醫(yī)學英語寫作與翻譯.doc

.第三部分 醫(yī)學英語的寫作任務(wù)一 標題的寫作（Title）l 標題的結(jié)構(gòu)1. 名詞+介詞Blindness（視覺缺失） after Treatment for Malignant Hypertension2. 名詞+分詞Unilateral Neurogenic Pruritus Following Stroke中風后單側(cè)神經(jīng)性瘙癢3. 名詞+不定式Suggestion to Abolish Icterus Index Determination（黃疸指數(shù)測定） where Quantitative Bilirubin Assay（膽紅素定量） is Available建議能做膽紅素定量的化驗室不再做黃疸指數(shù)測定4. 名詞+同位語Gentamicine, a Selelctive Agent for the isolation of Betahemolytic Streptoccoci-溶血性鏈球菌慶大霉素是分離-溶血性鏈球菌的選擇性藥物5. 名詞+從句Evidence that the V-sis Gene Product Transforms by Interaction with the Receptor for Platelet-derived Growth Factor血小板源性生長因子.V-sis 基因產(chǎn)物由血小板生成因子受體相互作用而轉(zhuǎn)化的依據(jù)6. 動名詞短語Preventing Stroke in patients with Atrial Fibrillation心房纖維性顫動心旁纖顫患者中風預(yù)防Detecting Acute Myocardial Infarction（急性心肌梗死）by Radio-immunoassay for Creative Kinase（酐激酶）用放射免疫法測定酐激酶診斷急性心肌梗死7. 介詞短語On Controlling Rectal Cancer8. 陳述句Dietary Cholesterol is Co-carcinogenic協(xié)同致癌因素 for Human Colon Cancer 9. 疑問句Home or Hospital BirthsIs Treatment of Borderline Hypertension Good or Bad?l 注意副標題的作用1數(shù)目：Endoluminal Stent-graft 帶支架腔內(nèi)搭橋for Aortic Aneurysms動脈瘤: A report of 6 cases帶支架腔內(nèi)搭橋治療動脈瘤的六例報告2重點：Aorto-arteritis 大動脈炎Chest X-ray Appearance and Its Clinical Significance大動脈炎胸部X線表現(xiàn)及臨床意義3方法： Gallstone Ileus（膽結(jié)石梗阻）: A Retrospective Study4作用： Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Breast-cancer Tissue: A useful prognostic indictor乳腺癌組織中癌胚抗原 一種有用的預(yù)后指示5疑問： UnresolvedDo drinkers have less coronary heart disease?6連載順序： Physical and Chemical Studies of Human Blood Serum: II. A study of miscellaneous Disease conditions 人類血清的理論研究：II. 多種病例的研究7時間： A Collaborative 綜合Study of Burn Nursing in China: 1995-1999l 常見標題句式舉例1. 討論型： Discussion of/ on; An approach to; A probe into; Investigation of; Evaluation of / on漢語中的“初步體會”、“試論”、“淺析”之類的謙辭可以不譯。直接表達本意。2. 觀察、報告、結(jié)果型： An observation/ Observations of / on/in3. 調(diào)查類： Survey of / on4. 體會經(jīng)驗類: Experience in / with； Reflection on 5. 總結(jié)綜述：Summary of/ Experience of ; Review of6. 問題型：Problem of ; Some Aspects on7. 探究： Study of/ on / in; Probe into; Exploration of8. 報告：Report of / on 9. 藥物治療和非藥物治療： in the Treatment of ; Management of ; Treatment . with.; Use of in the treatment of Therapy of / for by 10診斷： in the diagnosis of ; Detection of in Diagnosis of by/ with Detection of by Application of to the diagnosis of 練習1. 判斷下列標題的書寫格式是否正確- Treatment of Psoriasis by hemodialysis（不對）- Asthma in a Vietnamese refugee population（不對）- Management of Hypertension in diabetes（不對）- Does the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Involve the Autonomic Nervous system? （不對）- Treatment of macroprolactinoma with cabergoline: A study of 85 Patients（不對）- Clinical Observation on 342 Cases with Allergic Rhinitis鼻炎（對）2. 在下列英文標題中識別關(guān)鍵詞、分析結(jié)構(gòu)并翻譯。- Sudden cardiac death：Clinic pathologic investigation of 51 cases心臟性猝死51例臨床病理探討- Paranthyroidectomy in Chronic Renal Failure: Survey of 38 Cases慢性腎功能衰竭的甲狀旁腺切除療法38例調(diào)查- Recent Experience with Bacillemia菌血癥 due to Gram-negative Organisms.治療革蘭氏陰性桿菌血癥的新體會- Treatment for Malignant Hypertension: An Experience of 35 Cases35例惡性高血壓治療總結(jié)-Certain Problems of the Surgical Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism.甲狀旁腺機能亢進手術(shù)治療的幾個問題- Platelet Function Studies in Heart Disease心臟病患者血小板功能的研究- A Report of Rosai-Dorfman腮腺腫塊性病報告- Use of Steroid （類固醇）in the Treatment of Clinical Septic Shock皮質(zhì)激素治療敗血癥休克- Treatment of Psoriasis by Hemodialysis血液透析治療牛皮癬 - Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Gallstones.膽石癥超聲波診斷3. 