專業(yè)英語1-18單元課后翻譯部分答案.doc

Unit 1 Translation.1.“材料科學(xué)”涉及到研究材料的結(jié)構(gòu)與性能的關(guān)系。相反，材料工程是根據(jù)材料的結(jié)構(gòu)與性質(zhì)的關(guān)系來涉及或操控材料的結(jié)構(gòu)以求制造出一系列可預(yù)定的性質(zhì)。2.實際上，所有固體材料的重要性質(zhì)可以分為六類：機械、電學(xué)、熱學(xué)、磁學(xué)、光學(xué)、腐蝕性。3.除了結(jié)構(gòu)與性質(zhì)，材料科學(xué)與工程還有其他兩個重要的組成部分，即加工與性能。4.工程師或科學(xué)家越熟悉材料的各種性質(zhì)、結(jié)構(gòu)、性能之間的關(guān)系以及材料的加工技術(shù)，根據(jù)以上的原則，他或她就會越自信與熟練地對材料進行更明智的選擇。5.只有在少數(shù)情況下，材料才具有最優(yōu)或最理想的綜合性質(zhì)。因此，有時候有必要為某一性質(zhì)而犧牲另一性能。 6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constantSolid material(s) heat capacityMechanical property electromagnetic radiationMaterial processing elastic modulus7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.8. Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.9.10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 21. 金屬是電和熱很好的導(dǎo)體，在可見光下不透明；擦亮的金屬表面有金屬光澤。2. 陶瓷是典型的導(dǎo)熱導(dǎo)電的絕緣體，并且比金屬和聚合物具有更高的耐熱溫度和耐惡劣環(huán)境性能。3. 用于高科技領(lǐng)域的材料有時也被稱為先進材料。4. 壓電陶瓷在電場作用下膨脹和收縮；反之，當(dāng)它們膨脹和收縮時，他們也能產(chǎn)生一個電場。5. 隨著能夠觀察單個原子或者分子的掃描探針顯微鏡的出現(xiàn)，操控和移動原子和分子以形成新結(jié)構(gòu)成為可能，因此，我們能通過一些簡單的原子水平的構(gòu)建就可以設(shè)計出新的材料。6. advanced materials ceramic materialshigh-performance materials clay mineralsalloy implantglass fibre carbon nanotube7. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.8. Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9. Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators(viz. ceramics and polymers).10. Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 31 金屬的行為（性質(zhì)）不同于陶瓷的行為（性質(zhì)），陶瓷的行為（性質(zhì)）不同于聚合物的行為（性質(zhì)）。2 原子結(jié)構(gòu)主要影響化學(xué)性質(zhì)、物理性質(zhì)、熱學(xué)性質(zhì)、電學(xué)性能、磁性能、光學(xué)性能。微結(jié)構(gòu)和宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)雖也能影響這些性能但是他們主要影響力學(xué)性能和化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率。3 金屬的強度表明原子是通過強的鍵結(jié)合在一起的。4 元素的原子序數(shù)表明該元素的原子核內(nèi)帶正電的質(zhì)子數(shù)。而原子的原子量則表明該原子核中質(zhì)子數(shù)與中子數(shù)。5 Microstructure macrostructureChemical reaction atomic weightBalanced electrical charge positively charged proton6. 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings,7The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds.8. Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a microscope. Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.9. The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.Unit 41 當(dāng)密度小于水的密度時，物體將漂浮在水面上，當(dāng)密度大于水的密度時，物體會沉降。相似的，當(dāng)比重小于1時，物體將漂浮在水面上，當(dāng)比重大于1時，物體會沉降。2 由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移動，導(dǎo)致磁通量密度比真空中小，這種材料為反磁性材料。3 使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫順磁性材料，使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫鐵磁性材料。4 某些鐵磁性材料，特別是一些粉末狀或夾層鐵，鋼或鎳合金的相對導(dǎo)磁率可高達1000000。反磁性材料的相對導(dǎo)磁率小于1，但是到目前還沒有哪種材料的相對導(dǎo)磁率遠(yuǎn)小于1。5 當(dāng)順磁性或鐵磁性的芯插入線圈時，其磁感應(yīng)系數(shù)等于相對磁導(dǎo)率乘以空芯時的磁感應(yīng)系數(shù)。6 specific gravity boiling point magnetic induction coefficient of thermal conductivity glass transition temperaturenon-ferrous metals linear coefficient of thermal expansion mass per unit of volume7. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. 8. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. 9. At some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable material.10. In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute.Unit 51. 金屬的力學(xué)性能決定了材料的使用范圍及期望的服役壽命。2. 因此，一般多測幾次以得到力學(xué)性能，報導(dǎo)的數(shù)值一般是平均值或者計算的統(tǒng)計最小值。3材料的承載方式極大地影響了材料的力學(xué)性能，也決定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有預(yù)警。4然而，受力彎曲時會產(chǎn)生一個應(yīng)力分布，應(yīng)力大小與到軸線的垂直距離有關(guān)。5材料受到低于臨界壓力即屈服強度的力時，材料才會發(fā)生彈性形變。6 Test specimen static loading force normal axis Engineering strain critical stress yield strength stress area Stress- strain curve7. Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys; while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease.8. From the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.9. Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material.10. A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.Unit 61. 