考博英語(yǔ)2008閱讀及翻譯.doc

2008年三月中科院英語(yǔ)翻譯全文(15分)One of the most difficult situations that a researcher can encounter is to see or suspect that a colleague has violated the ethical standards of the research community. It is easy to find excuses to do nothing, but someone who has witnessed misconduct has an unmistakable obligation to act. At the most immediate level, misconduct can seriously obstruct or damage ones own research or the research of colleagues. More broadly, even a single case of misconduct can malign scientists and their institutions, result in the imposition of counterproductive regulations, and shake public confidence in the integrity of science.翻譯：研究人員可能遇到的一種最困難的處境是，看到或懷疑一個(gè)同事，違背了研究集體的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。找個(gè)借口不采取行動(dòng)是容易的，但是，你已經(jīng)能證實(shí)不軌行為，你就有明顯的責(zé)任去采取行動(dòng)。不軌行為能直接地嚴(yán)重阻礙或破壞他自己的研究或同事的研究。廣義地說(shuō)，即使是一個(gè)不軌行為，也能中傷科學(xué)家和他們的單位，導(dǎo)致不利于科研出成果的法規(guī)的實(shí)行，并動(dòng)搖公眾對(duì)科學(xué)誠(chéng)實(shí)性的信心。To be sure, raising a concern about unethical conduct is rarely an easy thing to do. In some cases, anonymity is possible-but not always. Reprisals by the accused person and by skeptical colleagues have occurred in the past and have had serious consequences. Any allegation of misconduct is a very important charge that needs to be taken seriously. If mishandled, an allegation can gravely damage the person charged, the one who makes the charge, the institutions involved, and science in general.翻譯：誠(chéng)然，揭發(fā)一個(gè)不道德行為問(wèn)題，大都不是一件容易的事。有時(shí)候，匿名是可能的，但不總是這樣。過(guò)去，曾發(fā)生被控告者或被懷疑的同事進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)的事并產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重后果。關(guān)于不軌行為的任何舉報(bào)，都是一個(gè)需要認(rèn)真對(duì)待的重要指控。如果處理不當(dāng)，一個(gè)舉報(bào)能嚴(yán)重傷害被控告者、指控者、有關(guān)單位、乃至整個(gè)科學(xué)。Someone who is confronting a problem involving research ethics usually has more options than are immediately apparent. In most cases the best thing to do is to discuss the situation with a trusted friend or advisor. In universities, faculty advisors, department chairs, and other senior faculty can be invaluable sources of advice in deciding whether to go forward with a complaint.An important consideration is deciding when to put a complaint in writing. Once in writing, universities are obligated to deal with a complaint in a more formal manner than if it is made verbally. Putting a complaint in writing can have serious consequences for the career of a scientist and should be undertaken only after thorough consideration.翻譯：一個(gè)面對(duì)科研道德問(wèn)題的人，通常除立即公開(kāi)此事外，還有更多的選擇。在大多數(shù)情況下，最好的方法是與一個(gè)值得信任的朋友或?qū)熡懻摯耸?。在大學(xué)里，指導(dǎo)老師、系主任和其他高級(jí)教師，在決定是否提出投訴時(shí)，能提供寶貴的意見(jiàn)。在開(kāi)始寫(xiě)投訴時(shí)要慎重考慮。一旦有書(shū)面投訴，學(xué)校有責(zé)任用比處理口頭投訴更正規(guī)的方式進(jìn)行處理。書(shū)面投訴對(duì)科學(xué)家的職業(yè)生涯會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果，只有完全考慮清楚后才能進(jìn)行。The National Science Foundation and Public Health Service require all research institutions that receive public funds to have procedures in place to deal with allegations of unethical practice. These procedures take into account fairness for the accused, protection for the accuser, coordination with funding agencies, and requirements for confidentiality and disclosure.