請把下列句子改寫成名詞性短語標題（noun phrase titles）- Thyroid cancer is a late consequence of head-neck irradiation改為：Thyroid cancer as a late consequence of head-neck irradiation- Coronary heart disease: Overweight and obesity are risk factors改為：Coronary heart disease: Overweight and obesity as risk factors- High blood pressure is a side effect of drugs, poisons, and food改為：High blood pressure: A side effect of drugs, poisons, and food- High uric acid serves as an indicator of cardiovascular disease改為：High uric acid as an indicator of cardiovascular disease- Prostaglandins serve as mediators of inflammation改為：Prostaglandins as mediators of inflammation任務(wù)二 引言的寫作（Introduction）l 引言的構(gòu)成閱讀下列引言,分析其構(gòu)成部分并概括每一部分的大意。Helicobacter pylori(Hp幽門桿菌) is considered to be the main aetiological agent發(fā)病原因 of the most common form of chronic gastritis胃炎 in the adult populationtype B gastritis. Type B gastritis is localized in the antrum竇, 腔, 房 and pylorus幽門, whereas type A gastritis, the classic autoimmune gastritis, mainly occurs in the fundus 底部. H pylori positive chronic gastritis of the antrum has been found to be closely related to duodenal十二指腸 ulcer and can lead to gastric atrophy萎縮, a precursor 前兆of gastric cancer. （第一部分：課題的研究概況及背景介紹）Environmental factors, such as socioeconomic and educational state, seem to affect the prevalence of H pylori infection. Infection is consistently higher in Hispanic and black people than in white people and is inversely related to educational level. The prevalence程度 of H pylori infection is higher in close communities密集人口 and in members of family groups than in the general population. This may be due to replases or reinfections between members of the same family. Furthermore, the route of transmission of H pylori remains unknown, although most of the evidence supports person to person transmission with colonization occurring primarily in childhood. Under natural circumstances transmission could be by the oro-oral or faecal-oral(糞-口) routes, but no strong evidence exists to support either route as the primary one, and both may be relevant depending on other factors. （第二部分：內(nèi)容、目的和方法等）Most studies of transmission of H pylori infection within families have been conducted on parents and siblings of children referred for針對研究 symptoms and not on the general population. To avoid this potential selection bias偏差, we studied part of the population of the Dionysos cohort study群組研究 to assess whether children of H pylori infected parents had higher infection rate than those families with uninfected parents. （第三部分：理由和意義）l 引言各組成部分的常用時態(tài)和語態(tài)1. 觀察下列有關(guān)“課題的研究概況及背景介紹”的表達中運用了哪些時態(tài)和語態(tài)。(常用一般現(xiàn)在時或者是現(xiàn)在完成時，多用被動語態(tài))- Since its initial description 40 years ago, HCM（Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy肥厚型心肌?。﹉as been largely regarded to be associated with substantial disability and premature death, and annual mortality rates as high as 3% to 6% had been reported.自40年前首次報道以來，人們一直認為HCM與嚴重活動能力受限和過早死亡有關(guān)。據(jù)報道每年死亡。- Studies have shown that patients with chronic renal failure have a high frequency of cardiovascular atheromatous disease.- Stethoscope diaphragms have been shown to harbor potentially pathogenic bacteria.- It remains unclear whether ventricular tachyarrhythmias are influenced by beat-blocking agents blunt the morning peak of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias.- The incidence of common bile duct calculi in patients selected for laparoscopic cholecystectomy is 4 to 6 percent. Management is controversial.2. 請把下列有關(guān)“內(nèi)容、目的和方法等” 的句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)劃出來。（描述過去的研究活動可用過去時或者過去完成時）- In a 22-year-old male, who had been irradiated 16 years previously for Hodgkins disease, a radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma developed. 