隨著影響我們星球上人類生存條件的社會問題的即將出現(xiàn)，材料科學(xué)與工程界有責(zé)任和機遇通過解決未來世界的需求在能量、交通、住房、飲食、回收和健康方面的需求來改變世界。2. 不發(fā)達國家的人口增長率遠(yuǎn)高于1.4%的世界平均人口增長率。3. 全球能源使用的預(yù)算在2025以前將以每年1.7%速度增長，這比世界人口增長率快多了。4. 此外，發(fā)達地區(qū)的人均能量使用量是不發(fā)達地區(qū)人均能量使用量的九倍以上。5. gross domestic product materials science and engineering market economy Societal issues economic index sanitation Gross national product popilation growth rate6. Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineers ability to address societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.7. We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine, telecommunications, and transportantion industries.8. Eighteen percent of the worlds population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to sanitation. 9. Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit 71. 從化學(xué)角度來說，金屬是一類容易失電子以形成正離子的元素，它與其他金屬原子形成金屬鍵。2. 金屬鍵的無方向性被認(rèn)為是金屬具有延展性的主要原因。3. 存在著共價鍵的晶體只有在原子之間的鍵斷裂的情況下變形，從而導(dǎo)致晶體破裂。4. 合金特別是為滿足更高應(yīng)用要求的合金比如噴氣發(fā)動機，可能含有十種以上的元素。5. delocalized electron electronic structurealkaline earth metal chemical cellnuclear charge electric conductivity6. Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.7. Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.8. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.9. Combining different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.Unit 81. 超耐熱合金的發(fā)展非常依賴于化學(xué)與加工的創(chuàng)新，并主要受到航空和能源工業(yè)的推動。2. 抗蠕變性能主要取決于晶體結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)位錯速度的放緩。3. 超耐熱合金在加工方面的發(fā)展使超耐熱合金的操作溫度大幅度提高。4. 單晶高溫合金是運用改進的定向凝固技術(shù)而形成單晶的，因此在材料中并無晶界。5. faced-centred cubic crystal structure turbine entry temperaturemetallic materials phase stabilitynuclear reactor synthesis of nanoparticle6. Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.7. Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance.8. Superalloys are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.9. At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride(or fluoride) is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds inside.Unit 91. 腐蝕過程從本質(zhì)上說是一個電化學(xué)的過程，有著與電池相同的本質(zhì)特征。2. 從礦物中提煉金屬所需能源的問題與后續(xù)的腐蝕和能量釋放直接相關(guān)。3. 當(dāng)電子與中和的正離子（如電解液中的氫離子）發(fā)生反應(yīng)時，陰極處電子得以平衡。4Protective film circuit Free electron electron transfer Metal cation anode reaction5. Some metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to corrode.6. Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an atom.7. If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and cathode.8. Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.Unit 101. 我們要觀察（研究）這些性能，看它們與我們所期望的陶瓷的組成有多匹配。2. 在高于玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度的高溫下，玻璃不再具有脆性行為，而表現(xiàn)為粘稠液體。3. 它們顯示出優(yōu)異的力學(xué)性能、抗腐蝕/氧化性能，或電學(xué)、光學(xué)抑或是磁學(xué)性能。4. 一般認(rèn)為，先進是最近100年才發(fā)展起來的，而傳統(tǒng)的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用了。5. the glass transition temperature ionic-covalent bond Stress distribution coefficient of thermal expansion Glass optical fibre materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuel cells electron microscopy6. Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.7. Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strength.8. Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.9. The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.Unit 111. 材料科學(xué)與工程領(lǐng)域經(jīng)常是根據(jù)四大方面合成與加工，結(jié)構(gòu)與組成，性質(zhì)與性能之間的相互聯(lián)系來定義的。2 我們不僅要考慮具有完美晶格和理想結(jié)構(gòu)（的情況），我們也要考慮材料中不可避免的結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷的存在，甚至是無定形的。3. 通過熱壓可使孔徑減小從而得到高密度產(chǎn)品。4. 在運輸時，廠方要提供關(guān)于產(chǎn)品危害方面的信息。5. crystalline ceramics grain boundary Alkaline earth oxide oxide additive Triple point saturation magnetization Television tube the color scale6. To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.7. The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated.8. Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.9. Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit 121. 材料的選擇是任何組分設(shè)計至關(guān)重要的環(huán)節(jié)，尤其在植入體和其它醫(yī)療器械方面是特別重要的。2. 