英語作文寫作技巧.doc

一、審題立意大學(xué)英語六級作文的題型一般是標(biāo)題作文、主題句作文或情景、圖表作文等等，去年六級作文考試有書信和記敘文，但基本都屬于命題作文范疇。對于命題作文，審題立意是寫好作文至關(guān)重要的一步。所謂審題，就是要看清題意，確定文章的中心思想和主題，并圍繞中心思想組織材料。也就是通過分析作文題給出的標(biāo)題、主題旬或情景，找出關(guān)鍵詞或中心詞，明確寫作要求，是寫哪方面的內(nèi)容，既包括題材上的要求，也包括體裁上的要求。如果不審題就隨便下筆，想一句寫一句，內(nèi)容離題，即使再好的再華麗的再精心構(gòu)思的詞句表達(dá)也無濟于事。另一方面，六級寫作的目的是測試學(xué)生用英語書面表達(dá)思想的初步能力，并不是測試你母語創(chuàng)作能力，而且為了便于作文評卷有一盡量統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，出題方式無論怎樣變化，六級作文都可以歸納為三段式，有的甚至給出三段的段首句。其目的就是讓學(xué)生們在統(tǒng)一主題下的寫作要點、思維和方式盡可能地同一化和統(tǒng)一化。鑒于此，我們應(yīng)清楚六級寫作沒有太大的自由發(fā)揮空間。在構(gòu)思段落之前一定要仔細(xì)斟酌標(biāo)題、主題句和段首字，找出關(guān)鍵詞從而確定寫作的方向和范圍，而且還應(yīng)記住要盡量縮小這個范圍，不能脫離要求任意展開，那樣屬于跑題。二、段落構(gòu)思文章的段落，是文章的基本組成部分，一篇好的文章需要精心的段落構(gòu)思和合理的段落安排，根據(jù)不同的題材確定不同的段落寫作順序。六級作文從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，一般由三部分組成：引言部分(Introductory Part;展開部分(BodyPart);結(jié)尾部分(Ending Part)，而且每段往往只有一個主題，段中各支持句圍繞明確的主題，層層展開論證并服務(wù)于主題句。整篇文章也是層層推進，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，條理分明，完整統(tǒng)一。下面進一步說明每一部分的具體寫作技巧與要求：首先，引言部分Introductory Part文章開頭很重要，關(guān)系到全篇文章，一定要認(rèn)真考慮好如何寫好第一句。一般緊扣主題，開門見山，直接入題。如果已給出段首句，則要考慮如何跟開頭連接好。在實際寫作中，主要有以下幾種開頭方式。定義法。即用一句話或幾句話來解放說明題中的關(guān)鍵詞，給出關(guān)鍵詞的定義。多用于給出一簡單題目的標(biāo)題作文。直接切入主題。也就是直截了當(dāng)?shù)亟沂疚恼碌闹黝}或?qū)懽髟?，如已給出每一段的中文提示，可直接翻譯提示中每一段的中心思想，作為開頭。提問法。用疑問句或設(shè)問句開頭，緊接著提出自己對這個問題的看法或直接點明主題，這種方法如果使用得當(dāng)，能夠激起讀者往下讀的興趣，以便找出答案。以故事背景開頭，交待時間、地點、人物及背景，然后在這個背景下引出正文。這種方法多用于記敘文，使讀者一開始就產(chǎn)生鮮明視覺形象。引用法。即引用名人名言或諺語等作為文章的開頭，指出閱讀的內(nèi)容范圍。其次，主題部分Body Part篇章寫作不僅應(yīng)層次清楚，而且主次也要分明I任何文章都有主體部分，即文章的精華部分。學(xué)生在這部分的寫作錯誤五花八門，或者段落內(nèi)容缺乏統(tǒng)一性，或者句與句之間缺少連貫性，層次混亂，信息的表達(dá)經(jīng)常是跳躍式的想到什么寫什么，內(nèi)容空洞，言之無物，缺乏嚴(yán)密的邏輯性。針對這些錯誤，寫主體段應(yīng)注意以下幾點要求。要緊扣開頭段提出的主題思想，突出中心。圍繞主題句用一組意思連貫而且完整的句子展開文章，切記各展開句是能起到說明、支持或闡述主題的句子并服務(wù)于主題，全文保持統(tǒng)一性，也就是我們通常所說的“切題”。主體段取材必須精練典型，系統(tǒng)而完整。根據(jù)內(nèi)容需要和字?jǐn)?shù)的規(guī)定，確定要點的詳與略后，選擇正確的、典型的、具有說服力的事實、例子、數(shù)據(jù)和論據(jù)等說明解釋并擴充主題。主體段要與開頭段和結(jié)尾段有內(nèi)在的必然歸宿，要順其自然地過渡，使用好承上啟下的連接詞或句子，防止突然轉(zhuǎn)折。另外，主體段的句與句之間也要逐步展開，通順連貫，符合一定的邏輯關(guān)系。星火教育網(wǎng)最后，結(jié)尾部分Ending Part文章如何結(jié)尾關(guān)系到寫作的成敗。好的結(jié)尾不僅在形式上起到面龍點睛的效果，而且在內(nèi)容上讀者明其宗旨，解其寓意。一般結(jié)尾段的寫法有以下幾種;總結(jié)式，即在上文所述事實和論據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上，對全文進行歸納、總結(jié)得出結(jié)論，使讀者對文章的主題或作者的觀點有個更完整而清晰的理解。首尾呼應(yīng)式，即對引言段所提出的同題給出解決方案，作到首尾呼應(yīng)，主題突出，結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱，使讀者對提出的問題有了明確的答案。提問式，這種結(jié)尾形式可以引起讀者的思考。并起到強調(diào)主題的作用。展望式，也就是要提出作者的希望、號召或表示信心和決-C-，使讀者受鼓舞。引語式，引用名人名言，諺語俗語做文章的結(jié)尾，使文章更具說服力。Chapter One 文章開頭句型1-1 對立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,適用于有爭議性的主題.1. When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But I think/view a bit differently.2. When it comes to . , some people bielive that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter .)3. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that . They claim/ believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether.1-2 現(xiàn)象法 引出要剖析的現(xiàn)象或者問題, 然后評論 .1. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.2. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention)3.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.- To be continued !1-3 觀點法 -開門見山,直接了當(dāng)?shù)靥岢鲎约簩σ懻摰膯栴}的看法.1. Never history has the change of . been as evident as . Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of . benn more visible/popular than.2. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that.3. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation ot the necessity to.Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of .4. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.1-4 引用法 - 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 來引出文章要展開論述的觀點!1. Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people .Education is not complete with gradulation. Such is the opnion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion.2. How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this .In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this .1-5 比較法 - 通過對過去,現(xiàn)在 兩種不同的傾向,觀點的比較 , 引出文章要討論的觀點.1. For years, .had been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing . , people . .2. People used to think that . (In the past, .) But people now share this new.Chapter 2 文章中間主體內(nèi)容句型原因結(jié)果分析3-1-1. 基本原因 - 分析某事物時, 用此句型說明其基本的或者多方面的原因.1. Why . ? For one thing. For another .2. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing. For another. Still another .3. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect . /both individual and social contribute to .3-1-2 另一原因 - 在分析了基本原因之后, 再補充一個次要的或者更重要時用!1. Another important factor is .2. . is also responsible for the change/problem.3. Certainly , the . is not the sole reason for .3-1-3 后果影響 - 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者帶來的影響 .1. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on.2. In involves some serious consequence for .比較對照句型3-2-1. 兩者比較 - 比較兩事物, 要說出其一超過另一個, 或肯定一事物的優(yōu)點, 也肯定其缺點的時候用 !1. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.2. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.3. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.3-2-2 . 兩者相同/相似 - 比較兩事物共同都有或者共同都沒有的特點時用!1. A and B have several thing in common. They are similar in that.2. A bears some sriking resemblance(s) to B.Chapter Three 文章結(jié)尾形式2-1 結(jié)論性- 通過對文章前面的討論 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及觀點 .1. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that .2. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .2-2 后果性- 揭示所討論的問題若不解決, 將產(chǎn)生的嚴(yán)重后果.1. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of . , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of .2. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that . will be put in danger.2-3 號召性 - 呼吁讀者行動起來, 采取行動或提請注意.1. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendcy of .2. It is essential thar effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.2-4 建議性 - 對所討論的問題提出建議性的意見, 包括建議和具體的解決問題的方法.1. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is . Another method is . Still another one is .2. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.2-5 方向性的結(jié)尾方式 - 其與建議性的唯一差別就是對問題解決提出總的, 大體的方向或者指明前景.1. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .2. There is no quick method to the issue of ., but . might be helpful/benefical.3. The great challenge today is . There is much difficulty , but .2-6 意義性的結(jié)尾方式 - 文章結(jié)尾的時候,從更高的更新的角度指出所討論的問題的重要性以及其深遠(yuǎn)的意義!1. Following these s