非謂語動詞學案 +答案.doc

語法復習專題七非謂語動詞一、 非謂語動詞的分類非 謂 語 不定式 (to do)as n. 動名詞v-ing as adj. or adv. 現(xiàn)在分詞v-ed 過去分詞二、 非謂語動詞的語法功能及時態(tài)、語態(tài)1、句法功能種類 在句中的作用不定式 to do主語賓語表語定語狀語補語動名詞 doing主語賓語表語定語 分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doing表語定語狀語補語過去分詞 done2、時態(tài)、語態(tài) 形式類別時態(tài)形式時態(tài)概念主動式被動式to do 一般式謂語動作之后to doto be done完成式謂語動作之前to have doneto have been done進行式與謂語動作同時發(fā)生to be doingdoing一般式與謂語動作幾乎同時doingbeing done完成式謂語動作之前having donehaving been donedone發(fā)生了、完成了done三、非謂語動詞的使用條件一個句子當中，已經(jīng)存在一個主句（謂語動詞）, 又沒有連詞的情況下, 還有別的動詞出現(xiàn)時，這些動詞就充當了非謂語動詞。Ex. 1: 找出下列句子中的非謂語動詞（含短語）。1. Tom returned from the managers office, telling me that the boss wanted to see me at once.2. The news meeting, to be held in that hall, has already been crowded with reporters. 3. I heard the girl singing in the classroom.4. The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.5. To live is to struggle. (生活就是斗爭。)四、非謂語動詞的用法 非謂語三種基本形式表達的意義 Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park is beautiful. 主動,進行 Please keep quiet in the reading room. 性質(zhì) Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the US. 被動,完成 We see fallen leaves on the ground. 完成 Dressed in red, she looks more beautiful. 狀態(tài) We are invited to a party to be held next Friday. 將來 We plant many trees to make our city green. 目的表達意義：動詞-ing ：主動, 進行, 性質(zhì)；動詞-ed ：被動, 完成, 狀態(tài)；to do：將來, 目的。1、v-ing作非謂語動詞（1）作主語Eg: Seeing is believing. Sending e-mail is increasingly popular. Ex. 2: 請用v-ing作主語，把以下句子翻譯成英文。1）說太多會給你帶來麻煩。_2) 散步對老年人和年輕人來說都是一種好的運動形式。_（2）作賓語Eg: I couldnt help crying when I heard the bad news. mind, suggest, delay, keep on, look forward to, enjoy, appreciate, imagine, practice, finish, succeed in, consider, cant help, miss等動詞用v-ing作賓語。 在表示“需要” 的need, want和require等后用v-ing形式的主動形式表示被動意義, 也可用不定式的被動式。Eg: This car needs repairing. Or: This car needs to be repaired.Ex. 3: 請把以下句子翻譯成英文。1）你介意獨處嗎？_2）他沒有馬上把消息告訴她。_3）這種食物要煮過才能吃。_（3）作表語Eg: The story is so moving. The book is very interesting.Ex. 4: 請把以下句子翻譯成英文。1）這個問題真的很令人困惑。_2）他的話很讓人失望。_（4）作定語Eg: China is a developing country. The kite flying in the sky was made by him. 位置：1）單個的動詞的-ing形式做定語，常放在被修飾詞前做前置定語。如：aflyingobject2）動詞的-ing形式的短語做定語，常放在被修飾詞后做后置定語。如: anobjectflyingintheair 如果-ing形式與被修飾詞是被動關系，就用它的被動式，即being done, 通常表示正在被做，常做后置定語。如：thetallbuildingbeingbuiltnow正在被建的高樓Ex. 5: 請用v-ing作定語，把以下句子翻譯成英文。1）這片正被破壞的森林曾經(jīng)是很迷人的。_2) 在一中學習的學生數(shù)量大約為8000人。_3) 這是一部讓人感動的電影。_（5）v-ing作狀語1） v-ing短語在句子中作狀語，可以表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、方式或伴隨動作等。 表時間Eg: Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.Looking out of the window, I saw some children playing football.(When) hearing the news, he couldnt help laughing. 表原因Eg: Being poor, he couldnt go to school.Seeing nobody at home, he left them a note.Not knowing his telephone number, I couldnt get in touch with him. 表方式或伴隨Eg: She stood, waiting for a bus.He sat there, reading a book.The students ran out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 表結(jié)果Eg: The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.Her husband died, leaving her four children.They fired, killing many people in the street. 表條件Eg: Using your head, youll find a good way.Working hard, youll surely succeed.2）當v-ing形式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前時，應使用完成式：having doneEg: Having finished his homework, he rushed out to play basketball.Ex. 6: 用所給詞的適當形式填空。1) _ (not know) much French, they couldnt make themselves understood when they were in Paris.2) _ (finish) all work, they went home.3) Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _ (say) nothing about the argument.4) _ (gather) around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.5) _ (look) at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.6) It rained heavily in the south, _ (cause) serious flooding in several provinces.（6）v-ing作賓補 have, leave, keep, see, watch, hear, find, notice, feel, catch等動詞及with介詞后可用v-ing形式作賓補。