中職藝術(shù)設(shè)計專業(yè)素描教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀與改革.docx

素描作為中職院校美術(shù)設(shè)計類專業(yè)的必考科目，是美術(shù)學(xué)習(xí)訓(xùn)練的很重要的環(huán)節(jié)，素描訓(xùn)練可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生美術(shù)設(shè)計的抽象思維能力，為進行專業(yè)設(shè)計打好基礎(chǔ)。但是由于計算機技術(shù)的普遍應(yīng)用，社會市場需求的影響和一些教師的素描觀念比較陳舊等原因，使得相當(dāng)一部分設(shè)計專業(yè)學(xué)生甚至是教師對于素描在現(xiàn)代美術(shù)設(shè)計教學(xué)中的地位和作用產(chǎn)生了質(zhì)疑，認為即使不學(xué)素描，照樣可以學(xué)習(xí)設(shè)計，素描與設(shè)計的關(guān)系不密切。所以，中職院校應(yīng)該積極創(chuàng)新素描教學(xué)工作，明確教學(xué)任務(wù)，將教學(xué)目標(biāo)、教學(xué)內(nèi)容和教學(xué)手段有機結(jié)合起來，使中職藝術(shù)專業(yè)的素描教學(xué)適應(yīng)社會發(fā)展的實際需求，從而培養(yǎng)出有創(chuàng)新、有方法、有技術(shù)的藝術(shù)設(shè)計人才。一、素描訓(xùn)練在藝術(shù)設(shè)計中的作用藝術(shù)設(shè)計涉及平面廣告、造型設(shè)計、服裝和環(huán)境設(shè)計等。在藝術(shù)設(shè)計中，素描訓(xùn)練具有基礎(chǔ)作用。由于設(shè)計者要在進行藝術(shù)設(shè)計之前，先將自己的想法以草圖形式展示出來，甚至需要繪制效果圖。而這就需要設(shè)計者具備一定的藝術(shù)文化素質(zhì)和較扎實的素描基礎(chǔ)。設(shè)計者的藝術(shù)文化素質(zhì)不是天生的，是需要專業(yè)的訓(xùn)練和培養(yǎng)的，是長期的藝術(shù)實踐和學(xué)習(xí)形成的。首先，素描就是設(shè)計與藝術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)，素描重視的是線條、比例、透視、節(jié)奏、明暗等，這些要素有助于提升設(shè)計人員的形象思維能力。其次，在設(shè)計者面對可視物體時，于大腦中反映出線條和面的組合圖像的過程，是需要素描訓(xùn)練來達到的。設(shè)計者的素描創(chuàng)作過程，不僅是再現(xiàn)素描實物的過程，而且包括了設(shè)計者自己的情感和表達方式。在素描訓(xùn)練的過程中，設(shè)計者的觀察能力、空間思維能力、想象能力和素材積累能力等都潛移默化地得到了鍛煉。如果脫離了素描的訓(xùn)練學(xué)習(xí)，只是通過電腦設(shè)計，那樣設(shè)計出來的作品就沒有內(nèi)涵，沒有審美情趣，沒有價值。只有設(shè)計者認真地感受生活并熱愛生活，才可能在設(shè)計中融入自己的感情，激發(fā)創(chuàng)作的靈感，從而設(shè)計出好的作品。二、素描教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀及社會需求近年來的素描教學(xué)沒有多大進步，一直是以教師為中心的傳統(tǒng)模式，素描的教學(xué)方式停留在教師單純的講述繪畫技巧、經(jīng)驗等，教學(xué)內(nèi)容比較乏味，教學(xué)形式單一，嚴重阻礙了藝術(shù)設(shè)計專業(yè)學(xué)生創(chuàng)新能力的發(fā)展，也不利于學(xué)生的自我發(fā)展和提高，嚴重偏離了能力為本、就業(yè)為導(dǎo)向、應(yīng)用為目的的職業(yè)教育的指導(dǎo)思想。中職院校就應(yīng)該探索新型的教學(xué)模式，在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)新方法、新技術(shù)的過程中培養(yǎng)并提高思維能力、創(chuàng)新能力等。只有這樣，學(xué)校培養(yǎng)出來的藝術(shù)設(shè)計的學(xué)生才能更好地滿足社會需求。三、素描教學(xué)的改革建議(一)更新素描教學(xué)理念新的職業(yè)教育教學(xué)的理念要求以能力為本、以就業(yè)為導(dǎo)向、以應(yīng)用為目的。重視理論與實踐相結(jié)合，不斷將學(xué)習(xí)到的技術(shù)、知識應(yīng)用到具體實踐中。因此，中職院校的素描教學(xué)要創(chuàng)新教學(xué)理念，要以創(chuàng)新課題設(shè)計為中心，要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的適應(yīng)崗位和適應(yīng)社會的能力。在創(chuàng)新教學(xué)理念的同時，素描訓(xùn)練的教師還要不斷強化學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)作意識，在素描的實際訓(xùn)練中，培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生的藝術(shù)感知能力、觀察能力和抽象思維能力，尤其是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生從具體實物到設(shè)計主題的聯(lián)想創(chuàng)新能力，以便更好地適應(yīng)社會發(fā)展的需要。(二)改革素描教學(xué)模式中職院校的素描課程是藝術(shù)設(shè)計專業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)課程，為了實現(xiàn)能力為本、就業(yè)為導(dǎo)向的教學(xué)目的，就要變革素描教學(xué)的手段和方法。下面介紹兩種較為有效的素描教學(xué)手段，以供參考。一是素描項目教學(xué)法，就是將素描的工作分成幾個項目，教師將各個項目分配給學(xué)生，讓學(xué)生合作完成各自的素描項目。項目教學(xué)中，教師首先要求學(xué)生弄清學(xué)習(xí)的目標(biāo)和任務(wù)，然后基于各自的項目內(nèi)容，學(xué)生集體討論并制定項目計劃，最后教師進行項目實踐教學(xué)，就是以素描項目為核心，將獨立的課程內(nèi)容相互聯(lián)系起來進行實踐教學(xué)。實踐教學(xué)的優(yōu)勢在于，學(xué)生可以通過實際訓(xùn)練不斷獲取素描的理論和實踐知識，培養(yǎng)自己的藝術(shù)靈感，從而提高實踐創(chuàng)作能力。在素描的項目教學(xué)過程中，學(xué)生需要主動去查詢并了解素描的相關(guān)知識，找到自己比較感興趣的素描項目。在這一過程中，學(xué)生不僅增加了專業(yè)知識，培養(yǎng)了學(xué)習(xí)興趣，還提高了素描造型的能力，在與其他同學(xué)相互交流中就增強了團結(jié)協(xié)作的能力。