翻譯：國(guó)家科學(xué)基金會(huì)和公共衛(wèi)生署，要求所有接受公共基金的研究單位有處理舉報(bào)不道德行為的措施。這些措施涉及公平對(duì)待被告、保護(hù)投訴人、與基金管理機(jī)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)、并根據(jù)要求保密及公開(kāi)。In addition, many universities and other research institutions have designated an ombudsman, ethics officer, or other official who is available to discuss situations involving research ethics. Such discussions are carried out in strictest confidence whenever possible. Some institutions provide for multiple entry points, so that complainants can go to a person with whom they feel comfortable.翻譯：另外，許多大學(xué)和其他研究單位設(shè)立了投訴官員、道德官員或其他可以討論科研道德問(wèn)題的官員。這種討論在盡可能極其保密的情況下進(jìn)行。有些單位提供了多種途徑，投訴者可以選擇使他們有好感的人討論問(wèn)題。句子翻譯：1、廣義地說(shuō)，即使是一個(gè)不軌行為，也能中傷科學(xué)家和他們的單位，導(dǎo)致不利于科研出成果的法規(guī)的實(shí)行，并動(dòng)搖公眾對(duì)科學(xué)誠(chéng)實(shí)性的信心。2、如果處理不當(dāng)，一個(gè)舉報(bào)能嚴(yán)重傷害被控告者、指控者、有關(guān)單位、乃至整個(gè)科學(xué)。3、在大多數(shù)情況下，最好的方法是與一個(gè)值得信任的朋友或?qū)熡懻摯耸?。在大學(xué)里，指導(dǎo)老師、系主任和其他高級(jí)教師，在決定是否提出投訴時(shí)，能提供寶貴的意見(jiàn)4、書(shū)面投訴對(duì)科學(xué)家的職業(yè)生涯會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果，只有完全考慮清楚后才能進(jìn)行。5、這些措施涉及公平對(duì)待被告、保護(hù)投訴人、與基金管理機(jī)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)、并根據(jù)要求保密及公開(kāi)。2008年3月其中一篇考博閱讀ABy Jonathan Myerson Walking through my train yesterday, staggering from my seat to the buffet and back, I counted five people reading Harry Potter novels. Not childrenthese were real grown-ups reading childrens books. It was as if I had wandered into a John Wyndham scenario where the adults brains have been addled by a plague and they have returned to childishness, avidly hunting out their toys and colouring-in books. Maybe that would have been understandable. If these people had jumped whole-heartedly into a second childhood it would have made more sense. But they were card-carrying grown-ups with laptops and spreadsheets returning from sales meetings and seminars. Yet they chose to read a childrens book. I dont imagine youll find this headcount exceptional. You can no longer get on the London Tube and not see a Harry Potter book, and I presume the same is true on the Glasgow Metro or the Manchester trams, or the beaches of Ibiza or clubs of Ayia Napa. Who told these adults they should read a kids book? Do we see them ploughing through Toms Midnight Garden? Of course not; if you suggested it they would rightly stare, bemused, and say: Isnt that a kids book? Why would I want to read that? Im 37/42/63. Nor is it just the film; these throwback readers were out there in droves long before the movie campaign opened. Warner Brothers knows it cant hope to recoup its reputed $100m costs through ticket sales to children alone. But the adult desire to tangle with Harry, Hermione and Voldemort existed long before the director Chris Columbus got his hands on the story. So who are these adult readers who have made JK Rowling the second-biggest female earner in