陳正康老師2012考研英語核心語法與長(zhǎng)難句分類解析.doc

前言英語考研試卷中，閱讀理解和翻譯共有50分，占到了全卷分?jǐn)?shù)的半壁江山。毫不夸張地說，得閱讀者得天下，然而閱讀理解的文章中到處充斥著長(zhǎng)難句，只有將長(zhǎng)難句真正分析明白，才可能在閱讀理解部分得高分。因此，要提高閱讀理解能力，必須提高長(zhǎng)難句分析能力。長(zhǎng)難句的明顯特點(diǎn)就是句子比較長(zhǎng)，一個(gè)句子往往有三、四行，甚至一個(gè)句子就是一段，并且句子結(jié)構(gòu)非常復(fù)雜，涉及到多種核心語法。在實(shí)際的閱讀過程中，我們常常會(huì)碰到包含下面三種情況的超復(fù)雜句子，即：一個(gè)句子中既有從句又有插入成分，還有分詞狀語或者獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。一. 從句多又長(zhǎng)：一個(gè)主句帶多個(gè)從句，從句中又有從句。 例如：98年的第三篇閱讀文章中有這樣一句話：“A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research?！?這句話就是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，又套入了兩個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。這個(gè)句子主句的主體是a survey reveals that。從句的結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜：主語是the antiscience tag（反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽），謂語是has been attached to（被貼到），賓語是many other groups，后面用了一個(gè)from sb. whoto sb. who的結(jié)構(gòu)來舉例解釋這些groups包括什么人。這句話的意思是“1996年進(jìn)行的一次對(duì)新書的調(diào)查顯示，“反科學(xué)”的標(biāo)簽也被貼在了很多別的人群的身上，包括提倡根除殘余的天花病毒的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)，以及提倡削減基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)研究資金的民主黨人?！?二長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的插入成分考研閱讀所選文章的一大特點(diǎn)就是喜歡用插入語，比如，用插入語交代某句話是誰說的，說話人是什么身份；或是用插入語來修飾、解釋、補(bǔ)充前面的內(nèi)容等等。插入語使作者能更靈活地表達(dá)自己的意思，但是插入語過長(zhǎng)或是過多容易使讀者找不到閱讀的重點(diǎn)。從形式上看，插入語的出現(xiàn)有明顯標(biāo)志：用雙破折號(hào)與主句隔開或者用雙逗號(hào)與主句隔開。讀句子時(shí)，先不要理會(huì)插入語，先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。 例如：99年第一篇閱讀文章中有這樣一句話：“Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might surprise! fall off. ” 這句話的插入語比較多，首先我們要找出主句：stepladders carry labels（梯子上貼著標(biāo)簽），這個(gè)labels有兩個(gè)修飾語several inches long和一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句。從句的主語是that（也就是labels），謂語是warn，賓語又是另一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句，在warn和賓語從句中插入among other things，表示賓語的內(nèi)容只是在warn（被警告的）眾多內(nèi)容中列舉的一個(gè)。這個(gè)被列舉的內(nèi)容是fall off（摔下來），但在fall off之前又插入了一個(gè)surprise!，插入這個(gè)詞是因?yàn)樽髡哒J(rèn)為梯子警告fall off是件令人吃驚的事，因?yàn)榕捞葑颖緛砭陀兴は聛淼奈ｋU(xiǎn)，但商家為了怕消費(fèi)者控告，竟然將這么明顯的事情也寫進(jìn)了警告語。這個(gè)句子的閱讀順序應(yīng)該是：第一層stepladders carry labels several inches long that，第二層是that warn that you might fall off，最后再看兩個(gè)插入的部分among other things和surprise! 三分詞狀語和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的干擾分詞狀語就是指用doing或done引導(dǎo)的伴隨狀語、原因狀語等；獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)由with引導(dǎo)，看似主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，但實(shí)際上并沒有真正的謂語部分。由于這些成分的干擾，不僅增加了句子的長(zhǎng)度，而且使人很容易錯(cuò)把它們當(dāng)成主句。在這里，我們不去仔細(xì)研究它們的語法構(gòu)成，而主要研究一下在閱讀時(shí)怎樣分辨主句和這些從屬部分。 例如：1994年考研閱讀的第四篇文章中有這樣一句話：“With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy。” With引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個(gè)句子中做原因狀語，也就是說“因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)存癌癥的種類有120種之多，所以”。這句話的主語是由一個(gè)復(fù)雜的動(dòng)名詞短語充當(dāng)?shù)模磀iscovering how cancer works。由于這句話的狀語較長(zhǎng)，主語又是這樣的一個(gè)復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，所以大家往往感到找不到這個(gè)句子的主干。實(shí)際上，只要抓住謂語動(dòng)詞就很容易找到句子主干。由于單純doing的形式是不可以做謂語的，所以在這個(gè)句子里，discovering就絕不可能是謂語。它是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞，相當(dāng)于名詞的用法，因此它是做主語的。Works雖然是謂語，但它是how cancer works這個(gè)從句中的謂語，而不是主句的謂語。所以，主句的謂語只有is。 綜上，長(zhǎng)難句的出現(xiàn)大大增加我們理解的難度，成為我們獲取高分的“攔路虎”，其重要性不言而喻。然而，考研難句絕非不可攻克，只要訓(xùn)練方法得當(dāng)，并且能更每天半小時(shí)左右進(jìn)行練習(xí)，考研難句完全可以在一個(gè)月甚至幾周內(nèi)被攻破，使我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)考研中不再沉浸在一種煩躁的情緒之中，真正的與文章的內(nèi)容和作者的思路打交道。因此本書就考研試題中閱讀理解和翻譯中出現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析，并給出科學(xué)合理的難句分析方法，指出其中的考查難點(diǎn)，并對(duì)如何恰當(dāng)翻譯它們給出建議，希望考生朋友能從中得到一些啟發(fā)。