高中英語時態(tài)語態(tài)講解及習(xí)題.doc

此文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 時態(tài)與語態(tài)一 一般現(xiàn)在時，表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作和狀態(tài)，常見的時間狀語包括sometimes, often, usually, always，occasionally, now and then,on weekends,on Sundays,every week/month/year等She always takes a walk in the evening. He often does his homework in his study.1. 一般現(xiàn)在時表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實及自然現(xiàn)象和諺語格言中，此用法即使出現(xiàn)在過去語境中，也用一般現(xiàn)在時。The moon goes around the earth.Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗He said the earth is round. 2.主句是一般將來時,由when，after, before, as soon as, the minute,whenever等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語和由if, unless, so long as, once等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語和however,even if等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中一般用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。如：lll go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there. I will tell her when she comes tomorrow. Even if it rains tomorrow, the sports meeting will take place.3.在以here,there開頭的句子里，go,come等少數(shù)動詞的一般在時表示正在發(fā)生的動 作。例如：There goes the bell.鈴響了。There comes the bus.汽車來了。Here she comes.她來了。4. But for the fact that從句中，that 從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)要根據(jù)句子謂語所表示的時間而定。 But for the fact that he is busy now, he would be here. But for the fact that you were ill, I would have had you print the papers. 二、一般過去時 表示過去的經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài)或者某個人過去的經(jīng)歷，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，常用的 時間狀語有yesterday， the day before yesterday, an hour ago, the other day, last month/year, just now, in 1982, in the old days, in the past, when I was young, when I was in London,when I was a child等I received two letters last week.The Olympic Games were held in Beijing in 2008.When I was in Beijing, I often went to Beijing university. 1.表示某人過去的經(jīng)歷 1) - Have you graduated from the university? - Yes, I learned English for 4 years in the university. 2) - Have you finished your homework ? - Yes, I _(finish) it within hald an hour. 3) I _(be) in London for 10 years, but I have never regretted returning to China. 2. intend, wonder, think, realize等用過去時，表示說話人原來沒有料到，打算，想到等 I thought you were a student. I didnt think /realize you failed again. I didnt intend to hurt you. 3. used to do sth/ would do sth 過去常常做某事 We used to spend our vacation in the mountains 4.句型 1）.It is (high) time sb did sth/ It is time that sb should do sth.某人該干某事了。 It is time you went to bed. 2) .Would rather sb did sth 寧愿某人做某事，用于對現(xiàn)在和將來時間的虛擬。 I would rather you came tomorrow/now. 3). Would/ should/ ought to/ could/ might/ neednt/ would like to have done sth, but句型中，but 后面的謂語動詞需用一般過去時或過去進(jìn)行時。a. He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor. b. - Did you attend the party?- I would have(attended the party) but I was busy. = I was busy otherwise/or I would have attended the party. = I had planned to attend the party but I was busy. = I was going to attend the party, but I was busy. 4). Would you mind if sb did sth? 如果干某事， 你介意嗎？ Would you mind if I opened the door?三一般將來時/過去將來時 一般將來時表示將來要發(fā)生的動作和存在的狀況。常見的時間狀語有next, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in+時間段，before+ 時間點，in the future等.1. will/shall do sth 1） 表示事物的固有屬性或者必然的趨勢； Fish will die without water.2) will 表示將來，有時含偶然性和臨時性決定的意思。 - Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town? - No, I will go and visit him right now. 2. be going to do sth 1） 表示事先考慮過，計劃打算做某事，注意區(qū)分一下will 表示臨時性決定的用法。He is going to speak on Tv this evening.2） 表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象對未來進(jìn)行推斷。Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 注意：was going to 表示過去本打算做某事，但未做 -Tom, you didnt come to the party last night? - I was going to, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. 3. be doing sth 有些動詞如come, go, arrive,leave,begin, start, return等，其現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示按計劃、安排近期將要發(fā)生的動作。Im leaving for Beijing next month. 4. be about to do sth/ be on the point of doing sth (when) “即將干某事(這是突然)”該結(jié)構(gòu)不與具體的時間狀語連用，但可以和并列連詞when連用。The train is about to start.The plan is on the point of taking off. 5. 某些動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示計劃、安排將要做的事情，此種用法常常用于火車時刻、飛機時刻、電影開演、作息安排等時刻表上。 