英文摘要寫作中對造句的要求.doc

英文摘要寫作中對造句的要求一篇好的英文摘要是由一系列好的句子構(gòu)成的所謂好的句子應(yīng)當具有完整( unit y) 、連貫(coherence) 、簡潔(conciseness) 、強調(diào)(emphasis) 和多樣(variety) 的特點。完整指句子應(yīng)當表達單一的完整的思想,這是構(gòu)成好句子的第一要素。連貫指句子各部分之間清楚而合理的聯(lián)系:句子中的詞語和部分應(yīng)恰當?shù)劂暯?它們之間的聯(lián)系應(yīng)十分清楚。不連貫的句子通常有以下幾種毛病:平行結(jié)構(gòu)有缺點;代詞指代不清楚;修飾語和被修飾語的關(guān)系不明確;在人稱、數(shù)、語態(tài)、時態(tài)或語氣上有混亂之處。簡潔指句子當中沒有不必要的詞語,在句意表達完整的前提下,用詞越少越好。強調(diào)指將重要的內(nèi)容放在合適的位置,如段落或者語句的開頭或結(jié)尾,以引起讀者的注意。多樣是指句型的多樣化。例句分析怎樣寫出簡潔的句子1,用一個詞代替一個短語例1 A. Particular attention is paid to discuss the relationship between the magnetic field induction or node magnetic force at the cent re of bloom and the changing current/ f quency.B. Discusses emphatically the relationship 例2 A. Several typical systems are given as examples to explain how to use the new model , and the calculated result s were compared with those obtained f rom2factor model.B. Several typical systems are given to exemplify how to use the new model , with the calculated result s compared to those resulting f rom2factor model.2,用短語代替句子例3 A. The performance of the network is improved and the block rate is decreased.B. The performance of the network is improved with the block rate decreased.例4 A. It makes up for the insufficiencies of t raditional common cause failure model , and at the same time , the NP problem is avoided.B. It makes up for the insufficiencies of traditional common cause failure model , thus avoiding the NP problem.例5 A. The opened system architecture is composed of application layer , database layer , network layer and system layer. The system is designed and the operation flowchart is given.B. The opened system architecture is composed of four layers , i. e. , the application , database ,network and system layers , with a flowchart given to show it s operation.用短語代替句子不僅縮短了全句,更重要的是清晰地表達了句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系.例3A 中,兩個并列句的關(guān)系是平等的:網(wǎng)絡(luò)的性能得到改善并且阻塞率降低了。但實際上,正是由于阻塞率的降低才使網(wǎng)絡(luò)的性能得以改善,兩者是因果關(guān)系。例3B 清晰地表達出這層意思:伴隨著阻塞率的降低,網(wǎng)絡(luò)的性能得以改善。例4 也用短語表達出了兩個并列句的邏輯關(guān)系。例5B 用with 短語代替A 中的第2 個句子,既去除了冗余,也體現(xiàn)出了兩個句子的主次:顯然第1 個句子更重要.3,用短語代替從句例6 A. They are a new kind of liquid crystals which are different f rom conventional rod2like molecules.B. They are a new kind of liquid crystals differing f rom conventional rod2like molecules.例7 A. The time series was decomposed into several int rinsic mode component s via EMD , which are stationary series.B. The time series was decomposed into several int rinsic mode component s via EMD to make every component stationary.例8 A. It is difficult to utilize effectively the dust/ sludge which is produced in iron and steel plant s.B. It is difficult to utilize effectively the dust/ sludge produced in iron and steel plant s.4,用主從復(fù)合句代替幾個簡單句例9 A. Present s an active queue management algorithm to solve the problems of dynamic network congestion. The algorithm is based on the fuzzy sliding mode cont rol and adapt s to the change of dynamic network flow.B. Based on the fuzzy sliding mode cont rol , an active queue management algorithm adaptable to the change of dynamic network flow is presented to solve the problems of dynamic network congestion.例10 A. The metal flow in the extending cavity during continuous ext ruding/ extending forming in semi2solid state was simulated by FEM. The metal flow law in the mould with different designed parameters was obtained.B. How the metal flows in the extending cavity during continuous ext ruding/ extending forming in semi2solid state was simulated by FEM to investigate the metal flow behavior in the moulds designed with different parameters.