目錄前言1第一章 難句分析方法7第二章 難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析8第一節(jié) 句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)8第二節(jié) 英語從句9第三節(jié) 其它結(jié)構(gòu)24第三章 難句分類解析32第一節(jié) 定語從句32第二節(jié) 并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)40第三節(jié) 名詞性從句47第四節(jié) 后重心句子53第五節(jié) 分詞狀語57第六節(jié) 否定成分63第七節(jié) 倒裝句65第八節(jié) it無主句子70第九節(jié) 比較結(jié)構(gòu)72第十節(jié) 插入語77第四章 實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練82【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇一】82【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇一解析】85【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇二】88【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇二解析】90【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇三】93【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇三解析】97【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇四】102【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇四解析】105【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇五】110【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇五解析】113【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇六】118【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇六解析】121【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇七】126【實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇七解析】128第一章 難句分析方法一：難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析，快速抓住主干。首先找到主句的主體部分（即主語、謂語和賓語），再確定從句的主體部分，如果從句中還有從句，在確定下面一層從句的主、謂、賓。注意閱讀時(shí)一層一層進(jìn)行，先把同一層次的內(nèi)容看完，再看下一層次的內(nèi)容。二： 熟悉難句的類型以及特殊的分析技巧。難句有很多類型,從句型上看有定語從句, 狀語從句,名詞性從句; 從短語類型上看,有分詞狀語,動(dòng)名詞短語, 介詞短語; 從成分的特殊位置看, 有倒裝句, 插入語,省略情況,分割結(jié)構(gòu)。從語氣看有虛擬語氣, 建議語氣等。因此，只有對(duì)不同的難句類型采取分類解析，熟悉難句的類型和特殊的分析技巧才能收到事半功倍的效果。三：利用語法、不靠語法。考研英語試題中取消了單獨(dú)的語法題，但是語法放在了長(zhǎng)難句和翻譯中進(jìn)行考察。因此，攻克長(zhǎng)難句必須利用語法，快速找到句子主干，并最終完全熟悉各種類型的句子，達(dá)到一遍就可以讀懂句子的效果。但是考生永遠(yuǎn)也不需要在考場(chǎng)上分析每句話的語法成分，考生的唯一任務(wù)就是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)迅速的讀懂文章，因此，我們要利用語法而不能依靠語法。第二章 難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析在對(duì)難句進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析之前，我們需要首先了解一下句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。一般來講，句子都包括五種成分，這些成分包括名詞（N=noun）,謂語動(dòng)詞（V=verb）, 賓語（O=objective），直接賓語（Od=direct object）, 間接賓語（Oi=indirect object）和補(bǔ)足語（C=complementary），這六種成分按照語法規(guī)則進(jìn)行組合可以構(gòu)成如下六種基本結(jié)構(gòu)。 第一節(jié) 句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)1. 主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（SV）All the folks in the lobby were deeply movedThe existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented.2. 主系表(SVC)She is feeling depressed today.To be or not to be is a hard thing3.主謂賓(SVO)They are talking loudly about the political affairs.All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline.Early upbringing in the home is affected both by the cultural pattern of th community and by the parents capabilities.4.主謂直接賓語間接賓語(S-V-Od-Oi)He offered me a great hand5.主謂賓語補(bǔ)語(SVOC)Tom made Jim cry loudly.They let him try a third time.We consider it a good opportunity to study abroad。We painted the roof red.They had the dishes prepared.6.主謂狀We should confront hardships fearlessly and strive to overcome them第二節(jié) 英語從句用特殊分句來充當(dāng)主語，賓語，表語，同位語，定語和狀語，便構(gòu)成了英語從句，因此，英語從句主要有定語從句，狀語從句和名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）。一、名詞性從句名詞性從句的本質(zhì)就是把一個(gè)完整的句子當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞來使用。那么從句就具備了名詞所具備的所有性質(zhì)。名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。1.主語從句What is to be discussed at the meeting is not decided yet.Whether we use his way of decorating the room or not should be left to be argued about.【真題例句】What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. 商人們自認(rèn)為他們領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)力革命，這場(chǎng)革命是否確有其事，這一點(diǎn)更加難以確定。2.賓語從句I can not imagine that Jim has made the same mistake that costs a heavy loss to our firm.She indicates that everyone should obey her orders and follow her advice.We do not suppose that she can be too weak to bear the burden.【真題例句】The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.像Virtual Vineyards 和A及其他開拓者的例子表明：一個(gè)銷售適類商品的網(wǎng)站，如果將互動(dòng)、熱情服務(wù)、安全合理結(jié)合，肯定會(huì)吸引網(wǎng)上用戶的。3.表語從句The problem is what well do next.【真題例句】 One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity price inflation and global excess demand.