We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8 oclock. The train leaves at 5 and arrives at 8.6. be to do sth 1).表示按計劃或安排要做的事She is to get married next month. 注意：were/was to have done sth 表示未曾實現(xiàn)的計劃。 We were to have told you, but you were not in. 2) 表示“應(yīng)該”，相當(dāng)于should, ought to. You are to report it to the police. 3) 表示“想，打算”, 相當(dāng)于intend, want. If we are to be there before ten, well have to go now.四現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時am/is /are doing sth 表示說話時正在發(fā)生的動作，有時也表示一段時間內(nèi)持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動作，常見的時間狀語為: now, at present, these days等 I am writing a novel these days. Im doing a word puzzle in this newspaper.1) 與always, constantly, continually, forever, all the time 等連用，帶有厭惡、批評、不喜歡、贊揚等感情色彩。You are always putting your things around.He is always helping others. 2) 下列四類動詞一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 感覺類：look, smell, feel, sound, taste,see, hear等 The soup tastes good. 情感類：like,love, prefer, admire, hate, fear, adore等 I love my dad and mum. 心態(tài)類：wish. Hope, want, need, believe, understand, agree, know, remember, forget 等 I dont believe my eyes. 存在狀態(tài)類：appear, lie, remain, belong, have 等 Those books belong to Mr. Li. 3) 延續(xù)性動作用進(jìn)行體，短暫性動作用一般體，一個延續(xù)性動作為背景，被一個短暫性動作打斷 My brother fell while he was riding his bike and hurt himself. As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.五過去進(jìn)行時 was/were doing sth 表示過去某一時間或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作。1. - Is there anything Wrong Bob? You look sad.- Oh, nothing much. In fact I was just thinking of my friend back home. 2. - Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on. - Where was I? - You were saying you didnt like your fathers job. 3. - Hey, look where you are going? - Oh, Im terribly sorry. I wasnt noticing. 六將來進(jìn)行時 will be doing sth 表示將來某時正在進(jìn)行的動作或者存在的狀態(tài)。 1). Doctor Wang will be giving another talk on this subject at the same time next week. 2). This time tomorrow I will be watching you play on TV. 3). Dont telephone me after 8- I will be having a meeting. 七現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has done sth 表示過去某個動作已經(jīng)完成，或者過去開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，常見的時間狀語有for, since+過去時間，since then, ever since, so far, by now/ until now/ up to now, lately/recently, in the past/last (ten years), 還有already,just, yet,never ever,still等常跟現(xiàn)在完成時連用。 In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown. He has written 8 books so far. I have already seen the film.They have worked here since they left college.By now/Until now/ Up to now, I has remembered 3000 English words. 1). 在“最高級+名詞”的句子中用用現(xiàn)在完成時 This is the best tea( that) I have ever drunk. This is the best film I have ever seen. 2). It/This is the first/secondtime(that) sb have done sth 某人第幾次做某事This is the first time (that) I have come here. 3) It+ has been/is +一段時間 + since sb did sth 表示動作從終止已經(jīng)多久了。 It has been five years since he lived here. 他不在這工作已經(jīng)5年了。 It has been five years since he began to work here. 他在這工作已經(jīng)五年了。 It has been 3 years since he smoked. 他不吸煙已經(jīng)三年了。 4). have/has gone to到某地去了,還未回來have/has been to曾經(jīng)到過某地,人已回來Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.5).非延續(xù)性動詞連用，即瞬間動詞，join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等，在完成時態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如他參軍已經(jīng)三年了可采用:1）“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.2）“延續(xù)法”：He has served in the army for three years. He has been a soldier for 3 years. He has been in the army for 3 years.3）“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.翻譯：他和瑪麗結(jié)婚已經(jīng)三年了延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換：結(jié)婚 marry- be married 借 borrow -keep;買buy- have 離開leave -be away死亡die - be dead; 結(jié)束 finish end stop-be over生病fall ill -be ill； 起床 get up - be up； 感冒catch get a cold- have a cold； 來/去come/go here -be here/there； 成為become - be； 回來come back- be back； 睡著fall asleep - be asleep； 到達(dá)get to/ arrive/reach - be (in)； 認(rèn)識get to know - know； 出去 go (get) out -be out； 穿 put on - wear； 去國外 go abroad - be abroad; 醒 wake up - be awake 關(guān)閉 turn off - be off 打開 turn on - be on 動身 leave for- be off for 睡覺 go to sleep - be asleep 打開/關(guān)閉open/close sth -keep sth open/closed；參加join - be in+組織機構(gòu)或be a member of+組織機構(gòu)；上學(xué)go to school - be in schoolbe a student;交朋友make friends with -be friends with丟失lose -be lost be missing be gone; 失業(yè)lose ones job work-be out of work a job等 八過去完成時 had done sth 表示“過去的過去”，必須找過去的時間作為參照點，常見的時間狀語有 before，by+過去時間, by the end of + 過去時間， by the time + 過去時間, by then, until then等。