在職碩士公共英語部分課文翻譯.doc

Science and literature have traditionally been hostile to each other. Writers have regarded scientists as dull creatures who take pleasure in destroying great words of the imagination with boring facts. Scientists have thought of writers as frivolous people with no respect for the rules of evidence. At the heart of their mutual suspicion is the question of who owns the truth. Does something become real when it is imagined or when it is physically created?科學(xué)和文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)上就相互敵對(duì)。文學(xué)作家認(rèn)為：科學(xué)家們是一群愚蠢的生物，他們總是破壞人類偉大的想象取樂?？茖W(xué)家則認(rèn)為：文人作家們是輕浮的，沒有尊循事實(shí)依據(jù)，兩者相猜疑的中心交點(diǎn)在于：到底是誰擁有真理事實(shí)，是先有想像后來成成真呢？還是實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)出變成真的？ Science fiction is the one area where these tow opposing groups have met and exchanged ideas . As its name suggests, science fiction is literature which predicts the technology of the future and the effect this will have on human society .Over the years many of their speculations have been remarkably accurate. Space travel, communications satellites, nuclear power, robotics, cloning and mobile telephony have all appeared in books before they appeared in reality. 科幻小說是兩大對(duì)立集團(tuán)相互邂逅并交流思想的公共領(lǐng)域。顧名思義，科學(xué)小學(xué)是預(yù)測未來科技和如何影響人類社會(huì)的文學(xué)作品。近年來，許多想象推測早己變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)，如太空旅行，通訊衛(wèi)星，原子核能，機(jī)器人，克隆技術(shù)和移動(dòng)電話，它們都是先出現(xiàn)在作品中然后才變成現(xiàn)實(shí)的。Unit 2 Text1 A Definition of Management Management is a complex process. Through management. managers coordinate the work of people with other resources. More formally, management is defined as the process of effectively and efficiently using an organizations resources to achieve objectives through the functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Successful management requires an understanding of how a firm operates. Managers must comprehend the individual components if a firms activities in order to complete their tasks properly. For example, a manager must understand how the companys products-goods or services are produced, financed, and distributed.管理工作是項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的過程，通過管理，管理者可以使人的工作與其他資源協(xié)調(diào)一致。說的正式點(diǎn)，管理工作就定義成一項(xiàng)有效性和高效性地利用公司資源，通過制定計(jì)劃，組織管理，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)監(jiān)督和控制運(yùn)作等功能，更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)公司目標(biāo)。成功的管理工作要求管理者必須對(duì)公司運(yùn)作有深刻的理解，為了更好地完成任務(wù)，管理者必須綜合平衡個(gè)人的勝任能力和公司的產(chǎn)銷活動(dòng)。打個(gè)比方說，管理者必須了解這個(gè)公司的產(chǎn)品（貨物或服務(wù)）是怎樣生產(chǎn)，注入資金，怎樣分配和銷售的。 Human resources. The one critical resource in all organizations is human resources. Human resources are the people through whom and with whom managers work to achieve objectives The challenge to managers is to motivate each person to work as effectively and efficiently as possible. Mangers must also make sure that human resources have the resources they need to be productive.人力資源，它是所有公司中最為關(guān)鍵的一個(gè)資源，人力資源是指人們通過自身努力和管理者的管理工作達(dá)到相關(guān)目標(biāo)。對(duì)管理者最大的挑戰(zhàn)是激勵(lì)每個(gè)人盡可能有效和高效地工作，管理者也必須確保每個(gè)人都具備他們進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)所必備的其他資源。（也就是勞動(dòng)者和勞動(dòng)資料緊密結(jié)合） Financial resources. Financial resources are the monetary resources required to support a firms current and future activities .These resources are used to acquire and maintain the companys human, physical, and informational resources.資金資源：資金資源是支撐一個(gè)公司的當(dāng)前和未來生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的財(cái)力資源，它常常被用來滿足和維持公司的人力、物產(chǎn)和信息資源。