Britain (after Madonna)? As I have tramped along streets knee-deep in Harry Potter paperbacks, Ive mentally slotted them into three groups. First come the Never-Readers, whom Harry has enticed into opening a book. Is this a bad thing? Probably not. Ever since the invention of moving pictures, the written word has struggled to be as instantaneously exciting. Writing has many advantages over film, but it can never compete with its magnetic punch. If these books can re-establish the novel as a thrilling experience for some people, then this can only be for the better. If it takes obsession-level hype to lure them into a bookshop, thats fine by me. But will they go on to read anything else? Again, we can only hope. It has certainly worked at schools, especially for boys, whose reading has clearly taken an upward swing for this alone, Rowling deserves her rewards. The second group are the Occasional Readers. These people claim that tiredness, work and children allow them to read only a few books a year. Yet now to be part of the crowd, to say theyve read it they put Harry Potter on their oh-so-select reading list. Its infuriating, its maddening, it sends me ballistic. Yes, Im a writer myself, writing difficult, unreadable, hopefully unsettling novels, but there are so many other good books out there, so much rewarding, enlightening, enlarging works of fiction for adults; and yet these sad cases are swept along by the hype, the faddism, into reading a childrens book. Put like that, its worse than maddening, its pathetic. When I rule the world, all editions will carry a heavy-print warning: This Is A Childrens Book, Designed For Under Elevens. It May Seriously Damage Your Credibility. I can dream, cant I? The third group are the Regular Readers, for whom Harry is sandwiched between McEwan and Balzac, Roth and Dickens. This is the real bafflerwhat on earth do they get out of reading it? Why bother? But if they can rattle through it in a week just to say theyve been there like going to Longleat or the Eiffel Towerthe worst theyre doing is encouraging others. 譯文:昨天在地鐵上，我搖晃著在座位和餐室之間走了個(gè)來(lái)回，看到有5個(gè)人在讀哈里波特。不是孩子這些讀著兒童書(shū)籍的人是如假包換的成年人。我仿佛是走在約翰溫德漢姆（英國(guó)著名科幻作家譯者注，以下同）的小說(shuō)中，那里的成人被瘟疫搞壞了大腦，他們回到了童年，熱切地搜尋著玩具和彩色書(shū)本。這也許是可以理解的。如果他們是全身心地投入了第二次童年就更說(shuō)得過(guò)去了。但是他們是成年人，是揣著信用卡、拎著手提電腦、帶著各種電子表格、剛剛出席完銷售會(huì)議和研究會(huì)的成年人。而他們選擇了閱讀兒童書(shū)籍。 我不認(rèn)為我看到的情形有什么異乎尋常。在倫敦地鐵上看到哈里波特已經(jīng)是一種必然。而且我想，不管是在格拉斯哥的地鐵中還是曼徹斯特的電車上，伊比沙（地中海西部島嶼）的海灘上還是阿伊亞納帕（塞浦路斯度假勝地）的夜總會(huì)里，情形都會(huì)是一樣。是誰(shuí)讓這些成年人去讀一本兒童書(shū)籍的？他們會(huì)埋頭苦讀湯姆的午夜花園（英國(guó)作家菲利帕皮爾斯的兒童小說(shuō)）嗎？當(dāng)然不會(huì)：如果你建議他們?nèi)プx，他們會(huì)理直氣壯地瞪著你，困惑不解地說(shuō)：“那不是小孩子看的嗎？我干嗎要讀它？我已經(jīng)37/42/63了。”這也不僅是因?yàn)殡娪?。在哈里波特電影開(kāi)始宣傳之前很久就已經(jīng)有了成群結(jié)隊(duì)的返老還童的讀者。華納兄弟公司知道，他們不可能光從賣給兒童的電影票中撈回傳聞的1億美元拍攝成本。在導(dǎo)演克里斯哥倫布著手把小說(shuō)拍成電影之前很久，這些渴望能和哈里、赫敏以及伏地魔（均為哈里波特中人物）混在一起的大人就已經(jīng)存在了。這些使JK羅琳成為英國(guó)收入第二高的女人（僅次于麥當(dāng)娜作者自注）的成人讀者究竟是些什么人？踏在被平裝本哈里波特深深掩埋的街道上，我暗自把他們劃分為3種類型。首先是那些從不讀書(shū)的人，他們被哈里引向了書(shū)本。這有什么不好嗎？可能沒(méi)有。從有了電影的那一天起，書(shū)面文字就在努力想像它一樣令人一見(jiàn)傾心。文字與電影相較有許多的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但它永遠(yuǎn)也不能擁有和電影一樣的磁力。