另外一個(gè)不應(yīng)因油價(jià)上升而失眠的原因是，與20世紀(jì)70年代不同，這次油價(jià)上升不是發(fā)生在普遍的物價(jià)暴漲及全球需求過旺背景之下。The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. 問題在于，近年發(fā)生的生產(chǎn)力快速增長(zhǎng)部分是由于商業(yè)周期通常到了這時(shí)候就會(huì)出現(xiàn)的反彈造成的，因而它不是經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇潛在趨勢(shì)的結(jié)論性證據(jù)。4.同位語從句同位語是英語語法的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，也是各類考試中的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，同時(shí)，在寫作中正確運(yùn)用同位語可以使你的句型更加簡(jiǎn)潔得體。 新概念英語 第三冊(cè)第一課有這樣一個(gè)句子： When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. （當(dāng)倫敦動(dòng)物園接到報(bào)告說，在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時(shí)，這些報(bào)告并沒有受到重視。） 在這里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位語從句，它本來應(yīng)該放在 “reports”后面，這里卻被放在了謂語成分 came into London zoo的后面，目的是讓句型顯得更為穩(wěn)重。I簡(jiǎn)單記憶：同位語從句，就是對(duì)某些名詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋的句子。Example :I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. （that 引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了news的內(nèi)容，注意：that不做任何成分） Example :We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad. （that 引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了fact的內(nèi)容）II聯(lián)想記憶：能接同位詞從句的名詞有：belief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（謠言），evidence（證據(jù)），conclusion（結(jié)論），suggestion（建議），problem，order，answer，discovery（發(fā) 現(xiàn)）explanation（解釋），principle（原則），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承諾），report（報(bào)告），statement（聲明），knowledge（知識(shí)），opinion（觀點(diǎn)），likelihood（可能性）III王牌要點(diǎn)： 同位語一般由that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用關(guān)系代詞which, who, what和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how或 whether 引導(dǎo)。 Example :There arouse the question whether we could win the game. I have no idea how to explain it. 一些介詞詞組后面也能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。（非常經(jīng)典之功能句式，可用于四六級(jí)、考研英語和托福作文）： on the assumption（在前提下），on the ground（由于原因），on the condition that（在條件下），with the exception（有例外）owing to the fact（由于事實(shí)）；on the understanding（基于理解）；Example :The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa. 那位年輕的女士答應(yīng)嫁給那位老頭，條件是他給她買一幢別墅。 IV 同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別簡(jiǎn)單記憶：定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞 that 或 which在句子中用作主語或賓語，而同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that只起連接主句和從句之作用，不用作任何成分。Example ：Ive got an answer that A is right. (同位語從句，that 不做成分) Ive got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定語從句，that做定語從句的主語） 【真題例句】Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對(duì)待動(dòng)物無須考慮道德問題。二定語從句定語從句由關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, whose, that, which; 關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why 引導(dǎo)。1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week. 2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend. 3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful. 4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in. 5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 6. He still remembers the day when he went to school. 7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didnt finish it in time. 8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy. 英語句型和漢語句型有著很大的差別，英語的中心在前面，定語這樣的修飾成分在后面，所以把英語叫做延展性語言；而漢語重心在后，定語修飾在前，所以為了避免前面過多成分，定語很短而且分句較多。要很好的把握定語從句必須做到以下四個(gè)要點(diǎn)：1. 弄清楚關(guān)系詞指代上文哪個(gè)單詞，短語甚至句子。2弄清限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別，前者是主句中不可缺少的成分；后者與主句聯(lián)系松散，對(duì)主句是附加說明3如果定語從句過長(zhǎng)，可以采取拆分法，把定語從句翻譯到后面去4定語從句和主句往往存在邏輯關(guān)系，比如因果，讓步，目的等。定語成分是定語從句的省略，隱蔽性非常強(qiáng)，有時(shí)會(huì)以為是錯(cuò)誤的成分，所以當(dāng)名詞后面有以下成分時(shí)，一定要適當(dāng)還原定語從句的關(guān)系詞，幫助理解。比如：形容詞短語，介詞短語，分詞定語，介詞短語?！菊骖}例句】Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity；switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. 另外，公司的大部分改革是為了贏利，而達(dá)到贏利的目的不一定非要提高生產(chǎn)力，轉(zhuǎn)入新的市場(chǎng)或改善產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也會(huì)有同樣的功效。