最新高中英語(yǔ)十六種時(shí)態(tài)精講及練習(xí)題附答案.doc

最新高中英語(yǔ)十六種時(shí)態(tài)精講及練習(xí)題附答案時(shí)態(tài)一般時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在(1)study(5)be studying(9)have studied(13)have been studying過(guò)去(2)studied(6)be studying(10)had studied(14)had been studying將來(lái)(3)will study(7)will be studying(11)will have studied(15)will have been studying過(guò)去將來(lái)(4)would study(8)would be studying(12)would have studied(16)would have been studying1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。 Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 yesterday morning (afternoon, evening)last night (week, month, year),a moment ago , a week ago, three years agojust now,等。 Where did you go just now?2) 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的就是過(guò)去時(shí)。例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人過(guò)去常常坐在寧?kù)o的公園里的一條長(zhǎng)椅上，看著其他的人，一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)，什么也不干，也不和任何人交談。）He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。）3) 有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語(yǔ)氣。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借車(chē)用一用，可以嗎？）Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在這里嗎？）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)聯(lián)的過(guò)去事件；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則與現(xiàn)在毫無(wú)關(guān)系，只是單純的過(guò)去的情況。比較：I have lost my pen, so I have to buy one. 我丟了鋼筆，所以得去買(mǎi)一枝。I lost my pen, but found it later. 我丟了鋼筆，但后來(lái)找到了。當(dāng)句子中有表示明確過(guò)去的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：他一周以前動(dòng)身去了紐約。誤：He has left for New York a week ago. 正：He left for New York a week ago. 另外，當(dāng)句首為疑問(wèn)詞when時(shí)，其后可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：你什么時(shí)候和他首次見(jiàn)面的?誤：When have you first met him? 正 ：When did you first meet him?3一般將來(lái)時(shí) 一、意義：表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，也表示將來(lái)經(jīng)常或重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。時(shí)間標(biāo)志：tomorrow , soon ,next Monday , next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening 二. 構(gòu)成及變化：一般將來(lái)時(shí)常用的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)be going to+動(dòng)詞原形 : 表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事或即將發(fā)生或肯定要發(fā)生的事。shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形 : 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，沒(méi)有太多的計(jì)劃性, 還用來(lái)表示意愿Hes going to New York next week.下周他要去紐約.It will rain tonight.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái) 1）下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.4.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would do)概念：立足于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，從過(guò)去看將來(lái)，常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc. （一）“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。常表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。例如He said he would come to see me.他說(shuō)他要來(lái)看我。He told me he would go to Beijing.他告訴我他將去北京。（二）“was/ were+going to+動(dòng)詞原形”。?？捎脕?lái)表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。例如：She said she was going to start off at once.她說(shuō)她將立即出發(fā)。I was told that he was going to return home.有人告訴我他準(zhǔn)備回家。此結(jié)構(gòu)還可表示根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)情況判斷有可能但不一定會(huì)發(fā)生某事。例如：It seemed as if it was going to rain.看來(lái)好像要下雨。（三）come， go， leave， arrive， start等動(dòng)詞可用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他說(shuō)火車(chē)將于第二天早晨六點(diǎn)離開(kāi)。She told me she was coming to see me.她告訴我她要來(lái)看我。1- The plane is leaving right now, but Jim hasnt arrived yet. - Well, he said he _here on time. A came B would come C can be D will be2 As soon as the baby saw her mother, she _. A was going to cry B cried C began to cry D was crying3 Li Ming said he _happy if Brian_to China next month. A as; come B was; would come C would be; came D will be; come4Jenny said she _her holiday in China. A spent B would spent C was going to spent D would spend5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)( be doing)1）表示現(xiàn)在( 指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。 