He had learned some English before she came to the institute.He said that he had been abroad for 3 years. By 1998，he had studied French for 2 years. By the end of last year, I had remembered 5000 words.By then he had learned English for 3 years.Until then he had known nothing about it yet. By the time he arrived home, his mother had cooked supper for him. By the time he was 12 years old, he had built a lab for himself. 1). 表示愿望、打算的詞 如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, wish, suppose 等，其過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.2) . Hardly/ Scarcely/ Barely had sb done sth when.; No sooner had sb done sth than.一 就 Hardly had I gone out when it began to rain.3) It was the first time( that) sb had done sth 這是某人第幾次干某事 It was the first time he had been to the Great Wall. 九. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 have/has been doing sth (過去現(xiàn)在將來) 用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（或今后還要繼續(xù)一去）的動作。例如： He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00. It has been raining for two days.十將來完成時 will have done sth By + 現(xiàn)在時間 have/has done sth By + 過去時間 had done sth By+ 將來時間 will have done 1). By the year of 2019, we will have entered the university.2). By the time my father comes back, I will have finished the work.比較：By the time my father came back, I had finished the work. By now, I have finished 5000 English words. 十一.易混時態(tài)的區(qū)別1. 一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別問題這兩個時態(tài)的動作都發(fā)生在過去，但現(xiàn)在完成時著重說明的是這個過去發(fā)生的動作同現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系、對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等，所以，它不能和表示過去時間的狀語連用；而一般過去時只著重說明這個動作是在過去某時發(fā)生的，并不表示這個過去的動作同現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，更談不上什么結(jié)果和影響，所以，它可以和表示過去時間的狀語連用。例如：(1) I lived in Beijing for five years between 1991 and 1996. (2) I have lived in Beijing for 5 years so far. 典型例題1 - Nice to see you back! How long _ you _ in Russia? - 4 months. A. did; stay B. have; stayed C. have; been staying D. do; stay典型例題2 - Have you graduated from Beijing University? - Yes. I _ there for 4 years. A. have studied B. studied C. had studied D. have been studying 參考答案：AB2. 一般過去時與過去完成時的區(qū)別問題這兩個時態(tài)都和現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系，都表示過去的動作。但一般過去時只涉及一個純過去的動作；而過去完成時指的是相對于過去的某一特定時間，更早發(fā)生的動作。即過去完成時至少涉及兩個動作。以下幾個例句均是過去完成時的典型句例。When I got to the party, many of them had left for home. When he was ready to hand in his test paper, the teacher had left. The tickets for the fashion show had been sold out before I heard about it.典型例題1 - Was Tom there when you arrived? - Yes, but he _ home soon afterwards. A. had gone B. has gone C. is going D. went 典型例題2 The traffic accident wouldnt have happened yesterday, but the driver _ really careless. A. had been B. is C. were D. was 典型例題3 - The returned Chinese scholar has become one of the top experts in this field. - Yes. I know him very well. He _ in Africa with wild animals for eight years. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. has been working 參考答案：DDC 3. 一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別問題 盡管兩個時態(tài)所表示的動作都發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在，但是一般現(xiàn)在時強調(diào)的是一種“常態(tài)”，一種沒有時間階段特征的、穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時則表示的是現(xiàn)在所處的狀態(tài)，不能保證過去是否這樣，也不能保證以后怎樣，有明顯的階段性。例如： I work in New York. 我在紐約工作。（表示我的固定工作地點就是紐約。）I am working in New York. 我正在紐約工作。（表示這一段時間，我在紐約上班?？赡苈犜捜酥勒f話人以前并不在那里工作。而說話人本人對以后的工作地點也沒有把握。）典型例題1 I _ ping-pang quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. A. played B. will play C. have played D. play 典型例題2 - Your son looks too thin for his age. - He could have gained more weight. But he _ much. A. isnt eating B. doesnt eat C. havent eaten D. hadnt eaten 參考答案：DB4.一般過去時與過去進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別問題盡管二者所表示的動作都發(fā)生在過去，但一般過去時著重強調(diào)匯報過去做過什么事情，是有結(jié)果的。而過去進(jìn)行時僅表示過去某一點時間上，一個動作正在進(jìn)行，有什么樣的結(jié)果不得而知。