三狀語從句狀語從句的本質(zhì)就是用一個(gè)句子來作另外一個(gè)句子的狀語。狀語從句的分類：時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語、目的狀語、條件狀語、讓步狀語、比較狀語、方式狀語。常見的狀語從句的連接詞如下所示： 原因：because, since, now that（既然）as, for, this reason. 結(jié)果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result .例句：1) Since you have no idea of who will win, let us have a guess.2) Due to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party, all the people are regarded as having the equal rights to vote.3) As a result of heavy rain, she can not go to work and hence she is fired.4) Now that you have made a great success, why not tell us something unique and interesting about how you won it.5) She has been so careless that she did not avoid the coming truck.6) She abused drugs too much. Consequently, she died from cancer caused by drugs.7) By virtue of you kindness of helping the poor, you will be honored our hero.8) Thanks to your lending me the money, I bought a lot of useful things.9) We have sensed your anger. Thus we could say we are awfully sorry. 時(shí)間：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays . 例句：1) AS soon as he comes back home, he can not help but cry.2) It is the second time that you ask for a raise in pay.3) Not until they have come back will she go out for a picnic.4) He felt sleepy while he listens to the classical music.5) All of you will be punished the moment the boss comes back.6) Ever since he has passed away, the family business is in a mess.7) He was going to have a third try. Meanwhile, we should help him.8) At the very beginning, he failed. Then he analyze the reasons. Finally, it is his time to win. 條件：if, only if., once, unless, in the event (that), in case (that), provided that, on the condition that, etc. 例句：1) If we save the money to go to disco, we will donate it to the Hope Project.2) If the people all work hard, we will make our country more prosperous.3) Provided that you sat at the back row, all of you were going to take a seat there.4) Suppose he is abnormal, he can not invent so many things.5) In case he is hungry, her grandma takes him a lot of things to eat.6) I will not go with you unless you invite me to go.7) Whether good or not, you can have a try. 讓步：though, although, even though(if), no matter what / how / when whatever / however / whenever .例句：1) Although she is tired, she continues to write until the last minute.2) Though the victory is beyond doubt, we should take it too easy.3) Young as he is, he is more experienced in this job.4) Despite all of his efforts, he could not win her heart.5) There has been noting new.Nevertheless, we are not worried. 目的：in order that, in order to, to, 例句：1) She tries several times so that she can taste it in a better way.2) He is well dressed so that nobody suspects that he is a beggar.3) The meeting is organized in a good way in order that it is well satisfied. 比較：than, as . as, by comparison（相比較），by contrast（相對(duì)照）. 例句：1) She has great understanding of human nature. In comparison, he has the one the same way.2) In parallel with the examples of the situation above, we can see the similarity between the two things.3) The composition of the chemical elements in the snow in Canada matches the one that is found in the snow in the US. 解釋：in other words, for instance, for example, that is to say, in the same way, to make it easier, such as.例句：1) He does not need to be angry with the boss. That is to say, he is fired.2) Flowers such as monthly roses and primroses are so precious ones.3) This software is not made under permission. In other words, it is pirated one.4) There have many ways to prevent pollution. For example, law enforcement should be made to control it.遞進(jìn)：Whats more、In addition to、furthermore、above all例句：1) She can learn English well both in speaking and in listening.2) The environment is seriously polluted. Whats more, so many animals have died of pollution.3) There are a lot of advantages of surfing the internet. And now the first one is that you can chat on that. In addition to that, you can know a lot of information.4) The house is very expensive and furthermore, the light is too dark here.5) They knew the name of the thief and moreover, they tracked his way of escaping.