We are waiting for you.2）習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫(xiě)，只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。)3）表示計(jì)劃或安排好了的將來(lái)動(dòng)作，常與一個(gè)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用Mike is coming home on Thursday. 邁克星期四回來(lái)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別（一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常性，可帶頻率時(shí)間，無(wú)時(shí)限性。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的暫時(shí)性； The shop closes at 7:30 p.m. Father doesnt smoke. (習(xí)慣) I watch TV every day. (經(jīng)常性) I am watching TV now. (暫時(shí)性)He studies hard. 他(經(jīng)常)努力學(xué)習(xí)。 He is studying hard. 他(此刻或現(xiàn)階段)正在努力學(xué)習(xí)。 (二)持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的一般時(shí)表持續(xù)情況，表示長(zhǎng)久性動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常性，習(xí)慣性行為或客觀存在的事實(shí)、事物的本質(zhì)特性，沒(méi)有時(shí)限性。進(jìn)行時(shí)表暫時(shí)性或有限時(shí)刻的持續(xù)，表示短暫性動(dòng)作，The table _ soft。(feels) 表特性特征。 Japan _ in the east of China。(lives) 表客觀事實(shí)He lives in Beijing.(生活在北京 ) He is living in Beijing.(目前住在北京暫時(shí)性)Lucy lives in Beijing. (長(zhǎng)久性居住) Lucy is living in Beijing.(短時(shí)間居住) 短暫動(dòng)詞的一般時(shí)敘述事實(shí)，特征，能力，而進(jìn)行時(shí)描述反復(fù)發(fā)生，即將發(fā)生或剛開(kāi)始行為。 He jumps high. (特征) He is jumping very high. (反復(fù)) 考題 I dont really work here! I _ until the new secretary arrives. A. just help out B. Have just helped out C.am just helping out D. Will just help out 分析 依題意“我不能在此工作”，說(shuō)明help out這一行為只是眼前暫時(shí)發(fā)生的事，選?？碱} It seldom _ her but it _ heavily. A. snows/snows B.snows /snowing C. Is snowing /I s snowing D. Is snowing /snows 分析 seldom 表頻率敘述經(jīng)常性事實(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，but 轉(zhuǎn)折描述眼前暫時(shí)情況，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，故選。(三)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)帶always，continually，forever，constantly， for ever等頻率副詞，表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，有著極大的感情色彩，表示不滿或滿意。，而一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)所表述的動(dòng)作通常是事實(shí)。Youre always forgetting the most important things. (責(zé)備) He often helps others. (事實(shí))He is always making noises in class. (討厭) He is always helping others. (贊揚(yáng)) He is perpetually interfering in my affairs.她老是干預(yù)我的事。 (不滿)The students are making progress constantly.學(xué)生們?cè)诓粩噙M(jìn)步。 (滿意)(四)一些表示情感狀態(tài)、知覺(jué)認(rèn)識(shí)、愿望或短暫性的動(dòng)詞，不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作而應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：see(明白)，hear，know(知道)，understand，want(需要；想要)，like(喜歡)，love，like，hate， wish，hope，believe，hear，have(有)，think(想；認(rèn)為)，agree， notice，等等。I have a lot of friends here.嚴(yán)格區(qū)分進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般時(shí)的語(yǔ)義 (五)come，go，leave，start，return，move，reach，sail，fall 等一般時(shí)態(tài)表客觀規(guī)定計(jì)劃，進(jìn)行時(shí)表主觀打算推測(cè)。Flight 254 leaves at 5:30. (表客觀規(guī)定計(jì)劃) The plane is taking off an hour later.(主觀判斷)(六)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示眼前看得見(jiàn)的動(dòng)作。例如：Boats pass under the bridge. 船從橋下穿過(guò)。The boat is passing under the bridge.船正從橋下穿過(guò)。6 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were doing) 1）概念：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示過(guò)去某一階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作2）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.典型例題1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. read； was fallingB. was reading； fellC. was reading； was fallingD. read；fell一、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞否定句則在was/were后加一個(gè)not,疑問(wèn)句將was/were提前則可。如：He was reading a book at 5:00pm yesterday. He was not reading a book at 5:00 yesterday.Was he reading a book at 5:00 yesterday? (Yes, he was./ No, he wasnt.)What was he doing at 5:00 yesterday?二、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用法：1. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常和表示過(guò)去的狀語(yǔ)連用。