例如：Tyson wrote three letters last night. (表示太森寫了三封信，暗指都已寫完。)Tyson was writing a letter last night. (表示我只是見他寫信來著，其他就不知道了。)典型例題1 The reporter said that the UFO _ east to west when he saw it. A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel 典型例題2 - Has your brother finished with that book? - I have no idea. He _ it last night. A. read B. was reading C. have read D. had been read 參考答案：AB 5.現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別問題have done與have been doing看起來差不多，其實，他們的側(cè)重點不一樣。現(xiàn)在完成時側(cè)重指已有的結(jié)果或已有的影響；而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時則強調(diào)過程。例如：I have repaired your car.（強調(diào)你的車修好了，你可以開走了。）I have been repairing your car.(強調(diào)我一直在給你修車，所以很累或沒做其他事。)典型例題- You havent finished your homework yet, havent you? - No, I _ it the whole morning. A. have been doing B. have done C. had done D. did參考答案：A 6. 過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別這兩種時態(tài)都常與表示一段時間的狀語連用，但現(xiàn)在完成時表示的是延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或同現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的動作（句中不可有表示過去特定時間的狀語），而過去完成時表示的是在過去某時之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過去某時的動作（句中可有表示過去特定時間的狀語）。比較下面的說法：She had been ill for a week before she came back.(“回來”發(fā)生在過去某一時間，“生病”發(fā)生在這一時間之前，即過去的過去。)She has been ill for a week.(現(xiàn)在仍然病著)十二. 動詞時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)1. 主句是一般將來時,由when，after, before, as soon as, the minute, whenever等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語和由if, unless, so long as, once等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語和however, even if等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(現(xiàn)在完成時)表示將來。Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. I will go with you as soon as I have finished my book. 2. 含賓語從句的時態(tài)一致的問題 1）如果主句的謂語為現(xiàn)在時或者將來時，賓語從句的謂語從句的謂語可以不受影響。 He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. They will tell you that they are living/lived/ will live/ have lived in Shanghai. 2）如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時，賓語從句的謂語動詞一般需用過去的某種時態(tài)，即一般過去時，過去進(jìn)行時，過去完成時，過去完成進(jìn)行時，過去將來時，過去將來進(jìn)行時等。 I was sure he was in bed. He thought he was working for the people. I wondered if she had got well. He wanted to know what she had been doing. I hoped I would find a job soon. I thought she would be going by bus. 語態(tài)一被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在 過去 將來 過去將來一般am/is /are done Was/were done Will/shall be done Would/should be done 進(jìn)行am/is /are being doneWas/were being done -完成have/has been doneHad been done Will/shall have been done Would/should have been done 完成進(jìn)行have/has been being done had been being done -2.被動語態(tài)的用法1）不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或沒必要指明誰是動作的執(zhí)行者。 - The window is dirty. - I know. It hasnt been cleaned for weeks.2) 需要強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者或事件本身，如;All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.3) 在文章標(biāo)題、廣告、新聞中Girls wanted! 找女工！Five-year-old Boy Kidnapped!五歲的男童遭到綁架。4）當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者不是人時。 The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables. 注意：1) 被動結(jié)構(gòu)中切不可丟掉后面的介詞或者副詞。 That old man was often laughed at . Bad habits have been done away with. The plan will be given up. 2) “get+過去分詞”可以表示被動 She got married last week. The patient got treated once a week. He fell off the car and got killed. 3.主動形式表被動意義：1). 表示狀態(tài)特征的系動詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Your excuse sounds good but it cant be true. Jack proved (to be) a good tour guide during the long journey. The soup smells perfect but tastes terrible. 2). 表示主語某種屬性、特征的動詞如read, write, sell, act, wash, clean, wear, open, lock, shut, dry等, 常與well 和 easily連用。例如： Shakespeares books sell well. 莎士比亞的書賣的很不錯。 This kind of material washes easily, so it saves much water. 這種布料很容易洗，所以能節(jié)約不少水。 Dont waste your time. The door doesnt lock at all. 別浪費時間了，這門根本鎖不上。 This coat dries easily. 這件外套容易干。 Nylon cleans easily. 尼龍容易洗干凈。 Your speech reads well. 你的演講講得很好。 This material has worn thin. 這個材料已經(jīng)磨薄了。 The match wont catch.這根火柴擦不著。 The plan worked out wonderfully. 這項計劃進(jìn)展得很好。3). Sth need/want/require doing to be done. Your desk needs tidying. 你的課桌該整理了。 This kind of flowers requires watering every morning. 這種花