定語從句及寫作閱讀中的運(yùn)用.doc

定語從句：認(rèn)得出、懂得了、用得好EX1. 用定語從句完成下列句子。1This is the most beautiful forest _ _(我所見過的).2Dou Po Tang(陡坡塘) Waterfall, _(位于貴州省的), is 105 meters wide and 21 meters high.EX2用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空. Have a try! ! !1. I will never forget the day _ I first went to school. I will never forget the day _ we spent in Beijing.2. The house _ we visited is being repaired now. The house _ Luxun once lived is being repaired now.Ex3選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空，注意非限制性定語從句和單句的比較。1.I am reading Harry Porter, _is an interesting book.2.He failed in the exam._ made his parents angry.3.He failed in the exam, _made his parents angry.4.He has two sons. Both of _ are teachers. 5.He has two sons, both of _ are teachers.EX4 思考:用五種方式（定語從句）翻譯句子 這是他工作的工廠。1. This is the factory he works. 2. This is the factory he works.3. This is the factory he works in. 4. This is the factory he works in.5. This is the factory he works in.EX5 思考: 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況 （1）The man whom you spoke was a scientist.The city she lives in is far away.介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況（2） Are these two sentences right?The man who/whom you spoke to was a scientist.The city that/which she lives in is far away.介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況（3） Are these two sentences right?The man to who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city in that/which she lives is far away.結(jié)論： 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況 ( 4) 下面兩句中的介詞能提前嗎?Is this the watch that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking after is better .結(jié)論： Sum up:介詞+關(guān)系代詞介詞關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句, 關(guān)鍵是判斷介詞的選擇.方法一:根據(jù)從句中動(dòng)詞與先行詞習(xí)慣搭配 方法二:根據(jù)從句中動(dòng)詞與先行詞的邏輯關(guān)系注意：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。此時(shí)關(guān)系代詞只能用which 或 whom; 不可用that 或who 代替。Ex6: 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的使用1. Do you like the book she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book she paid $10?3. Do you like the book she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book she often talks? 5. He dug a hole he could got water from the lake.6. There is a tall tree outside, stands our teacher.7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _is the Yellow River.8. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at swimming.9. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.EX 7 Practice A letter to Tom我收到了你上周的來信.謝謝你寄的照片.我常常想起我們一起度過的時(shí)光.你還記得那個(gè)湖嗎?我們在那還照過一張相呢.和我們一起玩的那些朋友還好嗎?我昨晚做了夢，在夢里我們在上次去的那家電影院呢另外,我買到了你要的那本英語書.周末有時(shí)間我將把書寄給你 Dear Tom,I have received the letter you posted last week. Thanks for the photos you sent. I often think of the time we spent together. Do you still remember the lake where we had a picture taken? How are the children who played with us? I had a dream in which / where we were staying in the cinema which/that we went to last time. Besides, I have bought the book (that/which) you need . On the weekend when I am free, I will post it to you. Best wishes,高考閱讀理解中的定語從句：1. As far as the third factor is concerned, the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down, as happened in cosmology, for example.譯文 至于第三個(gè)因素,科學(xué)史中有許多事例表明,權(quán)威的力量起到這樣一種作用：它給進(jìn)一步的研究設(shè)置了一道極其牢固的障礙；在許多情況下,要花上幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間才能最終打破這道障礙。例如,在宇宙學(xué)中就發(fā)生過這樣的事。2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.要點(diǎn) 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系可以看出,本句中suggest的詞義不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind, 所以翻譯為的看法是。who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾child,根據(jù)上下文的語義關(guān)系,翻譯成條件句；where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾environment,用合譯法譯出；which引導(dǎo)的從句修飾stimuli,用分譯法進(jìn)行翻譯。appropriate:適合的,相稱的。 譯文 行為主義者的看法是,如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激因素的環(huán)境里長大,而這些刺激因素能夠開發(fā)其相應(yīng)的反映能力,那么這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有更好的智力發(fā)展。3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.要點(diǎn) 本句為含有兩個(gè)定語從句的主從復(fù)合句。主句的謂語動(dòng)詞suggest可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。而賓語中的transform一詞常用在transform sth. from . into.結(jié)構(gòu)中,譯為把從轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?。句中兩個(gè)in which分別修飾其先行詞industrialism,翻譯時(shí)宜采用前置法。兩個(gè)破折號之間的those of love and of reason為potentialities一詞的同位語。譯文 我建議把我們的社會(huì)制度從以最大限度的生產(chǎn)和最大限度的消費(fèi)為目的的官僚主義管理下的產(chǎn)業(yè)體制轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)充分發(fā)揮人的潛能-即愛和理智的潛能-為其全部社會(huì)工作之目的的人道主義產(chǎn)業(yè)體制。4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, who criticized, on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint.要點(diǎn) 本句中who.,who.,on whose.,who.四個(gè)定語從句并列,共同修飾中心詞people。譯文 肯尼迪總統(tǒng)需要提問題的人、能提批評意見的人、做出可靠判斷的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不問他們的級別和觀點(diǎn)。5. In the soap war between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.要點(diǎn) 此句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,但主句很簡單,主語為use,謂語為is made。主句正常語序?yàn)閠remendous use of statistics is made to., to measure.作目的狀語,resulting from.為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作difference的后置定語。which引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語從句,修飾allocation to advertising。so that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語從句。plus為介詞,意為加上。soap war 為肥皂廣告大戰(zhàn)。譯文 在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever兩家企業(yè)之間的肥皂大戰(zhàn)中,雙方就大量使用了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)知識來測量由相應(yīng)的廣告投入所引起的市場上的動(dòng)態(tài)差異,這一項(xiàng)在售前的生產(chǎn)成本中占較大部分,所以他們把生產(chǎn)成本看作是生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用與廣告費(fèi)用之和。6. Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.要點(diǎn) 本句為簡單復(fù)合句。句架為Smart cards, which ., are already widely used in European countries where.。which為關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,修飾smart cards；where 為關(guān)系副詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾countries。nationwide:全國范圍內(nèi)的。roll out:本意為展開(卷起之物),此處為引申義,指展開工作。譯文 智能卡載有的信息量是普通磁卡信息載量的80多倍,已經(jīng)在歐洲各國廣泛使用,因而使歐洲各國中央銀行得以在全國范圍展開新型的服務(wù)。7. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.要點(diǎn) 本句含有一個(gè)主語從句How well the prediction will be validated by later performance和一個(gè)定語從句with which it is interpreted。定語從句中it 指代prediction,該定語從句修飾the skill and wisdom。在翻譯時(shí)主語從句用分譯法,定語從句用合譯法。validate:使有效；使有充分根據(jù)。譯文 預(yù)測在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí),這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性,還取決于用來解釋預(yù)測的技巧和智慧。8. Thus, to rectify the positions taken previously, where we contented ourselves with condemnations, in my delegations opinion, we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which, after all, serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Councils agendas.要點(diǎn) 本句含有三個(gè)定語從句where.condemnations,which would come to grips .和which, after all, serve only to compel.。第二個(gè)定語從句譯成同位結(jié)構(gòu)；第三個(gè)定語從句同上下文有明顯的因果關(guān)系,譯成因?yàn)椤verall:從頭到尾；總的，全面的。譯文 因此,我們代表團(tuán)認(rèn)為,要糾正我們過去采取的只是滿足于進(jìn)行譴責(zé)的那種立