如： （just）then 那時(shí)，當(dāng)時(shí) at this/that time 在這/那時(shí) yesterday afternoon昨天下午 at nine 在九點(diǎn) last night 昨晚 （at）this time yesterday在昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候 但在不少情況下，沒(méi)有表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)需要通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。 What were you doing at nine last night? 昨晚九點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，你在做什么？ I was watching TV at home yesterday afternoon. 我昨天下午正在家里看電視。 They were playing football at this time yesterday.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他們?cè)谔咦闱颉?.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與those days, the whole morning, from 8:00 to 12:00 last night等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。（1）From 1983 to 1998 , he was teaching at Yale . 從1983到1998年，他正在耶魯大學(xué)教書(shū)。（2）They were building a bridge last winter . 去年冬天他們正在造一座橋。 (3) He was writing a book those days. 那幾天他正在寫(xiě)一本書(shū)3、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別。（1）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作。也就是說(shuō)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，只表示有過(guò)這件事；用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，則強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性。 I wrote a letter this morning. 今天上午我寫(xiě)了一封信。（信寫(xiě)完了）I was writing a letter this morning. 今天上午我在寫(xiě)一封信。（信不一定寫(xiě)完）(2) 表示過(guò)去的狀態(tài)、感覺(jué)及心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如be， like， love， hate， fear， own， hear， see， know， want， notice)可用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)，但通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我討厭人們說(shuō)話時(shí)口里含著食物。下面幾種情況不用一般過(guò)去時(shí)而要用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)： (1) when作并列連詞，表示“(這時(shí))突然”之意時(shí)，第一個(gè)并列分句用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，when引導(dǎo)的并列分句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，突然遇見(jiàn)了他。We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我們正在外邊玩，這時(shí)下起雨來(lái)了。(2) go, come, leave, start, arrive等動(dòng)詞可用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的含義。如：I was leaving for Wuhan that day. 那天我正要去武漢。She was coming later. 她隨后就來(lái)。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)：1 Simon _ (make) a model plane at 8:00 a.m.2 Peter _(do) his homework at seven last night.3 They _ (watch) a football match from 7:00 to 9:00 last night.4 He _(try) to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.5 What book _ you _(read) when I _ (see)you at four yesterday afternoon?6 While she _ (watch) TV, her son _ (play) outside the room.7 It _ (begin) to rain when we _(work) in the field.8 I _ (do) my homework last night when the light _ (go) out. go out 意為熄滅9 I saw you in the reading room yesterday , Tom. What were you doing?-Oh, I _ (read) some books on science.10.- Did you see Tim just now? - Yes. He _ (fish) by the river.11.When the teacher _ (come) into the classroom, the students _（laugh）loudly.7將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)（shall/will be doing）將來(lái)某時(shí)（段）正進(jìn)行，預(yù)計(jì)不久要發(fā)生。通常用在口語(yǔ)中，語(yǔ)氣委婉頓生情?！薄居梅ā繉?lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞will/shall+be+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，具體用法如下：(1)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與soon,tomorrow,thisevening,onSunday,bythistime,intwodays,tomorrowevening等表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：IwillbehavinganEnglishclassat8tomorrow.我明天八點(diǎn)鐘正在上英語(yǔ)課。Marywillbeworkinginthefactoryinthenexttwomonths.下兩個(gè)月瑪麗將在這個(gè)廠里工作。(2)在口語(yǔ)中常用來(lái)表示按計(jì)劃或安排即要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：ThistimetomorrowIshallbeflyingtoNewYork.明天這個(gè)時(shí)候我將飛往紐約。At7:00thiseveningIwillbewatchingthenewsprogrammesonTV.今晚七時(shí)，我將正在收看電視上的新聞節(jié)目。(3)表示預(yù)料不久要發(fā)生或勢(shì)必要發(fā)生的事情或?qū)?lái)的某種可能性，說(shuō)話人往往有“我料想”或“我估計(jì)”的含義。如：Webelievethatpeasantslifewillbegettingbetterandbetter.我們相信農(nóng)民的生活會(huì)越來(lái)越好。Ifwedontdoso,weshallbemakingaseriousmistake.如果我們不那樣做，我們就會(huì)犯嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。(4)表示親切或委婉的語(yǔ)氣。如：Whenshallwebemeetingagain?我們什么時(shí)候再見(jiàn)面？【注意】在時(shí)間、條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：Becarefulwhenyouarecrossingthestreet.