2012_年全國(guó)高考英語試題閱讀理解分類匯編之議論文類.doc

We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口訣表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突擊學(xué)習(xí))for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for ones future development.【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。成年人常常驚嘆他們能很好地記著兒時(shí)學(xué)過的東西。作者認(rèn)為這是兒時(shí)過度學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果，是因?yàn)楫?dāng)我們兒時(shí)學(xué)會(huì)一樣?xùn)|西的時(shí)候，我們不是就此停止，而是繼續(xù)練習(xí)，才使我們記憶深刻。文章用例證法說明了“過度學(xué)習(xí)”的概念。 最后作者談到了“過度學(xué)習(xí)”的好處和突擊學(xué)習(xí)的弊端。67. What is the main idea of paragraph 1?A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D. Stories for children are easy to remember.【答案】A 【解析】根據(jù)文章的第一段的“Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知：文章講得是成年人常常驚嘆他們非常好的記著兒時(shí)學(xué)過的東西。C、D斷章取義，講得太具體，B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)槟鞘沁^度學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果，不是兒時(shí)記憶力好。所以A正確?！究键c(diǎn)定位】考查主旨要義。68.The author explains the law of overlearning by_.A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples70. What is the authors opinion on cramming?A. It leads to failure in college exams.B. Its helpful only in a limited way.C. Its possible to result in poor memory.D. It increases students learning interest.【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)文章的最后一段中的“By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.”可知：突擊學(xué)習(xí)只在有限的方面有幫助。所以B正確?！究键c(diǎn)定位】考查作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。2.【2012全國(guó)II】(C)Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians dont smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.Our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted. For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly.of pleasure”可知，在美國(guó)文化中，一般地說，微笑是快樂的表情。此處joy是pleasure的同義詞。故選C?！究键c(diǎn)定位】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。50. The author mentions the smile of the Vietnamese to prove that smile can _ .A. show friendliness to strangersB. be used to hide true feelingsC. be used in the wrong placesD. show personal habits【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)文章第一段中的“It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures.”可知這是一個(gè)中心句，其后用例證法闡述：微笑能隱藏真正的感情。它常常導(dǎo)致跨文化間的困惑。其中越南人講故事的例子就是為了說明這一觀點(diǎn)。故選B?！究键c(diǎn)定位】考查作者的寫作意圖。51. What should we do before attempting to “read” people?A. Learn about their relations with others.B. Understand their cultural backgrounds.C. Find out about their past experience.D. Figure out what they will do next.【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly.”可知，我們?cè)凇白x”人們的表情的時(shí)候，要現(xiàn)理解他們的文化背景，否則，就會(huì)出錯(cuò)?！究键c(diǎn)定位】考查判斷推理。52. What would be the best title for the test?A. Cultural DifferencesB. Smiles and RelationshipC. Facial ExpressivenessD. Habits and Emotions【答案】C【解析】文章通篇闡述了面部表情的種種表現(xiàn)形式，以及文化之間的差異導(dǎo)致的面部表情的含義不同。所以C正確?！究键c(diǎn)定位】考查文章的標(biāo)題。3.【2012陜西卷】DSpring is coming, and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobs. Competition is tough, so job seekers must carefully consider their personal choices. Whatever we are wearing，our family and friends may accept us, but the workplace may not.A high school newspaper editor said it is unfair for companies to discourage visible tattoos (紋身）nose rings, or certain dress styles. It is true you cant judge a book by its cover, yet people do “cover” themselves in order to convey (傳遞)certain messages. What we wear, including tattoos and nose rings, is an expression of who we are. Just as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances so do companies. Dress standards exist in the business world for a number of reasons, but the main concern is often about what customers accept.Others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom, but for businesses it is more about whether to make or lose money. Most employers do care about the personal appearances of their employees (雇員),because those people represent the companies to their customers.As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers. There are plenty of well-qualified candidates, so it is not wrong to reject someone who might disappoint my customers. Even though I am open-minded, I cant expect all our customers are.There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer. No company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply cause he or she is unwilling to respect its standards, as long as its standards are legal.57. Which of the following is the newspaper editor opinion according to Paragraph 2?A. Peoples appearances carry messages about themselves.B. Customers choices influence dress standards in companies.C. Candidates with tattoos or nose rings should be fairly treated.D. Strange dress styles should not be encouraged in the workplace.58. What can be inferred from the text?A. Candidates have to wear what companies prefer for an interview.B. What to wear is not a matter of personal choice for companies.C. Companies sometimes have to change to respect their candidates.D. Hiring managers make the best impression on their candidates.59. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Employees Matter B. Personal Choices MatterC. Appearances Matter D. Hiring Managers Matter3.【2012重慶卷】DTo take the apple as a forbidden fruit is the most unlikely story the Christians（基督教徒）ever cooked up. For them, the forbidden fruit from Eden is evil（邪惡的）.So when Colu brought the tomato back from South America, a land mistakenly considered to be eden, ever jumped to be the obvious conclusion. Wrongly taken as the apple of Eden, the tomato was shut out of the door of Europeans.What made it particularly terrifying was its similarity to the mandrake, a plant that was the to have come from Hell （地獄）.What earned the plant its awful reputation was its roots w looked like a dried-up human body occupied by evil spirits. Tough the tomato and the man were quite different except that both had bright red or yellow fruit, the general population consio them one and the same, to terrible to touch.Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato, and until the early 1700s most of the We people continued to drag their feet. In the 1880s, the daughter of a well-known plant expert that the most interesting part of an afternoon tea at her fathers house had been the “introduction this wonderful new fruit-or is it a vegetable?” As late as the twentieth century some writers classed tomatoes with mandrakes as an” evil fruit”.But in the end tomatoes carried the day. The hero of the tomato was an American named R Johnson, and when he was publicly going to eat the tomato in 1820,people journeyed for hun of miles to watch him drop dead.” What are you afraid of?” he shouted. ”Ill show you fools these things are good to eat!” Then he bit into the tomato. Some people fainted. But he sur and, according to a local story, set up a tomato-canning factory.【考點(diǎn)】社會(huì)生活類夾敘夾議【文章大意】西紅柿開始被人類食用是經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的過程，短文主要介紹的西紅柿從最初的被認(rèn)為是邪惡的水果到被接受的過程。68. The tomato was shut out of the door of early Europeans mainly because _.A it made Christive evil B it was the apple of Eden C it came from a forbidden landD it was religiously unacceptable 68.【答案】D【試題解析】根據(jù)短文第1段內(nèi)容可知，西紅柿被被教徒們認(rèn)為是邪惡的水果，而被御之門外。由此可知，D選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與文意相符。因此，正確答案為D選項(xiàng)?！倦y度】一般69. What can we infer the underlined part in Paragraph 3 ?A The process of ignoring the tomato slowed down B There was little progress in the study of the tomato C The tomato was still refused in most western countries D Most western people continued to get rid of the tomato 69.【答案】C【試題解析】短文第3段提到“Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato, and until the early 1700s”。由此結(jié)合語境可知，西紅柿在大部分西方國(guó)家仍然遭受拒絕。C選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與此相符。因此，正確答案為C選項(xiàng)?！倦y度】一般70. What is the main reason for Robert Johnson to eat the tomato Publicly ?A To make himself a hero B To remove peoples fear of the tomato C To speed up the popularity of the tomato D To persuade people to buy products from his E In his 1930 essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren “, John Keynes, economist, rewrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs ,which are indeed what other have , and relative needs ,which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (無止境的) this is not true of absolute Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending id decided by the super- iority He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this derive as the only source of demands Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the den almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an dinner, for example, the thought of feeling superior to others probably never comes to them. The goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals.There are no obvious limits to the escalation of demand for quality. For example, Porsche famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sport car on the mark Priced at over $120,000,it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 200 the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in handling acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To them, however, they must pay almost four times the price.By placing the desire to be superior to other at the heart of his description of negation demands, Keynes actually reduced such demands. However, the desire for higher quality has natural limits.