放療誘發(fā)的甲狀腺癌.16年前因患何杰金病接受放射治療的22歲男子患有放療誘發(fā)的甲狀腺癌。- A total of 120 patients with isolated stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery were randomly assigned to stent implantation.- Patients with myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and congenital heart diseases were excluded.- The analysis showed that this disease was associated with age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index.3. 第二部分的常用時態(tài)和句型（常用一般過去時）- to do- The purpose/ aim/ objective/ goal (of the present study) is /was to- The present study is / was designed / devised / intended to- The study was performed / conducted / carried out / undertaken to- We aimed / sought to / attempted to- In an attempt to investigate/ determine/ clarify/ assess- in an effort to in order to/ in this study- An attempt was made to;- This paper examines/ (is concerned with, deals with will present or describe); - This study will have three objectives: 練習： Translate the following sentences of objective into English1）目的：對臨終前改變護理而采取的臨床干預(yù)進行回顧性研究。譯文：Objective: To review clinical interventions designed to change care at the end of life.2）目的：研究CMV對一年死亡率的同位肝移植患者的作用。譯文：Objective: To study the effect of CMV on 1-year mortality rates in orthotropic liver transplant recipients.3）本文提出了一種確定HIV低流行人群中HIV危險性(risk)的方法。譯文：This article proposes a method for estimating HIV risk in low-HlV-prevalent populations.4）本研究的目的是確定由拆換導尿管而引起的菌血癥發(fā)病率和臨床處理。譯文：The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence and clinical relevance of bacteremia induced by urinary catheter replacements.5）本研究的目的是調(diào)查硝酸甘油劑量對心肌缺血性損害的影響。譯文：The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the dose of nitroglycerin on myocardial ischemic injury.6）目的：確定輸注人體白蛋白能否改善病人的預(yù)后。 譯文：Objective: To determine whether replacement of human albumin will improve a patients prognosis.4. 翻譯下列句子，注意句中劃線部分的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。- Hearts from men who died of sudden coronary death were studied in a prospective fashion. These hearts were seen in consultation （會診）with medical examiner in the state of Maryland between January 1997. Coronary artery fixation, cardiac dissection, and tissue sampling were performed as previously described. 本項目對冠心病猝死的男性心臟進行前瞻性研究。1994年1月至1997年5月馬里蘭州的醫(yī)學人員對這些心臟進行過研究。冠狀動脈固定術(shù)、心臟解剖以及組織標本制作情況如前所述。- B.P. (blood pressure) was measured twice by trained observers using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer after the subject had been seated for at least 5 minutes.受試者就座至少五分鐘后，由訓練有素的觀察者用標準水銀血壓計測量兩次血壓。- Seven of the 12 children were less than 6 years of age at the time of cholecystectomy, and the youngest was a 9-month-old boy who had been receiving total parenteral nutrition（TPN）（ 全胃腸外營養(yǎng)）since shortly after birth after duodenal trauma.12名患者中有7例在進行膽囊切除時年齡不足6歲。最小的是九個月。他出生后不久便因十二指腸創(chuàng)傷一直接受全胃腸外管養(yǎng)。- All samples have been frozen at -20 until tested by conventional ELISA（酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法）.所有標本在-20 下冷凍，用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法測定。5. “第三部分理由和意義”的表達1） 圖表的表述 is showed / presented in Table; the figure shows/indicates/ demonstrate/ illustrate that; was strongly associated with; was inversely correlated with was in direct proportion to ; was increased to/by; was decreased to/ reduced/ dropped/ lowered/ declined to; was inversely proportional to; was compared with; 2) 表達數(shù)值范圍或具有.