初三英語上冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)(全).doc

初三英語上冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)（全)語法復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞不定式一. 定義：由to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。不定式是一種非限定性動(dòng)詞。而非限定動(dòng)詞是指那些在句中不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語的動(dòng)詞，可分為不定式，動(dòng)名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?！皠?dòng)詞不定式”由動(dòng)詞+不定式構(gòu)成。動(dòng)詞不定式在句中可以作句子除謂語之外的任何句子成分。動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式除了一般形式外還有其完成式和進(jìn)行式。二. 動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成：to+動(dòng)詞原形 作主語動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，句子的謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種：(1)把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2)用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：It+be+名詞+to doIts our duty to take good care of the old.It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work?It+be+形容詞+for sb+to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.It+be+形容詞+of sb+to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.It seems(appears)+形容詞+to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的詞。在不定式前的sb，可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時(shí)相當(dāng)于Sb is+形容詞+to do句式 ，如：Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.(3)舉例（1） Its easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.聽到你的聲音真高興。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。（2） Its very kind of him to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考慮周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。注意：（1） 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型（2） 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。（3） 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能用It is to的句型(對(duì))To see is to believe.眼見為實(shí)。(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.三. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語 后面能接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, want, wish, would like等。 We hope to get there before dark. 我們希望天黑以前到那兒。 The man decided to do it herself. 那個(gè)男人決定自己做那件事。動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的注意事項(xiàng)（2點(diǎn)）1. 有些動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式作賓語，也可跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，但含義不同： remember to do 記住要做某事 remember doing 記得曾經(jīng)做過某事 forget to do忘記要做某事 forget doing 忘記曾經(jīng)做過某事 stop to do 停下來去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 go on to do 繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來在做的事 2. 不定式作賓語時(shí)，如帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式賓語，構(gòu)成“主語+動(dòng)詞+it+賓補(bǔ)（形容詞、名詞）+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He found it very difficult to get to sleep. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)很難入睡。四. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 1. 后面能接to不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有：ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish, help等。 The teacher told us to do Exercise 1. 老師要我們做練習(xí)一。 I want both of you to go. 我要你們倆去。We helped her (to) repair her bike. 我們幫助她修理自行車。2. 使役動(dòng)詞let, have, make及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。 Lets have a rest. 我們休息一會(huì)吧。 I saw him come in. 我看見他進(jìn)來了。 感官動(dòng)詞后既可跟不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，也可跟v-ing作賓補(bǔ)，前者表示動(dòng)作的全部過程已結(jié)束；后者表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 I saw him come downstairs.我看見他下了樓。（說明他下樓了這件事） I saw him coming downstairs.我看見他在下樓。（說明他下樓時(shí)的情景）五. 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語Later he left home to work in different cities. 不久他離開家到不同的城市工作。He went to see a football match. 他去看足球比賽了。In order to catch the other students, I must work hard. 為了趕上其他同學(xué)，我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。六. 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語不定式作定語一般放在所修飾的詞的后面。I need something to eat. Do you have something to read?Tom was so excited that he had no word to say.He is really a fool only to eat.The man to stand here just now is our English teacher.The doctor had no way to save the patient.注意：（1）作定語的不定式是由及物動(dòng)詞組成，被修飾的名詞或代詞與不定式之間存在方位或方式關(guān)系需要有介詞。I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一間住房。（方位關(guān)系）We have many things to do experiments with. 我們有許多做實(shí)驗(yàn)的東西（方式關(guān)系）（2）作定語的不定式是由“be + adj + prep”構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語。Here there isnt any book for me to be interested in.We have done many things to proud of. 我們做了許多引以自豪的事。七. 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語To give is better than to receive. To reach there on foot is impossible.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，可以用it 代替，把實(shí)際主語不定式放在后面。Its better to give than to receive.Its impossible to reach there on foot.Its + adj + for sb. to do sth.Its not difficult for me to study English well.Its easy for him to work out this math problem.在這個(gè)句型中，如果形容詞與不定式的邏輯主語關(guān)系密切，并且形容詞用來說明邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、品質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)等，由of引出邏輯主語。這類形容詞主要有nice, kind, good, wrong, right等。 八. 動(dòng)詞不定式和疑問詞連用動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問詞what, which, how, where, when連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語，可以作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等。How to do is still a question. Have you decided when to leave? 九. 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是在to前加not；不帶to的不定式則在動(dòng)詞前加not. 如： Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 張明要我不要整天呆在家里。 My mother let me not do it by myself. 媽媽讓我不要獨(dú)自做這件事。被動(dòng)語態(tài)英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)（The Active Voice）表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。被動(dòng)語態(tài)（The Passive Voice）表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。構(gòu)成：承受者+助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：承受者+助動(dòng)詞am / is/are +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者一般過去時(shí)：承受者+助動(dòng)詞was / were +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者承受者+助動(dòng)詞shall / will be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者承受者+助動(dòng)詞 have/ has been+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者被動(dòng)語態(tài)用法：1）當(dāng)我們不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰，或者沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，需用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。2）當(dāng)我們需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。3）如果需要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 用by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)有以下幾種情況：1）主語謂語動(dòng)詞賓語將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語。（主動(dòng)）We bought a book yesterday.（被動(dòng)）The book was bought yesterday.2）主語謂語動(dòng)詞間接賓語直接賓語將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語。多數(shù)情況下將間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。如果直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時(shí)，間接賓語前要加介詞to / for。（主動(dòng)）He showed me a book yesterday.（被動(dòng)）I was showed a book yesterday.（被動(dòng)）The book was showed to me yesterday.3）主語謂語動(dòng)詞復(fù)合賓語含有一個(gè)由賓語加賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語保留不變，成為主語補(bǔ)足語。（主動(dòng)）I found him a good pupil. （賓語補(bǔ)足語）（被動(dòng)）He was found a good pupil. （主語補(bǔ)足語）4）短語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)有些短語動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，其后可以接賓語，因此它們也有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但短語動(dòng)詞是不可分割的整體，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)不可去掉其后面的介詞或副詞。（主動(dòng)）We should look after the patients very well.（被動(dòng)）The patients should be looked after very well by us.5）賓語從句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)若主動(dòng)語態(tài)中是賓語從句，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在后面。Its said that he passed the exam.被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)特殊問題：（1）不及物動(dòng)詞帶介詞和介詞賓語，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，仍然要帶上介詞。（主動(dòng)）The students in class listen to the teacher carefully. （被動(dòng)）The teacher is listened to care