過(guò)馬路時(shí)要當(dāng)心。IfTomisdoinghishomeworkwhenyoucomeback,dontdisturbhim,please.你回來(lái)時(shí)如果湯姆正在做作業(yè)，請(qǐng)不要打擾他。8過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)（should/would be done）一.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：1.過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)由should(would)+be+現(xiàn)在分詞2.否定：should(would)+not二.基本用法：1.過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言,將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,主要用于賓語(yǔ)從句中,尤其多用于間接引語(yǔ)中。舉例：Theysaidtheywouldbecoming.他們說(shuō)了他們將要來(lái)。(用于間接引語(yǔ)中）HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingatsixthenextday.他問(wèn)我次日六點(diǎn)將正在做什么。(用于間接引語(yǔ)中）Thenewjobhewouldbetakingwasraisingracinghorses.他將要接受的新工作是養(yǎng)賽馬。（用于定語(yǔ)從句中）2.過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之后即將進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。舉例：Hesaidhecouldnotcomebecausehewouldbehavingameeting.他說(shuō)他不能來(lái)因?yàn)橐_(kāi)會(huì)。3.過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它常和表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，但上下文清楚時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)亦可省略。和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣，它也常表計(jì)劃中的事，不表意愿或打算。它還有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，即常用在賓語(yǔ)從句（尤其是間接引語(yǔ)）中。舉例：JohntoldusthatMarywouldbecomingnextday.約翰告訴我們瑪麗第二天來(lái)。IneverrealizedthatsomedayIwouldbelivinginChina.我從未想到將來(lái)有一天會(huì)在中國(guó)居住。Shesaidshewouldbesettingoffonthe10oclocktrain.她說(shuō)她將乘10點(diǎn)鐘的火車(chē)走。4.過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用在其它從句中。舉例：ThenewnamehewouldbeusingwasJackJones.他將用的新名是杰克瓊斯。（用在定語(yǔ)從句中）HewouldpaytherestashewouldbeleavingFrance.其余款項(xiàng)，他將在離開(kāi)法國(guó)時(shí)付清。（用在狀語(yǔ)從句中）5.過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)也可用在獨(dú)立句中。Thecarstarted.EllenJameswouldbedrivingofftotheuniversity.車(chē)子發(fā)動(dòng)了。埃倫詹姆斯要開(kāi)車(chē)到大學(xué)去。9現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (have/has done)表示到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止(或到現(xiàn)在為止)已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了(不一定結(jié)束)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且有可能還會(huì)持續(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。四種用法表示影響表示一個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作在過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成，并且這個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生并完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響或結(jié)果，同時(shí)說(shuō)話者強(qiáng)調(diào)的或感興趣的就是這個(gè)影響或結(jié)果，如漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“他已離開(kāi)這個(gè)城市了”，其中的“離開(kāi)”肯定發(fā)生了，它對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果就是“他現(xiàn)在已不在這個(gè)城市了”；又如漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“有人把窗戶打破了”，顯然“打破窗戶”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，并且在過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成了，但說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)是打破窗戶對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響窗戶現(xiàn)在仍是破的。如：He has been away from the city.他已離開(kāi)這個(gè)城市。(結(jié)果：他不在這個(gè)城市。)Someone has broken the window.有人把窗戶打破了。(結(jié)果：窗戶仍破著。)I have lost my pen. 我把鋼筆丟了。根據(jù)句意可知，“丟鋼筆”這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，同時(shí)也在過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成，但這個(gè)過(guò)過(guò)去發(fā)生和完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響我現(xiàn)在無(wú)鋼筆用，或我得去買(mǎi)支新的。We have finished the work. 我們已把工作干完了。顯然“完成工作”這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，同時(shí)也在過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成，但這個(gè)過(guò)過(guò)去發(fā)生和完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響我們可以休息了，或可以回家了，或可以做別的事了。表示持續(xù)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或開(kāi)始的狀態(tài)在過(guò)去并未完成或結(jié)束，而是一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且有可能繼續(xù)下去(也可能到此結(jié)束)，如漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“他在我們學(xué)校教書(shū)已有30年了”，顯然“他在我們學(xué)校教書(shū)”是從30年前開(kāi)始，并且一直教到現(xiàn)在，已經(jīng)持續(xù)了30年；又如漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“自上個(gè)星期以來(lái)他一直很忙”，顯然“忙”是從上個(gè)星期開(kāi)始的，并且這一“忙”就一直忙到現(xiàn)在。