中職藝術(shù)設(shè)計中的素描教學(xué)應(yīng)用項目教學(xué)法，使得學(xué)生變成教學(xué)的主體，為完成自己的素描項目任務(wù)，學(xué)生積極主動去查找知識，不再被動去學(xué)習(xí)，在項目進行中，學(xué)生也能夠充分發(fā)揮自由創(chuàng)作的能力。項目教學(xué)法能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)理論與實踐相結(jié)合，項目的目標(biāo)和任務(wù)就是根據(jù)實際需求制定的，項目的具體實施過程就是素描理論知識應(yīng)用于具體實踐的過程。而且項目教學(xué)法更有針對性和時效性。二是素描信息化教學(xué)法，是通過信息化的手段來調(diào)動學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。傳統(tǒng)的素描教學(xué)模式只是教師不停地講解，而信息化教學(xué)方式中，素描教師可以將素描的知識和范例通過課件、動畫或視頻等形式全方位地展示給學(xué)生，這樣的新型的素描講授方式更能激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，更加積極主動去了解和學(xué)習(xí)素描知識、方法、技巧等，不但鍛煉了學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新思維能力，而且提高了學(xué)生的素描造型能力。素描教學(xué)中應(yīng)用信息化教學(xué)法有諸多好處：首先，素描信息化教學(xué)可以開闊學(xué)生視野。因為通過信息化教學(xué)，學(xué)生可以看到很多素描對象，看得多了，學(xué)生對素描作品的分析鑒賞能力就會相應(yīng)提高。其次，信息化教學(xué)充分應(yīng)用了信息技術(shù)。素描信息化教學(xué)充分運用信息技術(shù)，學(xué)生的素描學(xué)習(xí)不只停留在簡單手繪實踐階段，學(xué)生可以在應(yīng)用各信息產(chǎn)品的基礎(chǔ)上，進行素描的學(xué)習(xí)。再次，素描的信息化教學(xué)可以提高學(xué)生素描造型的想象和創(chuàng)造能力。通過信息化手段將素描知識形象立體地展示給學(xué)生，使得學(xué)生能夠充分發(fā)揮思維想象能力和創(chuàng)造能力。最后，素描的信息化教學(xué)法有助于教學(xué)水平的提高。應(yīng)用信息化教學(xué)法，客觀上要求素描教師也要與時俱進，不斷學(xué)習(xí)新的知識、方法、技術(shù)等，從而提升教師的教學(xué)水平。四、總結(jié)中職院校的素描既是學(xué)生造型能力的基礎(chǔ)，也是藝術(shù)設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)的一部分，在藝術(shù)設(shè)計專業(yè)中的作用十分重要。因此，中職院校必須意識到素描教學(xué)的重要性，在明確教學(xué)任務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)上，將教學(xué)目標(biāo)、教學(xué)內(nèi)容和教學(xué)手段有機結(jié)合起來，實現(xiàn)中職藝術(shù)專業(yè)的素描教學(xué)適應(yīng)當(dāng)今的社會發(fā)展的實際需求，從而培養(yǎng)出有創(chuàng)新、有方法、有技術(shù)的藝術(shù)設(shè)計人才。Sketch as a secondary vocational school for study subjects, majoring in art design is an important link in training, art learning sketch training can cultivate students art design of abstract thinking ability, lay a solid foundation for professional design. But due to the widespread application of computer technology, the influence of the social market demand and some reasons, such as teachers concept of sketch is old, makes a considerable part of design students and even teachers for the position and role of sketch in the modern art design teaching question, think that even if you dont learn sketch, so can learn design, drawing and design are not closely. So, secondary vocational schools should actively innovation sketch teaching, teaching tasks, teaching target, teaching content and teaching method of organic combine, make secondary vocational arts sketch teaching adapt to the needs of social development, so as to cultivate innovative, method and technology of art and design talents.A, the role of sketch training in art designArt and design in print ads, modelling design, clothing and environment design. In art and design, a sketch training has a basic role.Before because of the designers are in the art design will be displayed in the form of sketches, with ideas of his own even need to draw rendering. And this requires the designers have a certain artistic culture quality and the foundation of sketch.The designers artistic culture quality is not innate, it is need professional training and development, is the art of long-term practice and study. First of all, the sketch is the basis of design and