我們能進行承載應(yīng)用的三種主要材料是金屬、聚合物和陶瓷。3. 高密度、高純度的氧化鋁被大量的用于植入物，特別是在需要承載壓力的髖關(guān)節(jié)修復(fù)和牙移植中。4. 在陶瓷或陶瓷復(fù)合材料中，氧化鋯的磨損率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于氧化鋯鋁的磨損率。5. controlled reaction stress shieldingTotal hip prosthese strain-to-failure ratioMechanical stress flexural strengthMartensitic transformation6. Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.7. These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out.8. Because of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.9. Eliminating stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites.10. There are questions concerning the long-term effect of radiation emission from zirconia ceramics.Unit 131. 聚合物的俗名叫塑料，這個詞指的是一大類具有許多性質(zhì)和用途的天然材料和合成材料。2. 聚合物合成是一個把叫做單體的小分子通過共價鍵的結(jié)合形成鏈的過程。3. 支化聚合物分子是由一條帶有一個或多個側(cè)基或支鏈的主鏈組成。一些特殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳狀聚合物和刷狀聚合物。4. 某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的膽識結(jié)構(gòu)卻相關(guān)的單體組成的，例如聚核苷酸是由核苷組成的。5. persistence length cross-link Polar monomer nucleic acidPolymerization polyelectrolyte6. Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.7. Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.8. A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.9. In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.Unit 141. 大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架，這是因為碳原子具有與其它原子形成更強更穩(wěn)定的鍵的優(yōu)異性能。2. 它們在一定范圍內(nèi)軟化，這與完好晶體相具有非常明確的熔點不同。3. 分子量取決于其合成時的條件，因此分子量可能分布很寬或分布很窄。4. Goodyear 很偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn)了在橡膠中加入硫磺并加熱這個混合物能使橡膠變硬，對氧化和化學(xué)進攻能力的敏感性降低。5. thermosetting plastic cross-sectional areaPolymerization reaction double bondChemical composition carboxylic acidMelting point degradation by oxidation6. Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.7. A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped readily.8. Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.9. Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.Unit 151. 逐漸增強的環(huán)境意識促使包裝薄膜及其加工既要方便使用又要具有環(huán)境友好的特點。2. 顯而易見，實現(xiàn)這些性能對控制和改進機械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。3. 在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解過程中，由水和熱引發(fā)的過氧化反應(yīng)可以使之降解成低摩爾質(zhì)量的物質(zhì)，這就是碳?xì)渚酆衔锪W(xué)性能降低的主要原因。4. 用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包裝材料并不合理，另外也是因為包裝材料被食物污染后再進行物理回收是不切合實際的。5. natural gas packaging materials Aroma compound bioplastic material Chemical structure the life cycle of biomass6. Bacteria , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the humus.7. The bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, water and CO2 production.8. During the oxo-degradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable with low molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or light .9. While most of the commercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully compostable in real composting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative humidity.Unit 161. 比如，多相金屬在微觀尺度上是復(fù)合材料。但一般意義上的復(fù)合材料是指通過鍵的作用使兩種或多種不同的材料結(jié)合在一起的材料。2. 最常見的是，復(fù)合材料有一個連續(xù)的叫基體的本體相，還有一個分散的非連續(xù)的叫增強相的相。3. 先進材料采用了樹脂與纖維的復(fù)合材料，一般為碳/石墨，凱芙拉或玻璃纖維與環(huán)氧樹脂的復(fù)合材料。纖維具有高的硬度，而聚合物樹脂基體能保持復(fù)合材料的結(jié)構(gòu)。4. 如果復(fù)合材料設(shè)計和制備合理的話，復(fù)合材料就既具有增強相的強度又具有基體的韌性從而得到了性能的理想組合，這是任何一種組分單獨存在時所具備的性能。5. composite material reinforcement material Fiberglass matrix material Strengthening mechanism conventional material6. A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retains its own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.7. Carbon-epoxy composties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff. Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are repairable.8. According to the conception of composite , reinforced plastics, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix composites and concrete are composites.9. In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component. Fiberglass and carbon fiber composites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.Unit 171. 震蕩、撞擊