定語從句典型錯誤剖析.doc

一、如何正確使用連接主從句的引導(dǎo)詞一個定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,這是同學(xué)們首先遇到的一個難題,由于把握不準(zhǔn),所以出錯較多。請看以下例子:1.A. That is the school _we studied three years ago.B. That is the school _ we built three years ago. 2.A. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he gave me the film copy.B. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he fixed for me to have the operation.3.A. Beijing is a city _ there is the famous Summer Palace.B. Beijing is Chinas political and cultural center, _ has the most universities.這三組句子中的A、B句看上去很相近,因此,同學(xué)們在判斷空格線上所使用的引導(dǎo)詞時很容易出錯。我們來作一解析:上述各組A句中先行詞所表示的是從句中謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的地點或時間,如1A句空格中指的是in the school, 2A句空格中指的是on the day, 3A句空格中指的是in the city,因此,引導(dǎo)詞指的是狀語,從句謂語動詞與先行詞之間是一種謂狀關(guān)系,要分別用 where, when, where;而上面各組B句中的先行詞表示的是定語從句的賓語或主語,如1B句中的 built the school, 2B句中的fixed the day, 3B句中的the place has,從句謂語動詞與先行詞之間是一種動賓或主謂關(guān)系,因此,引導(dǎo)詞要用關(guān)系代詞that或which(3B句是一個非限制性定語從句,只能用which)。通過解析我們可知:判斷是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞要看先行詞在從句中的指代。如果是謂語與狀語的關(guān)系,就用關(guān)系副詞,如果是主謂或是動賓關(guān)系就用關(guān)系代詞。二、弄清幾個問題1. 區(qū)別清It +be引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句與帶有定語從句的復(fù)合句。請看下列兩組句子:A. It was September 11, 2001 _ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.B. It was on September 11, 2001_ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.A. It was Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.B. It was in Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.以上兩組A、B句除了分別相差介詞on 和in之外,其余部分完全相同。但一詞之差句式不同,橫線上的詞也不同。那么究竟哪個是強調(diào)句,哪個是含定語從句的復(fù)合句呢?有一個簡單的判定方法:去掉It was和連接詞(橫線部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一個完整的句子,則是強調(diào)句;否則,那個空格中所用的引導(dǎo)詞及其引導(dǎo)的部分就是定語從句。根據(jù)這個原則我們就很容易判斷出兩組的A句是含定語從句的復(fù)合句,橫線部分分別用關(guān)系副詞when 和where。而B句則是強調(diào)句,橫線部分應(yīng)是that。2. 定冠詞的有無有時定冠詞在句中有決定性的作用。有無定冠詞影響著定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:(1) This is one of the books that_ (sell) well in the bookstore.(2) This is the one of the books that _ (sell) well in the bookstore.sell取單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)?分析:在(1)中,that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾的是the books, 而(2)中one前有了一個the, 句子重心前移,這時從句修飾的是the one。因此(1)應(yīng)用sell, (2)應(yīng)用sells。3. 注意標(biāo)點符號的形式有時我們會見到這樣的句子:(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table, _ read: Ive left for Harbin.(2) Entering the room, I found a note on the table. _ read: Ive left for Harbin.一個標(biāo)點符號決定一個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。在(1)中,橫線前是一個逗號,說明逗號前后是一個句子的兩個部分。根據(jù)句意可知逗號后是一個非限制性定語從句,因此橫線部分用which。(2)中前后兩句之間用了句號,說明前后是兩個獨立的句子,因此,空格處應(yīng)填入能作主語,代替a note的代詞。因為指物,故用It。 1. Is this the pen your father bought it for you?答案:去掉it。解析:定語從句中的關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。因此從句中不能再出現(xiàn)與關(guān)系詞作用相同的代詞或名詞,以避免重復(fù)。誤句中省略的關(guān)系代詞(which/that)作bought的賓語,故it是多余的。2. Have you been to the company where she works there?答案:去掉there。解析:關(guān)系副詞已作了working的地點狀語。3. I shall never forget the days when I spent with you.答案:將when改為which/that。解析:先行詞在定語從句中作spent的賓語,故用which/that,而when在從句中只作時間狀語。4. Is this all what you want to say?答案:將what改為that。解析:先行詞為指物的不定代詞時,其后的定語從句用that來引導(dǎo),作賓語時也可省略。