如：Ive waited a week for your answer. 等你的答復(fù)我已等了一個(gè)星期。根據(jù)句意可知，“等”這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但它在過(guò)去并沒(méi)有完成，而是一直等到現(xiàn)在，已持續(xù)了一個(gè)星期。We have lived here quite a number of years. 我們?cè)谶@里住了很多年了。根據(jù)句意可知，“住在這兒”是從過(guò)去開(kāi)始的，但它在過(guò)去并沒(méi)有完成，而是一直等到現(xiàn)在，已持續(xù)了好幾年。表示重復(fù)即表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間直到現(xiàn)在的這個(gè)時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)不斷重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，并且這個(gè)不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作有可能繼續(xù)下去，也有可能到現(xiàn)在就結(jié)束。如：How often have you seen her again? 你隔多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間見(jiàn)她一次?My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父親一向騎車(chē)上班。表示將來(lái)同一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)一樣，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可以在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句里表示將來(lái)。如：Ill wait until he has written his letter.我愿等到他把信寫(xiě)完。When you have rested， Ill show you the garden.等你休息好之后，我領(lǐng)你看我們的花園。典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming (2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有影響，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)詞對(duì)現(xiàn)在影響。你對(duì)這樣的解釋肯定不滿意，因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作不管你用什么時(shí)態(tài)，它對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響都是存在的，并不會(huì)因?yàn)槟闼玫臅r(shí)態(tài)不同而有所變化。比如你過(guò)去記的單詞對(duì)你現(xiàn)在有影響，你過(guò)去搞的鍛煉對(duì)你現(xiàn)在有影響，你過(guò)去看的電影對(duì)你現(xiàn)在有影響，你過(guò)去犯的錯(cuò)誤對(duì)你現(xiàn)在有影響，你過(guò)去缺過(guò)課對(duì)你現(xiàn)在有影響，等等。 其實(shí)，對(duì)于過(guò)去發(fā)生并已完成的動(dòng)作，不管你是用一般過(guò)去時(shí)還是用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，它對(duì)現(xiàn)在都是有影響的，它們的不同之處在于，說(shuō)話者是否強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)影響如果強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，就用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過(guò)去時(shí)間，就用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。體會(huì)下面的句子（注意體會(huì)說(shuō)話者用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的言外之意）：例一 Ive washed the car. 我已經(jīng)洗過(guò)車(chē)了。 I washed the car. 我洗了車(chē)子。 第一句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是洗車(chē)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響車(chē)現(xiàn)在是干凈的，你若原計(jì)劃去洗車(chē)的現(xiàn)在就無(wú)需去洗了，等等（這就是說(shuō)話者用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的言外之意）；第二句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，它不強(qiáng)調(diào)洗車(chē)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只表明車(chē)在過(guò)去洗過(guò)，至于它現(xiàn)在是否干凈說(shuō)話人并不關(guān)心。例二 The lift has broken down. 電梯壞了。 The lift broke down. 電梯壞了。 第一句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是電梯壞對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響我們不得不走樓梯，或我們得請(qǐng)人來(lái)修電梯，等等（這就是說(shuō)話者用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的言外之意）；第二句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，它不強(qiáng)調(diào)電梯壞對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只表明電梯在過(guò)去曾經(jīng)壞過(guò)，至于它現(xiàn)在是否能用說(shuō)話人并不關(guān)心。例三 Tom has had a bad car crash. 湯姆發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的車(chē)禍。（他可能仍在住院。） Tom had a bad crash. 湯姆發(fā)生過(guò)嚴(yán)重車(chē)禍。（他現(xiàn)在很可能已經(jīng)出院了。） 第一句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是出車(chē)禍對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響湯姆可能現(xiàn)在仍在住院，可能無(wú)法現(xiàn)在就去參加某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，等等（這就是說(shuō)話者用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的言外之意）第二句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，它不強(qiáng)調(diào)出車(chē)禍對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只表明湯姆在過(guò)去曾經(jīng)出過(guò)車(chē)禍，至于他現(xiàn)在是否已經(jīng)出院之類(lèi)的相關(guān)說(shuō)話人并不關(guān)心。如何理解現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)影響？1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。就是說(shuō)，動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，然而該動(dòng)作的結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。