art, drawing attention to the line, rhythm, proportion, perspective, light and shade, etc., these elements will help improve the image of the designers thinking ability. Second, in the face of visual object designer, to reflect the progress of the brain and the process of composite image, sketch training is needed to achieve. The designers sketch creation process, is not only reproduce the sketch of physical process, but also his own emotion and expression of its designers. In the process of sketch training, the designers observation ability, spatial thinking ability, ability to imagine and material accumulation are subtly get exercise. If from the sketch training study, only through the computer design, works as designed, there is no meaning, no aesthetic temperament and interest, no value. Only the designers carefully and deeply loves the life, feel life is possible in the design into their emotions, stimulate creative inspiration, to design a good work.Second, the status quo of sketch teaching and social needsSketch teaching is not much progress in recent years, is the teacher as the center of the traditional model, sketch teaching way to stay in the teacher just about painting skills, experience, etc., the teaching content is boring, teaching form is single, a serious impediment to the development of art design major students innovative ability, is not conducive to the students self development and improve, serious deviation from the capacity of this application, the employment as the guidance, the guiding ideology for the purpose of vocational education.Vocational schools should explore the new teaching mode, in the student learn new methods, new technology in the process of cultivation and improve thinking ability, innovation ability, etc. Only in this way, the school made art design students in order to better meet the needs of society.Third, the sketch teaching reform proposals(a) to renew the idea of sketch teachingNew concept of vocational education teaching requirements based on capacity, guided by employment, for the purpose of application. Attaches great importance to the combination of theory and practice, constantly learning to technology, knowledge applied to practice.Sketch teaching of secondary vocational colleges, therefore, to innovate the teaching idea, the innovation subject to design as the center, to cultivate the students ability to adapt to jobs and to adapt to the society. At the same time of innovative teaching ideas, the sketch of training teachers should constantly strengthen the students innovation consciousness, in the sketch of the actual training, cultivating and improving the students artistic perception ability, observation ability and abstract thinking ability, especially students from the concrete physical to design theme of innovation ability, in order to better adapt to the needs of social development.