而what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。5. He lived in a house, in front of it he planted some beautiful flowers.答案:將it改為which。解析:這是一個含有非限制性定語從句的復(fù)合句, which在從句中作介詞賓語。6. Mother came back on December 21 when was my birthday.答案:將when改為which。解析: which指代時間(December 21)作定語從句的主語。7. This is the ring for which she is looking.答案:將for移到looking之后。解析:look for是固定短語動詞,不能夠拆開使用。8. Is this history museum that some foreign friends visited last week?答案:在that前加the one。解析:犯這類錯誤的主要原因是錯把this history museum看作是定語從句的先行詞。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu),this history museum應(yīng)是主句的主語。故應(yīng)添加一個定語從句的先行詞the one作主句中的表語。9. This is the monitor her English is the best in our class.答案:將her改為whose。解析:用whose代替her引起定語從句,修飾先行詞the monitor。10. As you know it, he has left for Australia.答案:去掉it。解析:關(guān)系代詞as作know的賓語,再使用it就重復(fù)了。11. The meeting was put off, that was exactly what we wanted.答案:將that改為which。解析:that作為關(guān)系代詞不能用于非限制定語從句中。此處which指代主句(The meeting was put off)。13. He told the good news to those who was present at the meeting.答案:將was改為were。解析:定語從句中的謂語動詞,在數(shù)和人稱上必須與主句中的先行詞保持一致。該句的先行詞是those, 故應(yīng)用were。14. The expert visited our school is from Shanghai.答案:在visited前加who。解析:關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時不能省略。15. Whos the old man whom you just shook hands?答案:在hands后加上with。解析:定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞whom作with的賓語,故介詞with不能省略。 定語從句是高中英語教學(xué)的重點、難點，又是高考考查的熱點。仔細研究近年各地高考試題，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)命題者往往借助于定語從句先行詞的特殊用法，巧妙考查考生在特定語境中對定語從句關(guān)系詞的選擇?，F(xiàn)舉數(shù)例分析如下：1.(2006山東)Were just trying to reach a point_both sides will sit down together and talk.A. where B. that C. when D. which【解析】答案為A。本題的先行詞是point，此處表示抽象地點且在定語從句中作地點狀語，因此應(yīng)填where。如果考生只知道point表示“點、分數(shù)”，不熟悉其可以表示抽象地點，極易造成誤選。2.(2005上海)If a shop has chairs_women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.A. that B. which C. when D. where【解析】本題的先行詞并不是我們常見的表示地點的名詞（如place, room, house, street, area），而是chairs。命題者正是通過這一點迷惑考生，使考生誤選that或which。本題的句意是：“商店如果有椅子，女士們可以讓男士們坐在椅子上”，即women can park their men in/on the chairs,所選關(guān)系詞在定語從句中應(yīng)該作地點狀語，故選D。3.(2004湖南)I work in a business_almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.A. how B. which C. where D. that【解析】先行詞是表地點的a business（商業(yè)機構(gòu)，公司），從句中的謂語動詞is waiting for后有賓語a great chance，所以需要填where或in which，故選C。4.(2003上海)I can think of many cases_students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.A. why B. which C. as D. where【解析】本題中的先行詞是表示抽象地點的cases（實例，情況），定語從句中不缺主語或賓語，用關(guān)系副詞where或in which，故選D。5.(2003北京春季)We are living in an age_many things are done on computer.A. which B. that C. whose D. when【解析】本題的先行詞是an age，表示“時代、年代”，從句是被動語態(tài)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)是完整的，故選D。6.(2005廣東)Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes_people were eaten by the tiger.A. in whichB. by whichC. whichD. that【解析】本題的先行詞是scenes，表示“場景”的意思。句意為“在那些場景中，人被老虎吃掉”，即in the scenes people were eaten by the tiger，故選A。7.（2004全國II）There were dirty marks on her trousersshe had wiped her hands.A. where B. which C. when D. that【解析】答案為A。本題的先行詞是trousers，從句缺少狀語，不缺主語和賓語，所以用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。句意為“在她擦手的褲子上有污跡”。8.(2001上海)He has got himself into a dangerous situationhe is likely t