例11 A. The bullwhip effect of e2market dual2channel is described quantitatively , the cont rol mechanism of it is analyzed , and the H cont rol st rategy for cont rolling the bullwhip effect is advanced.B. Describing quantitatively the bullwhip effect of e2market dual2channel and analyzing it s cont rol mechanism , an H cont rol st rategy is proposed to cont rol the bullwhip effect .簡潔并不意味著簡單撰寫英文摘要常犯的錯誤之一就是將本可以用一個主從復(fù)合句表達完整的思想用幾個并列的簡單句來表達這種表達方法看似簡潔,但實際上卻割裂了各句之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系.例9B 用1 個句子完整地表達了例9A 中3 個句子所表達的思想,避免了冗余詞.例10A 中包括2 個簡單句,它們分別描述了作者所做的工作和得到的結(jié)果,但2 個句子之間缺乏有機的聯(lián)系.例10B 將2 個句子合二為一,用動詞不定式短語“to investigate the metal flow behavior”點明了作者的工作目標.例11A 用了3 個被動語態(tài)的簡單句將作者所做的工作及取得的成果平淡地、不分主次地一一道來,令人乏味.例11B 則用了2 個主動語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)描述作者的工作,生動而有力;主句采用被動語態(tài)表達了作者的工作成果,客觀而理性.全句主次分明.怎樣強調(diào)句子的內(nèi)容例12 A. He supervised the mechanical design of the entire master system. His work included it shigh2vacuum system , cryogenics , and microwave engineering.B. He supervised the mechanical design of the entire master system , including it s high2vacuum system , cryogenics , and microwave engineering.例13 A. This manual has the maintenance information. Information in this manual includes preventive maintenance , t roubleshooting , and aligning.B. This manual has the maintenance information , including preventive maintenance , t roubleshooting ,and aligning.例14 A. The additional reflections doubled the light2gathering capacity and thereby improved the signal2to2noise ratio.B. The additional reflections doubled the light2gathering capacity , thereby improving the signal2to2 noise ratio.例12例14 中,A 句都是由2 個簡單句構(gòu)成的,表達2 層同樣重要的意思.如果需要將這2 層意思改變?yōu)? 層表達主要思想,而另1 層處于從屬位置時,則可以將表示從屬含義的動詞改為2ing 形式,如例句中的B 句.例15 A. The FM deviator is an RC phase2shift oscillator that produces a highly linear FM carrier.B. The FM deviator , RC phase2shift oscillator , produces a highly linear FM carrier.例16 A. The clearance should be 0. 002 to 0. 003 inch and is regulated by the armature2adjusting screw.B. The clearance , 0. 002 to 0. 003 inch , is regulated by the armature2adjusting screw.例15 和例16 中,A 句有2 個動詞.可以將處于從屬地位的意思用同位語或類似的形式表示出來,而只留下1 個要強調(diào)的動詞.如例句中的B 句.例17 A. The hoses are fitted with check valves to prevent the coolant f rom draining off .B. Check valves on the hoses prevent the coolant f rom draining off .例18 A. Each position has a knob for cont rolling the light intensity.B. A knob at each position cont rols the light intensity.例17 和例18 中,A 句有2 個動詞如果要強調(diào)第2 個動詞表達的意思,可以用介詞替代第1 個動詞,并改變詞序,如例句中的B 句.例19 A. The method of joining Bi2223/ Ag superconductor tapes is described. Using the chemical method , one side of silver shield is removed f rom B. A chemical method of making joints between Bi2223/ Ag superconductor tapes was developed the way the silver shield is removed f rom 例20 A. It can provide a better QoS multicast routing t ree const ruction solution in IP/ DWDM optical Internet .B. It can provide a better way to const ruct QoS multicast routing t ree in IP/ DWDM optical Internet .例19 中,作者要介紹的是一種制作“接頭”的化學方法,A 句用現(xiàn)在分詞短語“joining Bi2223/ Ag superconductor tapes”來表示“接頭”的概念,而B 句則只用了“making joint s”.顯然,B 句的表達方法更直截了當,因而也更令人印象深刻.例20 中,作者要強調(diào)一種“更好的方法”,在A 句中,a better solution 之間插入了較長的定語,使讀者不易立即抓住主題,而在B 句中,將A 句中solution 前的定語改為后置定語,用動詞不定式短語表示,突出了重點.怎樣正確插入修飾語為了準確表達句子的意思,避免引起歧義,修飾語應(yīng)當貼近被修飾語修飾語和被修飾語的關(guān)系不明確是英語寫作時常犯的錯誤,下面是幾則實例.例21 A. The series of A in which the B content was 40 % were synthesized by polymerizing C and D onto E particles using F technique.B. The series of A in which the B content was 40 % were synthesized using F techniqu