should (not) have done sth.是虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)就會(huì)覺(jué)得Mary 沒(méi)去派對(duì)。Shouldnt have gone 指本不該去，卻去了，是一種后悔的語(yǔ)氣，不屬于否定句。同樣，thoughtwould也是虛擬。 題目：I thought Guotai cinema would be the best cinema。 問(wèn)題：Is Guotai cinema the best cinema？ 這是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，是假的，事實(shí)正好相反，所以答案是No. 學(xué)生在做聽力題時(shí)傾向于先入為主, 而雅思聽力往往最后聽到的部分才是答案。答案伴隨著連詞一同出現(xiàn)，所以考生應(yīng)特別注意聽一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞，后面往往就是答案。另外， 聽力中的blank filling題，要注意填適當(dāng)?shù)脑~性，題目中的句子如果和原文不一致就不能把聽到的內(nèi)容直接填上去。填完后重點(diǎn)檢查主謂一致，單復(fù)數(shù)，語(yǔ)態(tài)和詞性變化，以免因犯語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤而扣分。 說(shuō)與時(shí)態(tài)緊密結(jié)合，時(shí)態(tài)一共十六種，但學(xué)生重點(diǎn)掌握五種就夠用了。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（be/do）、一般過(guò)去時(shí)（did）、一般將來(lái)時(shí)（will/be going to etc.）、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（be doing）和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（have done）。這五種必須掌握，在聽、說(shuō)、讀、寫中都要會(huì)用，剩下的時(shí)態(tài)識(shí)記就可以了。雅思口語(yǔ)分三部分，第一部分回答簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題如性格、愛好、習(xí)慣、背景信息等用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)回答，問(wèn)到計(jì)劃安排用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。第二部分看情況而定， 如果抽到的卡片是講事情用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表經(jīng)歷。第三部分深入討論基本上用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)回答。 語(yǔ)法寫作篇 學(xué)生在寫作中主要遇到兩大難題，一個(gè)難題是不知道寫什么，一個(gè)難題是不知道怎么寫。前個(gè)問(wèn)題是可以在寫作課上解決，上課時(shí)打通寫作思路、構(gòu)架寫作框架，問(wèn)題就迎刃而解了。后面一個(gè)問(wèn)題的根源就是語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)較差。因?yàn)榫渥硬粏螁问菃卧~的組合，它是單詞的有序組合，組成單詞的方法就叫做語(yǔ)法。不懂語(yǔ)法是寫不出也寫不好句子的。復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法要與準(zhǔn)備雅思大小作文聯(lián)系起來(lái), 如名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變態(tài)變形、作文中人稱代詞的使用、數(shù)詞的概數(shù)倍數(shù)表達(dá)、副詞最佳位置、形容詞擴(kuò)展、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)、寫作中的時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題、介詞搭配、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的客觀表述、餅圖中的主謂一致、賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移、以及如何將短句拉長(zhǎng)等等。以下是對(duì)學(xué)生最容易犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤的歸納總結(jié)。 1 冠詞： 在一篇題為“老師是否會(huì)被電腦替代”的文章中，一位學(xué)生寫到“Teacher cannot be replaced by computer.”(老師不會(huì)被電腦替代) 我們漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有加冠詞的習(xí)慣, 但英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式要 “穿衣戴帽” 才能見人。原句有三種改法： A teacher cannot be replaced by a computer.（不定冠詞） Teachers cannot be replaced by computers.（名詞復(fù)數(shù)） The teacher cannot be replaced by the computer.（定冠詞） 2. 懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)： Looking out of the window，a mountain came into the view. “望處窗外，一座山映入眼簾?！边@句話中，學(xué)生直接講中文逐字逐句的翻譯成了英文，便犯了懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的錯(cuò)誤，即主句主語(yǔ)與分句邏輯主語(yǔ)不一致。應(yīng)該是人望出窗外，而主句主語(yǔ)卻是山。主要有兩種改法： 1When looking out of the window, a mountain came into the view.(狀語(yǔ)從句) 2Looking out of the window, we saw a mountain.(分詞作狀語(yǔ)) 3We looking out of the window, a mountain came into the view.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：主句主語(yǔ)與分句邏輯主語(yǔ)不一致, 分句自帶主語(yǔ)) 分詞作狀語(yǔ)要時(shí)刻記住主句主語(yǔ)就是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式也會(huì)有這種錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生。 比如錯(cuò)句: At the age of ten, my father gave me a puppy. 改正: At the age of ten, I got a puppy from my father. 錯(cuò)句: To crack an egg, the yolk should be left intact. 改正: To crack an egg, you should leave the yolk intact. 3. 兩個(gè)完整的句子絕不能用逗號(hào)逗開（Comma splice）,一定要加連詞或者將其中的一句子變?yōu)閺木洹?這種錯(cuò)誤又是受漢語(yǔ)的影響。 錯(cuò)句：She is a teacher，she is my best friend. 改正：She is a teacher, who is my best friend. She is a teacher and she is my best friend. 4一個(gè)句子只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)： 錯(cuò)句：Children like to make friends who are different from themselves has three advantages. 在這個(gè)句子中, 有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)：like 和 has。學(xué)生在表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)候最容易寫這樣的錯(cuò)句，可以改成主語(yǔ)從句或用動(dòng)名詞 做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)都用單數(shù)。 改寫：That children like to make friends who are different from themselves has three advantages.(that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句)Childrens making friends who are different from themselves has three advantages.(動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)) 總之，雅思要取得好成績(jī)，語(yǔ)法是必先過(guò)的一關(guān)。搞定語(yǔ)法將為聽、說(shuō)、讀、寫的進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化打下扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)的要點(diǎn)：1 長(zhǎng)難句的劃分；2 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)3 定語(yǔ)及定語(yǔ)從句4 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)第一部分 長(zhǎng)難句劃分SVO：句子主干主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)特征時(shí)間限制（時(shí)態(tài)）人稱限制（人稱）語(yǔ)態(tài)限制（被動(dòng)、主動(dòng)）exampleGiven anything that resembles a well-rounded life-with adults and other children to listen to, talk to, to do things with-their minds will acquire naturally all the skills required for further learning.exampleGiven anything that resembles a well-rounded life-with adults and other children to listen to, talk to, to do things with-their minds will acquire naturally all the skills required for further learning.exampleGiven anything that resembles a well-rounded life-with adults and other children to listen to, talk to, to do things with-their minds will acquire naturally all the skills required for further learning.More examples精講63頁(yè)5More examplesIt was an explosion/ which never should have happened /and a subsequent inquiry laid the blame not on anyone/ who had actually been on the tanker at the time, /but on the owners of the tanker.長(zhǎng)難句劃分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)標(biāo)點(diǎn)連詞從句并列結(jié)構(gòu)固定短語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞類型 1固定短語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句實(shí)例1An opposing view sees the three family divisions of labor styles as a reflection of the progressive changes couples make in response to changing life situations, rather than being an aspect of personality.dividedAn opposing view sees the three family divisions of labor styles as a reflection of the progressive changes /couples make in response to changing life situations, rather than being an aspect of personality.divided(An opposing view) sees (the three family divisions of labor styles) as( a reflection of the progressive changes )/couples make( in response to changing life situations), rather than being an aspect of personality.divided(An opposing view) sees (the three fa