【考點(diǎn)】議論文【文章大意】經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家約翰凱恩斯把人類的需求分為兩類：絕對(duì)需求和相對(duì)需求。相對(duì)需求可能確實(shí)是無止境的。短文舉出了幾個(gè)具體的實(shí)例來闡述這一觀點(diǎn)。72. According to the passage, John Keynes Believed that_.A. desire is the root of both absolute and relative needsB. absolute needs come from our sense of superiorityC. relative needs alone lead to insatiable demandsD. absolute needs are stronger than relative needs72.【答案】C【試題解析】短文第段提到“He thought although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (無止境的) this is not true of absolute”。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與此相符。因此，正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。【難度】一般73. What do we know about the couple in Paragraph 3?A. They want to show their superiorityB. They find specialty important to mealsC. Their demands for food are not easily satisfied.D. Their choice of dinner is related to ideas of quality.73.【答案】D【試題解析】短文第3段提到“The goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals.”。由此可知，這對(duì)夫婦出去就餐的只是改善一下。在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，D選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與此相符。因此，正確答案為D選項(xiàng)?！倦y度】一般74.What does the underlined word “escalation” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Understanding. B. Increase C. Difference D. Study74.【答案】B【試題解析】根據(jù)短文，人們對(duì)于質(zhì)量的需要呈上升的趨勢(shì)，由此可推測(cè)劃線詞的詞義與B選項(xiàng)的詞義相符。因此，正確答案為B選項(xiàng)?！倦y度】一般75. The author of the passage that _.A. absolute needs have no limitsB. demands for quality are not insatiableC. human desires influence ideas of qualityD. relative needs decide most of our spending75.【答案】A【試題解析】瀏覽全文，短文主要探討的是絕對(duì)需要無止境，A選項(xiàng)與此相符。因此，正確答案為A選項(xiàng)?！倦y度】一般6.【2012浙江卷】CTwo friends have an argument that bleaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence. Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isnt in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解決) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategyfor conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speakers position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need f. consider what they are hearing. This doesnt mean trying to figure out whats wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start? What do I really want? What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesnt, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesnt mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, 64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves. Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends,. teachers. parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.50.This article is mainly about.A. the lives of school childrenB. the cause of arguments in schoolsC. how to analyze youth violenceD. how to deal with school conflicts51.From Paragraph 2 we can learn that_.A.violence is more likely to occur at lunchtimeB.a small conflict can lead to violenceC.students tend to lose their temper easilyD.the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight52.Why do students need to ask themselves the questions stated in Paragraph 5?A.To find out who to blame.B.To get ready to buy new things.C.To make clear what the real issue is.D.To figure out how to stop the shouting match.53.After the conflict resolution program was started in Atlanta, it was found that_.A. there was a decrease in classroom violenceB. there was less student cooperation in the classroomC.more teachers fell better about themselves in schoolsD.the teacher-student relationship greatly improved54.The writers purpose for writing this article is to_.A.complain about problems in school educationB.teach students different strategies for school lifeC.advocate teaching conflict management in schoolsD.inform teachers of the latest studies on school violence【考點(diǎn)】日常生活類議論文【文章大意】 學(xué)生在學(xué)校和同學(xué)發(fā)生沖突在所難免，那么究竟該如何應(yīng)對(duì)呢？本文進(jìn)行了分析并給大家提供了一些有效的應(yīng)對(duì)策略。50.【答案】D【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?和整體理解，可知答案D符合文意。51.【答案】B【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的整體理解，一個(gè)小小的三明治都可以導(dǎo)致學(xué)生間沖突，由此可以以推知答案B符合文意。52.【答案】C【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段的第二句：It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish.，可以推斷出答案C符合文意。53.【答案】A【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的第二句：64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom;可知答案A符合文意。54.【答案】C 【試題解析】目的意