Physical resources. A third type of resources which mangers use to accomplish objectives is known as physical resources. These include raw materials, land, buildings, furniture and office equipment, computers, machinery(including robots), and physical inventories. Clearly, physical resources are important to a firms success. However, because a firm with adequate financial resources can buy the best physical equipment, educated human resources may be more important than physical resources.物產(chǎn)資源：管理者用于完成各種目標(biāo)的第3個(gè)資源是物產(chǎn)資源，它包含原材料、土地、建筑物、家具和辦公設(shè)施、計(jì)算機(jī)、機(jī)器（包括機(jī)器人）和各種貨物庫存。很明顯，物產(chǎn)資源對(duì)一個(gè)公司的成功運(yùn)作非常重要。當(dāng)然，如果一個(gè)公司有足夠的財(cái)力，可以購買最上乘的物品裝備，雇用受過良好培訓(xùn)的人力資源，那要比物產(chǎn)資源更重要。 Informational resources. Informational resources are data that have been analyzed and converted into forms that help managers make effective decisions. To be useful, informational resources must be correct, timely, concise, and comprehensive. Examples of these resources include budgets, sales forecasts, economic forecasts, analyses of in-house training programs, and a host of other documents that help managers make decisions.信息資源：信息資源是經(jīng)過分析和轉(zhuǎn)換的數(shù)據(jù)，它能幫助管理者進(jìn)行有效決策。為了更實(shí)用，信息資源必須正確、及時(shí)、簡要、廣泛全面。信息資源的實(shí)例包括財(cái)政預(yù)算、市場預(yù)測，經(jīng)濟(jì)前景預(yù)測、公司內(nèi)部培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃分析，和其他的幫助管理者決策的文獻(xiàn)材料。The unique contributions of the United States to those who love the great outdoors are the National Parks and State Parks. They are beautifully organized and give particular thought to campers. There are also campsites by the sea, which are hidden from the beach by a line of sand dunes, or a thick belt of trees .Wherever you go ,you can nearly always find picnic places complete with wooden tables and benches, garbage cans and restrooms.美國為野外活動(dòng)愛好者們所作的特殊貢獻(xiàn)就是建立了眾多的國家公園，及州立公園，這些公園布局漂亮，體現(xiàn)了對(duì)野營愛好者的特殊關(guān)愛。海邊有許多野營營地，這些營地，或隱匿在海灘一連串的沙丘后，或在海灘茂密的林帶后面。無論你走到哪里，幾乎能找到地方野餐，這些地方設(shè)備齊全，全都配有木制桌子、長凳、垃圾桶和洗手間。 Many Americans, young and old, prefer camping in vehicles, called campers. There are many different kinds, from the extremely luxurious to the convertible pick-up truck. There are monster campers with every imaginable luxury, from deep freezes and microwave ovens, to plush carpets and color television sets. They can accommodate four people comfortably, and they do not necessarily belong to rich people.有很多美國人，不管老少，更愿自己開車野營。車型多種多樣，有特別豪華奢侈的，也有可折疊的輕型皮卡，許多野營者豪華程度難以想像，深色的冰箱，微波爐，長絨地毯到彩電，可以很舒服給四個(gè)人提供宿膳。但這并不僅僅是富人的專利。 Some retired couples put a large part of their savings into these “homes on wheels” and spend half the year roaming the country. It satisfies a craving for the great open spaces that some of them still have in their advanced years, and it is at the same time a cheap way to live. If the price of gas goes up any further, they will simply roam less far.許多老夫婦把他們大部分積蓄花費(fèi)在“車輪子上的家”，一年中的大半時(shí)間在國內(nèi)游歷，在他們的有生之年仍然心醉于渴望到開闊的地方，并且這也是一種省錢的生活方式，如果汽油價(jià)格上揚(yáng)，他們就將減少游歷。 People often experience tress as a result of events in their lives. Stress is a physical condition that results from real or expected problems. People may experience tress when they lose a job or feel threatened. Common signs include heart rate, higher blood pressure and muscle tension.人們在日常生活中必然要經(jīng)歷焦慮，焦慮是來自于真實(shí)棘手的問題或渴望達(dá)到的問題的一種身體不建康的狀況。當(dāng)人們丟失工作或受到威脅時(shí)，便感到焦慮，共同的特征那就是心臟跳動(dòng)加快，血壓升高，肌肉高度緊張。American agriculture experts say farm animals also may experience stress. Animals may experience stress after giving birth or for other reasons. They say stress may affect meat quality, milk production and the general health of farm animals.