意義Range from to; range between and ; vary from to vary between and; with a range of to ;from to the ratio of.; vs; the rate of ; results(data) demonstrate/ confirm/ suggest/ indicate/reveal/ that; the experiments/ results/findings/ investigation/ facts/ supply a basis for; the observation results are consistent/in accord/ with the theory/ idea/ proposal/ hypothesis/ previous studies that; is similar to that reported/ described/ documented (證明)by; results are contrasted with/ different from; may have been caused by may lead to .result in account for; is related/due/attributed to Although/ even if; one different interpretation of this difference between and is; on the basis of/ based on these premises; we think believe/ propose/hypothesize/recommend that; can speculate on; whether remains/ is yet to be determined; further analysis experiments will be necessary/ needed to confirm; We conclude that; Have implications to(對有意義)； there are several limitations to; Given考慮到；when taking this point into consideration A major finding of this study is that3) 概述本研究的內(nèi)容A model for was developed; provides a description of; we have provided a new approach to; we have presented empirical 實證studies of ；we have explored the relationship between; the experiment confirmed that ; The result support our claim that. 證實我們的想法； the result shows reasonably good agreement with other. A significant difference was found (observed) in ; 4）理論價值The main contribution of this . is; this will have wider application to such areas of; Two interesting future research lines are as follows; It is believed that further research into. will improve the performance of The results in this paper will give insight to啟發(fā)；will have considerable potential for; There are several issues deserving further study; Among possible topics for the future, we mention6. 致謝常用句型This study was supported by.; other investigators who contributed to this study were; To than for. To be thankful to for/ be grateful to for/ be indebted for to acknowledge ; to express thanks to for to appreciate to express appreciation to for練習：翻譯句子, 注意劃線部分的表達。1. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between acute plaque rupture（急性斑塊破裂） and exertion-related sudden coronary death in a series of carefully studied autopsy hearts（通過詳細的心臟解剖檢查）.譯文：本研究的目的通過詳細的心臟解剖檢查，研究急性斑塊破裂與用力導致冠狀動脈猝死間的聯(lián)系。2. As greater clinical correlation is obtained, the usefulness of thyroglobulin （甲狀腺球蛋白）determination will increase.譯文：隨著人們對甲狀腺球蛋白水平與臨床的相關(guān)認識提高，測定甲狀腺球蛋白的必要性也在提高。任務(wù)三：摘要的寫作（Abstract）l 了解4段式半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的構(gòu)成及常用時態(tài)、語態(tài)1. 找出以下摘要分別為哪些部分構(gòu)成并翻譯。（1）Objective：To evaluate spiral CT (SCT) in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas. （2）Methods：Fifty one patients suspicious of having colorectal carcinoma underwent spiral CT scans performed from the dome 膈頂of the diaphragm to symphysis pubica 恥骨聯(lián)合 after cleansing enema and rectal air insufflation. 41 of the 51 patients were proved to have colorectal carcinoma by colonoscopy and/or pathology. The findings of SCT of 31 patients treated with surgery were compared with the surgical pathological examination for staging.（3）Results：The overall accuracy rate of SCT staging was 58.1% (18/31). For evaluation of T staging and N staging the accuracy rates were 84.4% (27/32) and 61.3%(19/31). Sensitivity and specificity for serosa膜 infiltration腫瘤漿膜外侵犯 were 92.9% and 50.0%.（4）Conclusion：SCT scan plays a significant role in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas useful to detect the serosa infiltration lymph node and distant metastasis.譯文：（1）目的：探討螺旋CT(SCT)對結(jié)、直腸癌術(shù)前分期的價值。（2）方法：51例疑診結(jié)、直腸腫瘤的患者行SCT掃描，掃描前清潔腸道，并經(jīng)直腸注氣，掃描范圍從膈頂至恥骨聯(lián)合。51例中，41例經(jīng)直腸鏡或手術(shù)病理證實為結(jié)、直腸癌，將其中31例病人的資料參與與手術(shù)病理結(jié)果進行對照并進行分期研究。（3）結(jié)果：SCT總的分期準確率為58.1%(18/31)，判斷T分期的準確率為84.4%(27/32)N分期的準確率為61.3%(19/31)。評價腫瘤漿膜外侵犯的敏感性和特異性分別為92.9%和50.0%。（4）結(jié)論：SCT掃描對結(jié)、直腸癌的術(shù)前分期有重要價值，有助于判斷腫瘤漿膜外侵犯及區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)和遠處轉(zhuǎn)移情況。