Eg: Can you hear a girl singing an English song in the next room now? With his mother helping him, he is getting on well with his work.2、v-ed作非謂語動詞(1) 作表語Eg: We were so bored that we couldnt help yawning. She felt confused, and even frightened.Ex. 7: 用括號內(nèi)的詞的適當形式填空。1) Im _ (satisfy) with your answer.2) He is not_ (interest) in research.(2) 作定語Eg: She has a pleased look on her face. The teacher gave us a satisfied smile. cooked food 熟食；成品 a written report 書面報告；報告書 fried eggs 煎雞蛋；炒蛋 boiled water 開水；白開水 frozen food 速凍食品 armed forces武裝部隊；武裝力量 required courses 必修課 fallen leaves 落葉 finished products 成品 a forced smile 苦笑Ex. 8: 用括號內(nèi)詞的適當形式填空。1) Whats the language_ (speak) in that country?2) Theyre problems_ (leave) over by history.3) The play_ (put on) by the teachers was a big success.4) Is there anybody_ (injury)?(3) 作狀語Eg: Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. They came in, followed by some children. Ex. 9: 用括號內(nèi)所給詞的適當形式填空。1) _ (give) good health, I hope to finish the work this year.2) _ (depress), he went to see his elder sister.3) When _(treat) with kindness, he was very amiable.(4) 作賓補1） 在感官動詞后面做賓補常用的感官動詞包括：see, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel, find等。Eg: I can smell somethingburnt.2）在使役動詞后面做賓補常用的使役動詞有：have, get, make, leave等。Eg: She had her eyesexaminedyesterday.3）在with/ without結(jié)構(gòu)中Eg：With so much workunfinished, I cant leave now.4）在某些動詞之后，相當于省略了to be。常見的動詞有：want, would like, prefer等。Eg: The manager wanted the work(to be) finishedby 3:00Ex. 10: 用括號里單詞的適當形式填空。1) I will have the clothes _ (wash) tomorrow.2) When they get back home, they found the room _ (rob).3) He would like the water _ (boil)before drinking.4) I saw a boy _ (knock) downby a car just now.5) He shouted to make himself _ (hear).6) Without enough money _ (leave), he cant go on with his experiment.3、to do作非謂語動詞(1) 不定式作補語 動詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)adviseallowcausechallengecommandcompeldrive enableencourageforbidforceimpelinduceinstructinvitelike/ loveorderpermitmakelethavewantgetwarnpersuaderequestsendtelltrainurgeEg: Father will not allow us to play on the street.The officer ordered his men to fire. 注意：有些動詞如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做賓補，也可用分詞作賓補。現(xiàn)在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。(2) 不定式作主語 不定式作主語，往往用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式放至句子的后面。Eg: Its so nice to hear your voice. Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. Its for sb.和 Its of sb.這樣的句子中，由于表語形容詞性質(zhì)的不同，導致了不定式邏輯主語標志用for或of的區(qū)別。 1）for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等。Eg: Its very hard for him to study two languages. 2）of sb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格、品德、心智能力、主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。Eg: Its very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。(3) 不定式作表語 不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。 Eg: My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor.(4) 不定式作定語 不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后，往往表示未發(fā)生的動作。 Eg: I have a lot of work to do. There was nothing to bring home that morning. (5) 不定式作狀語 1）目的狀語常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do (僅僅為了), in order to do, so as to do, so (such) as to (如此以便)。Eg: He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. I come here only to say good-bye to you.2）作結(jié)果狀語，可以表示沒有預料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式要放在句子后面。 Eg: I awoke to find my truck gone. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3）表原因Eg: Im glad to see you. She wept to see the sight. 4）表示理由和條件Eg: He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully. (6) 省去to 的動詞不定式 1） 情態(tài)動詞（除ought外）后。2） 使役動詞 let, have, make后，感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。 注意：被動語態(tài)中不能省去to。 I saw him dance. = He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. = They were made to work the whole night.3） would rather, had better句型后4） Why dont you . /Why not . 