Tom has eaten something. 湯姆吃了一些東西。（意味著：He is not hungry now. 他現(xiàn)在不餓了。）My daughter has already phoned me about her health. 我女兒已經(jīng)給我來(lái)電話，說(shuō)過(guò)她身體情況。（意味著：So I am not worried about her. 于是我不擔(dān)心她了。）I havent heard from my friend John. 我一直沒(méi)有朋友約翰的消息。（意味著：I dont know how he is getting along.）以上各個(gè)例句，假若使用一般過(guò)去式，也完全正確。但無(wú)法表達(dá)那種對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果。2. 表示過(guò)去的某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。We have studied English for seven years. 我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了七年英語(yǔ)。His uncle has worked in this factory since he left the army. 他叔叔自從離開(kāi)部隊(duì)以來(lái)一直在這家工廠上班。Shes been very busy lately. 她最近非常忙。【用法辨析】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法區(qū)別這兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)都可以指過(guò)去已發(fā)生的事，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，或是對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)單純談過(guò)去的事情，與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。凡是有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。The prices have gone down，but I wonder if theyll remain so. 價(jià)格已經(jīng)降下來(lái)了，但我不知是否會(huì)繼續(xù)保持這樣。（現(xiàn)在仍低）The prices went down for a long time last year. 去年價(jià)格曾下降過(guò)一段很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回升）Now hes a worker，and he once served in the army for 5 years.他現(xiàn)在是個(gè)工人，他曾在部隊(duì)服過(guò)5年兵役。（現(xiàn)在已離開(kāi)部隊(duì)）He has served in the army for 5 years. 他當(dāng)兵5年了。（現(xiàn)在還在部隊(duì)）【特別注意】在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，尤其美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中，常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，不太考慮過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響與否。I saw the film already. (= I have seen the film already.) 我看過(guò)這部電影。10 過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had done) 1.概念：以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，或在過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。 2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑問(wèn)句：had放于句首。 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 2） 用法a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.b. 狀語(yǔ)從句在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例題 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has left C. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left注意：had no when還沒(méi)等 就had no sooner than剛 就 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 從用法上說(shuō)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，而過(guò)去完成時(shí)則表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前(即過(guò)去的過(guò)去)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。但有時(shí)某個(gè)動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，但卻也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如：(1) 當(dāng)幾個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作用and, then, but等連接，且按照動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序表達(dá)時(shí)，幾個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用一般過(guò)去：I bought a radio but lost it. 我買(mǎi)了一部收音機(jī)，但丟了。Very soon she apologized and left. 不久她表示了歉意就走了。He retired and wrote his memoirs. 他退休了，撰寫(xiě)了他的回憶錄。He stood up, took his coat and went out. 他站起身來(lái)，拿起外套，然后就出去了。The little girl alternately sulked and made scenes. 這小姑娘一會(huì)兒生悶氣，一會(huì)兒和人吵架。(2) 由after, before, as soon as 等連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，由于這些連詞已經(jīng)清楚地表明了主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的先后順序，所以對(duì)于先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示：I told them the news after you (had) left. 你走后我把這消息告訴了他們。As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again. 我剛把電話一放下，它又響了。(3) 在一定的語(yǔ)境中，表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)想法或打算的過(guò)去完成時(shí)也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示：He hoped to come with us, but he was too busy. 他本想同我們一起來(lái)的，但他太忙了。I thought I could go, but I cant. 我原認(rèn)為我能去，但我(現(xiàn)在)去不了?！咀ⅰ咳魶](méi)有明確的語(yǔ)境，則宜用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，否則可能有歧義，如說(shuō)I hoped