2. 分析四個部分各自使用了什么時態(tài)或語態(tài)，為什么？3. 請把以下表示結(jié)論的句子翻譯成英文，注意畫線部分。 1）常規(guī)手X光片所反映的指骨密度是今后髖關(guān)節(jié)骨折的重要預(yù)知因素。譯文：Phalangeal bone density determined from standard hand x-ray films is a significant predictor of future hip fracture risk.2）我們的結(jié)論是： 在平板運動試驗中（treadmill exercise），血清血液學、生化和電解質(zhì)參數(shù)會發(fā)生微小但重要的變化，其中有些變化應(yīng)引起日常臨床工作的重視。譯文：We conclude that during treadmill exercise small but significant changes in serum hematological, biochemical and electroyte parameters occur, some of which should be taken into account in the everyday clinical practice.3）結(jié)果證實這種類型的肝炎可能與高發(fā)生率的持續(xù)肝功能障礙有關(guān)。譯文：The results confirm that this form of hepatitis may be related to a high frequency of persistent hepatic dysfunction.4）兒童期應(yīng)變性(atopic)濕疹對于社會、個人、感情以及家庭的經(jīng)濟前景都具有深遠影響。譯文：Childhood atopic eczema has a profound impact on the social, personal, emotional, and financial perspectives of families.5）我們發(fā)現(xiàn)Carbose結(jié)合飲食和胰島素是治療I型糖尿病安全、有效的藥物。譯文：A Carbose was found to be a safe and effective agent, when used in combination with diet and insulin therapy, for the treatment of type I diabetes.6）考慮到有些病人血液透析存活率降低，為了預(yù)防和治療排他作用，對這些病人加大免疫-抑制劑的劑量或許是必要的。譯文：Increased dosage of immuno-suppressive agents may be necessary in some patients to prevent or treat rejection in view of their reduced survival on hemodialysis.4. 分析并判斷以下摘要的組成部分及其相關(guān)時態(tài)語態(tài)。 To investigate whether glucagon (高血糖素 )increases the urinary excretion of oxypurinol (別嘌呤二醇)and purine (嘌呤)bases. We administered 1mg glucagon intravenously to 5 healthy subjects taking 300 mg allopurinol (別嘌呤 )orally, and determined plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of oxypurinol and purine bases. Glucagon increased the urinary excretion and fractional clearances of uric acid, xanthine (黃嘌呤), and oxypurinol, together with an increase in creatinine clearance, while it decreased plasma concentrations of xanthine and hypoxanthine. Glucagon-induced increases in urinary excretion of uric acid, xanthine, and oxypurinol were attributable to increases in the fractional clearances of uric acid, xanthine, and oxypurinol in addition to an increase in golmerular filtration rate. It is suggested that glucagon affects the renal common transport pathway of uric acid, xanthine, and oxypurinol by stimulating the release of a liver derived renal vasodilator.5. 請把以下摘要翻譯成英文。 飲酒對心臟的健康：有害還是有利 過量飲酒是公共衛(wèi)生的老大難問題，導致了巨大的經(jīng)濟花費和其他的負擔。盡管長期過量飲酒在少數(shù)飲酒者中導致原發(fā)性心肌癥，但是，由于酒精中毒現(xiàn)象普遍存在酒精成為西方社會非缺血性原發(fā)性心肌癥的主要原因。相反，大量的證據(jù)表明，適量飲酒有保護心臟的作用。不僅能減少致命的缺血性心臟病的發(fā)病率，而且能改善因其它冠心病高危因素而發(fā)生心肌梗死的病人預(yù)后狀況。因此，醫(yī)生給病人的飲酒建議應(yīng)該因人而異。譯文： The Effects of Alcohol on the Heart: Detrimental or Beneficial?Alcohol abuse is a substantial public health problem, resulting in staggering financial costs and other burdens. Prolonged alcohol abuse leads to cardiomyopathy in a minority of alcohol abusers, but because alcoholism is so widespread, alcohol is the major cause of non ischemic cardiomyopathy in Western society. In contrast, substantial evidence now suggests that moderate alcohol consumption has cardioprotective effects. It not only reduces the incidence of fatal iscbemic heart disease, but it improves outcome in patients who have other risks for comnmy events and go on to have my- ocardial infarctions. Therefore, physicians recommendations about alcohol consumption should be as individualized as their patients.l 怎樣使摘要簡潔1）分詞短語代替從句 - Cancer of the breast which is known to be leading cause of death in women, too often escapes detection in an early stage. 改為：The breast cancer, still a leading cause of death in women too ofte