句型后Why not try once more? 何不再試一下?5） help 后可帶to，也可不帶to, 如：help sb (to) do sth.6） but和except后。but前是實義動詞do時，后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。比較：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 7） 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去。8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等詞后作賓補時，可以省去to be。 Eg: He is supposed (to be) nice.(7) 不定式的特殊句型too to too to 太以至于 Eg: He is too excited to speak. (8) 不定式的特殊句型so as to 否定式是so as not to doEg: Get up early so as to catch the bus.Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 五、v-ing 和v-ed的區(qū)別從時態(tài)和語態(tài)兩個角度去區(qū)分時態(tài)語態(tài)v-ing進行時主動v-ed過去被動1、 作定語a developed country / a developing countrya student playing with knifepeople fighting against warsa soldier wounded by knifea road covered with snow v-ing 表示動作正在進行或者是主動關系。v-ed表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的或者被動關系。2、 作狀語Seeing from the hill, you can get the whole town. Hearing the good news, we all jumped up with joy.Seen from the hill, the whole town looks beautiful.Given more time, we could finish the job. v-ing用作狀語時, 和主句的主語構(gòu)成主動關系。v-ed用作狀語時, 和主句的主語構(gòu)成被動關系。3、 作賓補They kept me waiting for a long time.He watched the cars coming and going.Mr. Li has Jim standing outside the door.I had my MP3 repaired last week.We heard this song sung in English.No matter how I try, I just cant make myself understood by the foreigner. v-ing用作賓補時, 和句子中的賓語構(gòu)成主動關系，說明賓語一直在做或正在做某事。v-ed用作賓補時, 和句子中的賓語構(gòu)成被動關系，說明賓語的情況。六、非謂語動詞的結(jié)題步驟（三大步驟）1. 判斷用謂語/非謂語謂語：一般形式 (根據(jù)一般的時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化)非謂語：doing/ done/ to do2. 找出邏輯主語3. 選擇非謂語動詞的形式(表達意義)：v-ing, v-ed, to do Step 1是否使用非謂語Ex. 11: 先判斷一下句子是否有非謂語動詞，再用括號內(nèi)動詞的適當形式填空。1）_ ( study) hard, you will pass the final exam.2) She got off the bus and _ (head) for home.3) I think I _ (be) not strict enough with you.4) Look! The girl _ (sing) is Alice and the one who_ (dance) is Mary. 小結(jié)：一個句子當中，已經(jīng)存在謂語動詞, 沒有從句，又沒有連詞的情況，那就要非謂語動詞。Ex. 12：用turn的正確形式填空。1）If you _ to the left, youll find the post office. 2）_ to the left, and youll find the post office.3) _ to the left, youll find the post office. Step 2 找邏輯主語Ex. 13: 觀察以下句子，然后填空。1) He sat at the desk, writing a letter.2) Taken good care of, the trees will grow up quickly.3) He sent me an E-mail, hoping to get further information.以上的非謂語動詞在句子中充當?shù)某煞质莀，它們的邏輯主語是_。4) The school built 10 years ago is Xiyi Middle school . 5) Tell the children playing there not to make so much noise.6) Im calling to ask about the position advertised in China Daily. 以上的非謂語動詞在句子中充當?shù)某煞质莀，它們的邏輯主語是_。7) I found them painting the windows. 8) I found the windows painted. 9) With his friend helping him，he finished his work quickly.以上的非謂語動詞在句子中充當?shù)某煞质莀，它們的邏輯主語是_。 Step 3 選擇非謂語動詞的形式Ex. 14：用適當?shù)姆侵^語動詞形式填空。1） They went to Shanghai, with their son _ (leave) to his grandparents.2） They are busy, _ (prepare) files wanted in the interview.七、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)l 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute Structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構(gòu)成的一種獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個句子。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞等構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，它的位置相當靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的功能和用法（1）名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 Eg: Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.（2）名詞/代詞+過去分詞 Eg: This done, we went home.Homework finished, the boy went out to play.（3）名詞/代詞+不定式 Eg: Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. The two boys said goodbye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friends. （4）名詞/代詞+形容詞Eg: An air accident happened to the lane, nobody alive. So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. （5）名詞(代詞)+副詞Eg: The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. The lights off, we could not go on with the work. （6）名詞/代詞+介詞短語Eg: Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 小結(jié)：1）獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。