(2) the sketch teaching mode reformVocational schools of sketch course is a basic course of art design major, in order to achieve the capacity for this purpose, employment as the guidance of teaching, to change the means and methods of the sketch teaching. Here are two more effective means of sketch teaching, for your reference.Is a sketch project teaching method, is to sketch the work into several projects, the teachers will be allocated to each projects students, let students complete their sketch project cooperation. Project teaching, the teacher first requests the student to make clear the goals and tasks of study, and then based on their content of the project, the student collective discussion and make the project plan, the project practice teaching for teachers, is to sketch the project as the core, link each other independent course content for practice teaching. The advantage of the practice teaching is that students can get the sketch through practical training continuously the theory and practice of knowledge, cultivate their artistic inspiration, so as to improve practical writing ability.Project in sketch teaching process, students need to take the initiative to go to the query and relative knowledge of sketch, find the sketch they are interested in the project. In this process, students not only increase the professional knowledge, cultivate the interest in learning, and improve the ability of sketching shapes, in the interaction with other classmates will enhance the solidarity and collaboration capabilities.Sketch teaching in secondary vocational art and design application of project teaching method, make the students into the teaching of the main body, to complete her sketch project tasks, the students initiative to search for knowledge, and no longer passive to learn, in the project, students will also be able to give full play to the freedom of creative ability. Combination of theory and practice of project teaching method can achieve the goals and tasks of the project according to actual needs, set by the project specific implementation process is drawing theory applied in the process of concrete practice. And the project teaching method is more targeted and timely.2 it is to sketch the informationization teaching method, is through the information means to arouse students interest in learning. Traditional sketch teaching mode just teachers constantly, and the informationization teaching way, the knowledge and example of sketching teacher can sketch through all-around and courseware, animation, or video and other forms to the students, this new type of sketch teaching methods can stimulate students interest in learning more, more proactive to understand and study the sketch knowledge, methods, techniques, etc., not only exercise the students innovative thinking ability, and improve the sketch modeling ability of students.Sketch teaching in the application of informationization teaching method has many advantages: first of all, sketch the informationization teaching can broaden students horizons. Because through the informationization teaching, students can see a lot of sketch object, look at too many, students on the analysis of the sketch works appreciation ability will improve accordingly.Secondly, the informationization teaching fully the application of information technology. Sketch fully use of information technology, information-based teaching students sketch not only stay in a simple hand-painted practice stage, students can apply the information products, on the basis of the sketch of the study. Agai