如果這些書(shū)能使一些人把閱讀小說(shuō)重新看成令人感動(dòng)的體驗(yàn)，那只能說(shuō)是件好事。如果它們能讓這些人對(duì)逛書(shū)店著迷，對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)也不錯(cuò)。但這些人還會(huì)去讀別的書(shū)嗎？我們只能期待。在學(xué)校里情況顯然如此，尤其是對(duì)男孩來(lái)說(shuō)，他們的閱讀量明顯上升僅此一點(diǎn)，羅琳就無(wú)愧于她所獲的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)（哈里波特曾獲英國(guó)國(guó)家圖書(shū)獎(jiǎng)兒童小說(shuō)獎(jiǎng)等獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)）。 第二種是偶然讀點(diǎn)書(shū)的人。這些人聲稱疲勞、工作和孩子使他們一年只能看幾本書(shū)?？墒乾F(xiàn)在作為許多宣稱讀過(guò)哈里波特的人當(dāng)中的一員他們把哈里波特放進(jìn)了自己“精挑細(xì)選”的書(shū)單。這讓人著惱、讓人瘋狂，氣得我渾身發(fā)抖。是的，我自己就是個(gè)作家，寫(xiě)作晦澀的、難懂的、最好還能讓人不安的小說(shuō)。但還有那么多別的好書(shū)，那么多給大人看的、有益、啟人心智、長(zhǎng)人見(jiàn)識(shí)的小說(shuō)類作品，而這些可悲的病人卻被裹在廣告宣傳和時(shí)尚的洪流之中，去讀一本兒童書(shū)籍。這樣說(shuō)來(lái)，這比瘋狂還要糟糕，這簡(jiǎn)直是悲慘。如果我有一天統(tǒng)治了世界，我會(huì)讓所有版本的哈里波特都打上醒目的警告：“本書(shū)為兒童書(shū)籍，適合11歲以下兒童。本書(shū)可能嚴(yán)重?fù)p害您的可信度?！蔽疫@樣夢(mèng)想，不行嗎？最后一種是經(jīng)常讀書(shū)的人。在他們那里，哈里夾雜在邁克萬(wàn)（Ian McEwan, 英國(guó)當(dāng)代作家）、巴爾扎克、羅斯（Eugen Roth，德國(guó)現(xiàn)代詩(shī)人）和狄更斯們當(dāng)中。這些人我真搞不懂他們究竟能從這本書(shū)里得到什么？干嗎在它上面下工夫？但如果他們只是帶著到此一游的目的在一周內(nèi)把它草草讀完的話就像去朗利特山莊（英國(guó)名勝）或埃菲爾鐵塔一樣他們?cè)斐傻淖顗挠绊懢褪菓Z恿了其他人（去讀哈里波特）2008年中科院英語(yǔ)閱讀B原文“Customer Experience is the internal and subjective response customers have to any direct or indirect contact with a company. Direct contact generally occurs in the course of purchase, use and service and is usually initiated by the customer. Indirect contact most often involves unplanned encounters with representations of a companys products, services or brands and takes the form of word of mouth recommendations or criticisms, advertising, news reports, reviews, and so forth. Such an encounter could occur when Googles whimsical holiday logos pop up on the sites home page at the beginning of a search, or it could be the distinctive “potato, potato” sound of a Harley Davidson motorcycles exhaust system. It might just be an e-mail from one customer to another” - Christopher Meyer & Andre Schwager Harvard Business Review Apple: A customers experience with an Apple device begins long before the purchaser turns it on in the case of the iPod, perhaps with the dancing silhouettes in the TV advertisements. The origami like (and recyclable) packaging enfolds the iPod as though it were a Faberge egg made for a Czar. A small sticker “Designed in California, made in China,” communicates the message that Apple is firmly in charge but also interested in keeping costs down. Even Windows users appreciate the devices intuitive Mac-Like feel and find that downloading tracks from iTunes is easier than buying a CD on Amazon. Every Apple Product is designed with the overarching purpose of making the time one spends with Apple an enjoyable experience. BMW: A successful brand shapes customers experiences by embedding the fundamental value proposition in offerings every feature. For BMW, “the Ultimate Driving Machine” is much more than a slogan; it informs the companys manufacturing and design choices. In 2000, Mercedes Benz introduced a system that automatically controls the distan