翻譯方法說(shuō)明及80難點(diǎn)句型.doc

成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)翻譯技巧：能夠直譯盡量不意譯英譯漢時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面1 總的原則（1）翻譯時(shí)既要忠實(shí)于原文，又要符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣（2）翻譯不可太拘泥。拘泥、刻板的翻譯因死守原文語(yǔ)言形式而損害了原文思想內(nèi)容。好的譯文應(yīng)該是形式與內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一（3）能夠直譯盡量不意譯（4）翻譯的過(guò)程應(yīng)該是先理解后表達(dá)?，F(xiàn)就這一點(diǎn)作進(jìn)一步論述。2 結(jié)合英文寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行整體理解首先，英文段落的首句一般為topicsentence，然后展開(kāi)說(shuō)明。展開(kāi)的寫(xiě)法有多種，可分可總，可下定義，可同義重復(fù)，可以代詞復(fù)指等。利用這一技巧，先通讀全文，便能更好的理解文章的意思，把握段與段之間的關(guān)系，在翻譯時(shí)就能在上下文中確定詞義，從而進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的翻譯。其次，就具體而言：（1）對(duì)詞的理解可以從構(gòu)思法、詞的搭配關(guān)系和詞匯之間的邏輯關(guān)系等方面入手（2）對(duì)句子的理解可以從句子的內(nèi)在邏輯、成分之間的從屬關(guān)系和句子的語(yǔ)法組成等方面來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)（3）對(duì)于長(zhǎng)句，可采用如下譯法：順譯法：按照原文順序譯逆續(xù)法：順序與原文順序相反重復(fù)法：重復(fù)前一個(gè)詞分譯法：一個(gè)句子分成幾個(gè)部分來(lái)翻譯括號(hào)法：在譯文后加括號(hào)進(jìn)行解釋和說(shuō)明等終合法：綜合運(yùn)用上述各種方法3 表達(dá)正確理解原文后，還要通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)姆g技巧用規(guī)范的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)。這些技巧有：（1）增詞法。根據(jù)需要增加一些詞語(yǔ)，如名詞等（2）減詞法。根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，刪去一些詞（3）肯否表達(dá)法。原文為肯定句，譯成漢語(yǔ)是為增強(qiáng)修飾效果，可以譯為否定句。反之亦然（4）變換法，名詞譯成動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞等（5）分合法。一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句可分成若干部分來(lái)譯，或者把原文的幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句用一個(gè)句子表達(dá)出來(lái)。（6）省略法：兩種語(yǔ)言由于存在差異，表達(dá)時(shí)不可能總是對(duì)等，經(jīng)?？梢允÷砸恍┰~和句子成分，如英語(yǔ)中的冠詞漢語(yǔ)里沒(méi)有，譯時(shí)可以省略4.應(yīng)試中還應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題（1）詞的指代問(wèn)題要搞清楚（2）漢語(yǔ)知識(shí)的應(yīng)用，如修辭等（3）部分否定和否定重點(diǎn)。部分否定，如notall;否定重點(diǎn)，如Idontteach becauseIhaveknowledge.（我并非因?yàn)橛兄R(shí)才去教書(shū)）。否定重點(diǎn)為 because,而不是teach.（4）虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象有時(shí)并非只表示字面意思，它經(jīng)常有感情色彩，譯時(shí)要注意。（5）要認(rèn)真地通讀全文，根據(jù)上下文來(lái)確定詞義、句意，切不可斷章取義，望文生義.5.核對(duì)原文既要核對(duì)譯文是否準(zhǔn)確、通順，還要注意關(guān)鍵詞的采分點(diǎn)。同時(shí)不要忘記全文結(jié)構(gòu)的表達(dá)，這部分還有0.5分呢?？荚嚪g的復(fù)習(xí)與應(yīng)試翻譯是一門(mén)藝術(shù)，同時(shí)又是一種實(shí)踐。它是對(duì)英語(yǔ)綜合能力的考查，沒(méi)有一定的英語(yǔ)基本功，要想在這部分得到高的分?jǐn)?shù)是不可能的。但是，具有了一定的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)，并不等于具有較高的翻譯能力。因此在學(xué)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)掌握一些翻譯的基本常識(shí)和一些常用方法，針對(duì)考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的一些語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，仔細(xì)分析一些翻譯實(shí)例，總結(jié)出一些規(guī)律性的東西，再加以必要的練習(xí)，對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)是非常必要的，而且在短時(shí)間內(nèi)提高自己在該部分的得分是完全有可能的。試題與考生應(yīng)試情況分析 通過(guò)考試試題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)英譯漢試題中的英文句子大致有以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1. 句子較長(zhǎng)，其中包括定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等從屬結(jié)構(gòu)，致使句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，意思不容易把握。 2. 句子雖然不長(zhǎng)，但其中包含著較難理解的詞、詞組或短語(yǔ)，尤其是一些表示抽象意義的詞，另外，句子中往往含有比較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。 3.考查的翻譯技巧主要包括：（1） 定語(yǔ)從句的譯法；（2） 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的處理；（3） 長(zhǎng)句的處理等等。 掌握這些規(guī)律為我們復(fù)習(xí)應(yīng)考提供了很大的方便，考生可以根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況，多選擇一些與上述內(nèi)容有關(guān)的文章，多做一些有關(guān)的練習(xí)，并結(jié)合這類(lèi)文章的特點(diǎn)，在練習(xí)的過(guò)程中總結(jié)出一些規(guī)律性的東西。根據(jù)我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn),考生在這部分表現(xiàn)出的主要障礙有以下幾個(gè)方面:1.缺乏基本的翻譯常識(shí) 作為公共英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者，由于客觀條件的限制，他們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中很少或根本就沒(méi)有進(jìn)行過(guò)系統(tǒng)的翻譯訓(xùn)練，更缺乏對(duì)翻譯要求以及翻譯過(guò)程等一些常識(shí)性的東西基本的了解，因此在考前復(fù)習(xí)和考試過(guò)程中一籌莫展，無(wú)從下手。 2.對(duì)于英譯漢翻譯技巧知之甚少 任何事情都有其內(nèi)在的規(guī)律，翻譯也不例外，作為考生，在備考時(shí)應(yīng)掌握一些英譯漢過(guò)程中經(jīng)常采用的翻譯技巧，注意體會(huì)英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)之間的差異，同時(shí)要特別注意考試中經(jīng)?？嫉囊恍┘记?，并總結(jié)其中的翻譯規(guī)律。 3.