2）兩部分之間沒有連接詞連接。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。Ex. 15: 選擇合適的選項。（1）Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that （2）He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that （3）He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 非謂語動詞綜合練習一、語篇練習 My sister, Paula, and her husband, Chris, had just finished 1_ (tuck) their young ones into bed one evening when they heard crying 2 _ (come) from the childrens room. 3 _ (rush) in, they found Tommy 4 _ (cry) hysterically (歇斯底里地). He had accidentally swallowed a 5p piece and was sure he was going to die. No amount of 5 _ (talk) could change his mind. Trying to calm him, Chris palmed a 5p coin that he happened to have in his pocket and pretended 6 _ (remove) it from Tommys ear. Tommy, naturally, was 7 _ (delight). In a flash, he snatched it from his fathers hand, 8 _ it and demanded cheerfully“Do it again, Dad!”二、寫作運用把普通的句子變成高級的非謂語。1He is standing there and he is singing. He is standing there, _.2Mary finished her homework and then she went out to play. _, Mary went out to play.3The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by a group of students. The teacher entered the classroom, _.4Im afraid of being laughed at. I usually keep silent when I meet foreigners. （請用非謂語動詞的形式，把以上兩個句子合并為一個句子）_三、請用以下動詞的適當形式填空1. The sun was setting when my car _ (break) down near a remote and poor village. （2007年廣東）2. While she was getting me _ (settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage. （2007年廣東）3. She wished that he was as easy _ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume. （2009年廣東）4. He spit it out, _ (say) it was awful. （2010年廣東）5. I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man_ (sit) at the front. （2011年廣東）6. He suddenly appeared in class one day, _(wear) sun glasses. （2012年廣東）7. Suddenly, he _ (find) that he had run out of salt. (2013年廣東)8. In the beginning, there was only a very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always _ (think) that it was only small and not very important. （2013年廣東）9. _ (suffer) such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. 10. I really appreciate _ (have) time to relax with you on this nice island. 11. _ (knock) at the door before entering, please. 12. Sandy could do nothing but _ (admit) to his teacher that he was wrong. 13. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ (set up) some schools for poor children. 14. _ (suffer) from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. 15. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many staterun companies are striving _ (make) their products more competitive. 16. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ (wait) for another hour. 17. When _ (complete), the museum will be open to the public next year. 18. With a lot of difficult problems _ (settle), the newlyelected president is having a hard time. 19. Having a trip abroad is certainly for the old couple, but it remains _ (see) whether they will enjoy it. 20. Prices of daily goods _ (buy) through a computer can be lower than store prices. 21. Why did you go back to the shop? I left my friend _ (wait) there. 22. The manager, _ (know) his factorys products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further training. 23. Mr. Smith, _ (tired) of the _ (bore) speech, started to read a novel. 24. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ (smoke) in the kitchen. 25. The teacher asked us _ (not make) so much noise. 26. _ (give) time, hell make a firstclass tennis player. 27. He looked around and caught a man _ (put) his hand into the pocket of a passenger. 28. Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _ (buy)?29. The pilot asked all the passengers