轉(zhuǎn)折：but、 On the contrary、However、Instead、whereas1) He did not come to offer us a hand, but to add troubles to us.2) We expected it to be easier. On the contrary, it is the most difficult one.3) I would like to drink juice, while he dislikes it.4) I enjoy jogging in the morning whereas he enjoys sleeping until the noon.5) I thought it was easy. However,they are really too difficult to finish.6) The girl did not cry. Instead, she likes to smile when you touch her.7) He promised to give the workers a good raise. However, he eats his words again.語法考試重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)：1.When?？嫉木湫停篐ardlywhen; when it comes that; when it comes to ;1991年例句：_to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner hardly had he begun C. Not until he begin D. Scarcely had he begin 答案A1998年例句：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _ it comes to classroom tests. A. before B. as C since D. when 答案D2.only if ; if only only if是“只有”的意思; if only是“只要”意思。2000年例句：He can continue to support himself and his family _ he produces a surplus.A. only if B. much as C .long before D. ever since 答案A3.讓步狀語從句 although; though; even if; even though 1997年例句：_ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers.A. Even though B. Now that C. If only D. Provided that 答案A1998年例句：This view; _,is generally thought to be wrong.A. however B. meanwhile C. therefore D. more over 答案A4.Not so much as 結(jié)構(gòu)上有兩種1. Not A so much as B.2.not so much as B.與其說A，不如說B。She is not so much an artist as a doctor.例如：It wasnt so much that I disliked her _ that I just wasnt interested in the whole business. A. rather B. so C. than D. as 答案D5.no more than 兩者都不例如: The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. 心臟和胃一樣都無智力可言，因?yàn)樗鼈兌际怯纱竽X控制的。6、 anything but根本不；nothing but只不過是；all but幾乎，差一點(diǎn)；除以外其余都是；but for要不是；but that +從句：若不是例1 Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely. 譯文：雖然他單獨(dú)一人住在這幢房子里，但他埋頭于研究工作，一點(diǎn)也沒有感到孤獨(dú)。 注釋：句中anything but意為not at all。例2 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. 譯文：科學(xué)研究的方法不過是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式，也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以精確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕忉尩谋磉_(dá)方式。 例3 She all but fainted when she heard the news. 譯文：她聽到這一消息時(shí)幾乎暈倒了。注釋：此句中all but意為nearly, almost。例4 But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey. 譯文：要不是下雨，我們的旅行本來是很愉快的。 例5 He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time. 譯文：若不是他那時(shí)缺錢，他是會(huì)幫助我們的。注釋：1) but that引導(dǎo)的從句中謂語用陳述語氣。2) but that有靈活的譯法，如：Nothing would satisfy that child but that I place her on my lap. (那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在懷里。)【真題例句】When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. 當(dāng)一場(chǎng)新的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)形成某種時(shí)尚時(shí)，理應(yīng)弄清其倡導(dǎo)者的目標(biāo)所在，因?yàn)闊o論他們的準(zhǔn)則在今天看來是多么牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)、不可思議，將來都有可能被視為正常的。Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 他們(新學(xué)派科學(xué)家們)說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼識(shí)，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普通的東西。第三節(jié) 其它結(jié)構(gòu)一 句子的倒裝根據(jù)語法要求，把謂語動(dòng)詞置于主語前，稱為完全倒裝，把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語前，稱為部分倒裝。1only + 副詞（介詞短語）位于句首，句子要倒裝。Example :Only then did he realize that he was mistaken. Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything. 2否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首時(shí)，句子須倒裝。此類詞有： neither，nor，hardly，scarcely， rarely，seldom，not，never，not only，barely，at no time，nowhere等。Example :Never have I seen such a good movie. 3as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，須倒裝。（準(zhǔn)確地說，是將需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞提到as的前面。）Example :Rich