劃線的部分理解不透為了增加試題的難度，試題設(shè)計(jì)者往往選擇那些語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的部分，這就要求我們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)時(shí)，對(duì)于翻譯練習(xí)的句子，要仔細(xì)分析它們的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是要注意那些具有分割定語(yǔ)從句等復(fù)雜語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象的句子，在分析好句子結(jié)構(gòu)并真正理解之后，再動(dòng)手翻譯。 4.語(yǔ)表達(dá)不清，缺乏中文表達(dá)能力英譯漢是英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)兩種語(yǔ)言之間的轉(zhuǎn)化，要求漢語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)確完整，符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，因此，考生在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)也應(yīng)該注意訓(xùn)練自己的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力。另外，考生在使用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)，還存在著用詞不準(zhǔn)，違反自然科學(xué)常識(shí)的現(xiàn)象。 5.有些代詞翻譯得不夠明確 語(yǔ)言的使用總是發(fā)生在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境之中, 在語(yǔ)言的使用過(guò)程中, 為了避免重復(fù)，往往需要使用一些代詞來(lái)代替前面所提到的人或物, 在考試的過(guò)程中, 考生應(yīng)該仔細(xì)地閱讀全文, 找出劃線部分中英語(yǔ)代詞所指代的人或物, 并盡量明確地把它們翻譯出來(lái)。而且，還要把代詞翻成它（們）所代的名詞、短語(yǔ)。在英譯漢的過(guò)程中值得我們特別注意的幾點(diǎn):（1） 漢語(yǔ)所要表達(dá)的是英語(yǔ)原文的內(nèi)容, 即句子或文章的意義, 而不是句子結(jié)構(gòu)；（2） 在翻譯過(guò)程中，英語(yǔ)原文的內(nèi)容要準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)，而不是將兩種語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的轉(zhuǎn)換。因此，在做英譯漢的題目時(shí)，漢語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的意義應(yīng)與原文保持一致，而漢語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)只是為這一表達(dá)服務(wù)，而不應(yīng)拘泥于原文。（3）應(yīng)付英譯漢考試和一般的從事翻譯創(chuàng)作不同，因?yàn)楦髯杂胁煌暮饬繕?biāo)準(zhǔn)，翻譯創(chuàng)作的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為 信、達(dá)、雅 , 而英譯漢考試則只要做到 忠實(shí)、通順 即可。要做到忠實(shí)原文，就應(yīng)該掌握好適度原則，即要把原文的內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確完整地表達(dá)出來(lái)，既不能改變和歪曲，也不能增加或刪減。漢譯英實(shí)例分析1、 這封信必須交給威爾遜本人。 The letter is to be handed to Doctor Wilson himself. (首先分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)：它是一個(gè)含有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的簡(jiǎn)單句，另外要注意謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須交給如何表達(dá)。) 2、主席建議這個(gè)問(wèn)題下次再議。 The chairman proposed that the matter (should) be discussed at the next meeting. (首先分析句子：這是一個(gè)含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。主句中用了propose一詞，因此賓語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。然后確定時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。) 3、不言而喻，青年人的教育對(duì)于一個(gè)國(guó)家的未來(lái)是至關(guān)重要的。 It is self-evident that the education of the young is vital to the future of a country. (此句是一個(gè)形式主語(yǔ)從句，it is self-evident that 是一個(gè)常用的句型，另一個(gè)重要的短語(yǔ)是be vital to 對(duì)是重要的，關(guān)鍵的。) 4、千萬(wàn)別說(shuō)可能會(huì)被別人誤解的話(huà)。 Be sure not to say anything capable of being misunderstood (此句是一個(gè)祈使句的否定句。還有兩個(gè)重要的短語(yǔ)：be sure to do sth,一定做,be capable of donging sth：有能力做。) 5、我們彼此相識(shí)剛好一年。 It is /has been just a year since we got to know each other. (這句涉及到動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)，因?yàn)閗now是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，因此常用從句it issince 的句型，前面我們已經(jīng)講過(guò)。) 6、一輛卡車(chē)駛進(jìn)了積雪覆蓋的操場(chǎng)。 A truck pulled into the snow-covered playground of the school. 7、她剛收到兒子的來(lái)信，大大減輕了她的憂(yōu)慮。 A letter from her son, which had just been delivered to her, greatly relieved her anxiety.(注意非限定性定語(yǔ)從句被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用。) 8、每月一定要留出足夠的錢(qián)，這樣你就能買(mǎi)下學(xué)期的教科書(shū)了。 Be sure to set aside enough money each month so that you can buy the textbooks for the next term.(此句是祈使句，而且含有結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。) 9、盡管困難重重，我們?nèi)詻Q心執(zhí)行我們的計(jì)劃。 In spite of all the difficulties, we are determined to carry out our plan. (兩個(gè)重要的短語(yǔ)：in spite of 和be determined to do sth) 10、眾所周知，我們的許多問(wèn)題至少部分是由于沒(méi)能交流思想而引起的。 It is well known that many of our problems are caused at least in part by failure to communicate.(it is well known句型的使用。)