美國農(nóng)業(yè)專家指出：家畜們也會(huì)同時(shí)經(jīng)歷焦慮，家畜生產(chǎn)后或其他原因易患焦慮癥，他們說，焦慮會(huì)影響家畜的肉質(zhì)，奶產(chǎn)量和健康。He had had to teach himself the job of being president in the most challenging moment in the nations history and as he learned so he commanded more and more personal respect. He died with the noblest part of the great task achieved-the end of slavery. 在國家歷史上最有挑戰(zhàn)性的時(shí)刻，他必須教會(huì)自己適應(yīng)總統(tǒng)工作。他做到了，并且贏得了越來越多的個(gè)人聲望。當(dāng)最神圣偉大的任務(wù)-奴隸制度的終結(jié)-剛剛完成，他就走了。Teachers and administrators at several Washington-area colleges agree that cheating is on the risebecause the computer has made cheating so easy. High-tech offenses include using information from the Internet without proper attribution, buying term papers from online paper mills, and sharing answers and course work via e-mail or diskette. Dozens of Websites are dedicated to helping students cheat more easily and successfully.華盛頓地區(qū)的幾所大學(xué)中的教師們和管理者都認(rèn)為，作弊行為在上升-因?yàn)橛?jì)算機(jī)使作弊變得容易，高科技犯罪包括使用因特網(wǎng)上的信息而沒有注明出處，在線購買學(xué)期論文，通過伊妹兒或光盤共享答案或課文。不少站點(diǎn)致力于幫助學(xué)生作弊，使之變得容易和成功。 Professors are using the computer to fight back -launching Internet searches to find the source of purloined materials and installing software that detects similarities in students papers.教授們使用計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行反擊-利用因特網(wǎng)搜尋去查找材料來源，并且安裝軟件探測學(xué)生們相似的論文。 The computer has made cheats out of students who otherwise would never have considered such trickery, some educator say. At Virginia Tech, the number of cheating complaints made to the schools Honor Court rose from 136 during the 19961997 school year to 280 last year. Most of the cases involved computer-aided cheating, said Leon Geyer, a Virginia Tech professor and an adviser to the schools student-run undergraduate honor system.要不是學(xué)生作弊的話，計(jì)算機(jī)就不會(huì)把它算作是詭計(jì)花招。許多教育者說，在弗吉尼亞工學(xué)院，提供給由學(xué)生組成的道德法庭的作弊申訴，從19961997學(xué)年的136起，到去年已是280起，大多數(shù)的申訴事件與利用計(jì)算機(jī)作弊有關(guān)，里昂蓋耶說，他是弗吉尼亞工學(xué)院教授和由學(xué)校未畢業(yè)的學(xué)生運(yùn)作的榮譽(yù)法庭顧問。Last spring, for example, dozens of students in different sections of one computer-science course were caught electronically sharing work on an end-of-year assignment, In another case, four students in one science class turned in the same paper. The students hadnt copied off each other or shared their workthey had all surfed the Web looking for a research paper to steal and, coincidentally, had chosen the same one.例如，去年春天，一些學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)課不同的音節(jié)時(shí)被抓住了，他們通過電子共享做年終作業(yè)。在另一個(gè)事例中，科學(xué)課上4個(gè)學(xué)生上交了同樣的論文，他們并沒有互相抄襲或共享-他們都到網(wǎng)上沖浪尋找論文，碰巧得很，他們選擇的競是同一篇論文。The secondary plane on which music exists is what I have called the expressive one. My own belief is that all music has an expressive power, some more and some less, but all music has a certain meaning behind the notes and that that meaning behind the notes constitutes, after all, what the piece is saying, what the piece is about, This whole problem can be stated quite simply by asking, “Is there a meaning to music?” My answer to that would be. “Yes” And “Can you state in so many words what the meaning is ?”My answer to that would be, “No.” Therein lies the difficulty.音樂存在的第二層面就是我所謂的表義層面。我認(rèn)為所有的音樂都有表現(xiàn)力，有的強(qiáng)些，有的弱些。但所有的音樂在每個(gè)詞和每個(gè)詞結(jié)構(gòu)里面都蘊(yùn)含有一定的意義。畢竟，這一支曲子說了些什么？這一支曲子是關(guān)于什么的？整個(gè)問題可通過問答來陳述“音樂里面含有意思嗎？”我的答案是“有”，“你能夠用詞語把它的意思陳述出來嗎？”我的答案將是“不能”，這對(duì)我來說的確有困難。While listening, each listener feels for himself the specific expressive quality of a theme or, the