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.Unit 9語(yǔ)法導(dǎo)學(xué)案:定語(yǔ)從句專題講解1、 基本概念:在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingjustnow?Thatisthehousewherehelivedtenyearsago.定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞;定語(yǔ)從句一般用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來(lái)引導(dǎo),關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作從句中的一個(gè)成分。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有:that,who,whom,whose,which,as關(guān)系副詞有:when,where,why.二、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that,which,who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where,when,why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由先行詞來(lái)決定。三、定語(yǔ)從句的分類 根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),從句不可省去,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。四、關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞指代在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用that既指人,也指物主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)which指物(相當(dāng)于that)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)who指人(相當(dāng)于that)主語(yǔ)whom指人賓語(yǔ)whose既指人,也指物定語(yǔ) 1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂(lè)。(that作主語(yǔ)) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語(yǔ)) 2.which用于指物,在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那 座大樓是一家超市。(作主語(yǔ)) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語(yǔ)) 3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主語(yǔ),whom用作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)中,有時(shí)可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語(yǔ)方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。(作主語(yǔ)) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)?(作賓語(yǔ))注意: (1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who,that,which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那借的這本英文小說(shuō)。 (2)含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。 (3)that 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。 (4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況: a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。 b.被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么東西要買(mǎi)嗎? c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。 d. 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that, 而不用which.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見(jiàn)到的人和一些照片。 e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)? f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書(shū)是湯姆的。 (5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況: a.先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which, 而不用that.例如: Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么? b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),一般用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。 c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,用which, 而不用that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 湯姆回來(lái)了,這使我們很高興。五、關(guān)系副詞的用法(1)when指時(shí)間,其先行詞表示時(shí)間,在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。它的先行詞通常有:time,day,morning,night,week,year等例如:This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。(2)where指地點(diǎn),其先行詞表示地點(diǎn),在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。它的先行詞常有:place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country等。例如:This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。注意:先行詞表示地點(diǎn),不一定都用Where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 一般來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者的腦海中會(huì)形成這樣一個(gè)概念:在定語(yǔ)從句中,如果先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞(如place等),就用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。這種想法是錯(cuò)誤的。如果定語(yǔ)從句不缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),而是缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),便用where來(lái)引導(dǎo);如果定語(yǔ)從句不缺少狀語(yǔ),而是缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),則要用關(guān)系代詞(which或that)來(lái)引導(dǎo),以補(bǔ)足定語(yǔ)從句中所缺失的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)如1.Inanhour,wecantraveltoplaces_wouldhavetakenourancestorsdaystoreach.A.whereB.whenC.whichD.what2.Thisisthetown_Iwantedtovisitmost.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.what3.Thisisthetown_Iwasborn.A.whereB.whenC.whichD.what4.Ive neverbeentoBeijing,butitstheplace_.A.whereIdliketovisit B.inwhichIdliketovisit C.Imostwanttovisit D.thatIwanttovisititmost(3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語(yǔ)作用。它的先行詞只有reason。例如:Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒(méi)人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。1這三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu):when=on(in,at,during.)+which;where=in (at,o.)+which;why=forwhich.例如:IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechief reasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.練習(xí)題I.單項(xiàng)填空1. -Do you know the man _is talking with your father? -Yes, hes our headmaster. A. he B. who C. which D. whom2. Is this the river _I can swim? A. which B. in which C. that D. the one3. This is the best hotel in the city _I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it4. Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day? A. that you bought B. you bought it C. that you bought it D. which you bought it5. Anyone _with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree6. My watch is not the only thing _ is missing. A. that B. it C. which who7. The man _coat is black is waiting at the gate A. whos B. whose C. that of which.8. The girl _ is reading under the tree _my sister. A. which; is B. whom; was C. who; is D. who; was9. I love places _the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who10. The world _ is made up of matter.A. in that we live B. on which we liveC. where we live in D. we live in、用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom填空。1. The first thing _you must do is to have a meal.2. April 1st is the day _is called April Fools Day in the west.3. The family _had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.4. The house _we live in is very old.5. Didnt you see the man _I talked with just now?、 根據(jù)句意,在橫線處填上恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞。1. Who drew the picture _ is worth 60,000 yuan?2. The man _ is wearing a blue T-shirt is good at skating. 3. This is a store _ sells all kinds of school things. 4
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