成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)：近來(lái)流行詞匯的翻譯安居工程 housing project for low-income urban residents 信息化 information-based; informationization 智力密集型 concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive 外資企業(yè) overseas-funded enterprises 下崗職工 laid-off workers 分流 reposition of redundant personnel 三角債 chain debts 素質(zhì)教育 education for all-round development 豆腐渣工程 jerry-built projects 社會(huì)治安情況 law-and-order situation 民族國(guó)家 nation state 臺(tái)獨(dú) independence of Taiwan 臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局 Taiwan authorities 臺(tái)灣同胞 Taiwan compatriots 臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)領(lǐng)土不可分割的一部分。Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory. 西部大開(kāi)發(fā) Development of the West Regions 可持續(xù)性發(fā)展 sustainable development 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資 risk investment 通貨緊縮 deflation 擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需 to expand domestic demand 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué) computer-assisted instruction ( CAI ) 網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間 cyberspace 虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí) virtual reality 網(wǎng)民 netizen ( net citizen ) 電腦犯罪 computer crime 電子商務(wù) the e-business 網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物 shopping online 應(yīng)試教育 exam-oriented education 學(xué)生減負(fù) to reduce study load大學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀難點(diǎn)80句翻譯1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives； it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.2. But it will be the drivers responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.3. However， you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle； or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle； or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so， and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age， and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University， he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain， which relate to intellect （智能） and emotion， and determine the human character.8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties， but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are， however， as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker， bus driver and shop assistant.11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges， and that the costs of living of our young men， while with you， would be very expensive to you.12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things， and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.13. We are， however， not the less obliged by your kind offer， though we refuse to accept it； and， to show our grateful sense of it， if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons， we will take care of their education， teach them in all we know ， and make men of them.14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history， the earths postwar era， there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.15. Already today， less than forty years later， as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.16. Obviously， there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers， but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings， but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.18. For most people the sea was remote， and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea， there was little reason to ask many questions about it ， let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.19. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans？ had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.20. At the early attempts， the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths， a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade， which is recorded， and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work， but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean， and which cycle each member of the family has.25. Whenever possible， do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.26. We also value personal qualities and social skills， and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think， to make decisions， to analyse and evaluate， and to communicate effectively.28. The problem is， how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling？29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing， but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay， which contained some beautiful expressions of the childs deep feelings.30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors， but if his priorities had centred on the childs ideas， an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.31. Given the nature of government and private employers， it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they havent.34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10，000 kilos.36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time， we could make a long list of hobbies， taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish， to learning about the stars and making model ships.37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath， so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.39. Although signs of dishonesty in school ， business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past， could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty？40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence， but of rejecting its implications： that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order， that they have no cumulative effect， and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States， but his definition of racial prejudice as racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining the Black heritage of folklore， music， and religious expression from one generation to another， a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning， spending， organizing， marrying， taking part in political activities， fighting and so on ， is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences， even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.44. There are several steps that can be taken， of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types， however， proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences， which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.46. According to this theory， it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce， but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge ， and there is some evidence for this view.47. The result of attrition is that， where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution， a bimodal distribution is produced， one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces， the other of the larger remains.48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out， and as regards our more immediate concern， the reliability of present day economic forecasting， there are considerable difference of opinion.49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.50. Yet across the gulf of space， minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish， intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic， regarded this earth with envious eyes， and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.51. Even the doctoral degree， long recognized as a required union card in the academic world， has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professors classroom duties.52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both， the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts， while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production （GNP） because it is not such a complete index of welfare， ignoring， on the one hand， that it was never intended to be， and suggesting， on the other， that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size， number， arrangement， and interconnection of the nerve cells， but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned， the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack， but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers， whose flights are within the Earths atmosphere， from hitting their targets.58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks， Hispanics， and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.59. During the nineteenth century， she argues， the concept of the useful child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the useless child who， though producing no income for， and indeed extremely costly to its parents， is yet