口譯中的邏輯分析指的是對講話進(jìn)行縱向和橫向的分析.doc

Module 2 Logical analysisI Theory and skills口譯中的邏輯分析指的是對講話進(jìn)行縱向和橫向的分析，縱向分析是指分清關(guān)鍵信息和輔助信息，即找出邏輯的層次；橫向分析則是明確各信息點之間的邏輯關(guān)系，如因果關(guān)系、對比對照、舉例說明等。邏輯分析的目的是為了透徹地理解原語講話的內(nèi)容，對信息的點（具體的信息內(nèi)容）、線（各點之間的聯(lián)系）和面（即整體概念）進(jìn)行全面的把握，以便于記憶和表達(dá)。信息經(jīng)過分析加工，便能在記憶中留下更深的印象。邏輯分析練習(xí)可分為縱向分析和橫向分析練習(xí)?？v向分析的訓(xùn)練方法和第一課介紹的概述練習(xí)有些類似，但側(cè)重點不一樣?？v向分析要求進(jìn)行邏輯分層訓(xùn)練，即在聽完一篇講話后首先用一句話概括出講話的中心內(nèi)容，這是邏輯的最上層；圍繞這一中心問題講話人談了哪幾個方面的內(nèi)容，這是第二層關(guān)系；而每個方面又具體談了些什么，這是邏輯的下一個層次。例如第一課的練習(xí)1.1介紹了三種錯誤的飯后習(xí)慣，這三種習(xí)慣分別是：飯后立即吃水果、喝茶和散步；針對每一種錯誤習(xí)慣，分析了其原因，提出了正確的做法；在原因里又提到幾種原因，分別是。就這樣將信息一層一層地剖析下去，形成一個清晰的邏輯線路圖，然后按照邏輯線路對原語講話進(jìn)行復(fù)述，復(fù)述時不必拘泥于原語的順序和結(jié)構(gòu)。橫向分析的練習(xí)則要求我們找出信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系。一般的信息結(jié)構(gòu)都遵從一定的邏輯關(guān)系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分類（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、對比對照（compare & contrast）、按照時間、空間、步驟、重要性的順序排列（sequencing）、列舉（simple listing）、提出問題-解決問題（problem-solution）等。找邏輯關(guān)系可以根據(jù)線索詞匯，如英文里表示概括關(guān)系的線索詞匯有：to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等；表示順序的詞匯有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile等；表示對比的詞匯有：likewise, as well as, in common with, both, similarly，compared to等；表示對照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的則有：so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to等等。邏輯分析要求在聽取信息時不是被動地接收，而是在全神貫注地收聽的同時，結(jié)合自己對口譯情境和講話人背景的了解，進(jìn)行合理的分析和預(yù)測，這樣才能更好地跟上講話人的思路，緩解“聽”的壓力，使口譯理解更輕松更準(zhǔn)確。II Skills practiceTeaching suggestions: Tell the students to form a mind picture or logic tree while listening, trying to associate main points with the corresponding sub-points, and then do the retelling to check the effectiveness of their logic analysis.Instruction: retell the passage, paying attention to the logic2.1有償搭車“上班族”借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)帖聯(lián)絡(luò)搭乘“順風(fēng)車”，這種出行方式最近在北京、上海、深圳等一些大中型城市開始流行起來。一些網(wǎng)站還專門設(shè)立了相關(guān)的欄目，北京出現(xiàn)了全國第一家順風(fēng)車專業(yè)門戶網(wǎng)站，有需求者只要將自己的出發(fā)地和目的地發(fā)布上網(wǎng)，就會很容易獲得理想的搭乘機(jī)會。除此之外，也有一些搭乘者是通過朋友介紹認(rèn)識的。與國外一些國家搭順風(fēng)車現(xiàn)象有所不同的是，按事先約定，國內(nèi)的一些搭乘者會以現(xiàn)金或?qū)嵨锏男问浇o車主一定的補(bǔ)償，而一些車主也將省錢和掙錢作為提供便利的目的之一。面對越來越多的汽車污染以及日漸嚴(yán)重的交通壓力，“順風(fēng)車”的出現(xiàn)無疑是件好事。但隨之而來的“有償搭車”現(xiàn)象卻引起了各方的不同看法。對此持贊同意見的人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該提倡這種做法，因為它既方便了乘車人，也減輕了車主的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，同時還能緩解城市交通壓力；反對的人則認(rèn)為私家車收費搭乘他人，嚴(yán)格意義上屬于非法營運，由于它沒有辦理任何證件，干擾了正常的客運市場。政府應(yīng)加以嚴(yán)格管理；一些保險公司相關(guān)人士還認(rèn)為，一旦發(fā)生事故，保險公司有權(quán)拒賠，理由是營運車風(fēng)險比較大，同類型汽車的保險費收費標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，營運車輛要高于私家車。2.2 Why are girls not as good at maths and science?Girls dont do as well at maths and science as boys. There are several reasons for this. The first and most important reason is that they arent encouraged to play with toys that build up interest in maths and science problems and that build skills for problem solving or understanding how things work. Girls are encouraged to play with toys that foster language and human relations skills. As a result, they can grow up not knowing how an engine works or how to build a model from directions. Second, studies have shown that teachers dont expect girls to be good at maths. Even female maths and science teachers pay more attention to boys in class and call on boys more often. Because teachers dont expect girls to excel, they dont try very hard, and soon girls are far behind boys in these studies. Finally, girls dont have many role models to look up to. Not very many maths and science teachers are women, especially in the later grades. When the media picture mathematicians and scientists, they usually picture men. As a result, girls arent inspired to choose these fields as careers. In summary, several factors work together in the home, in schools, and in society at large to send a subtle message to girls. Girls almost always get the message; as a result, few girls excel at maths and science. III. Interpreting exercise2.1 Yo-Yo Ma詞匯與短語cellist大提琴家span跨過album專輯Grammy格萊美獎composer作曲家Carnegie Hall卡耐基音樂大廳Julliard School of Music朱利亞音樂學(xué)院anthropology人類學(xué)collaborate合作genre流派vocal cords聲帶Language tips1. His career as a professional cellist spans more than 20 years and over 50 albums.他的大提琴職業(yè)生涯跨越了20余年50多張專輯。”To span” is to cover, to cross. It would sound more idiomatic Chinese if the sentence were translated: 作為大提琴演奏家，馬友友的職業(yè)生涯已經(jīng)橫跨了20多個年頭，期間他發(fā)布了50多張專輯。2. His experiences at Harvard as well as his multi-cultural background have helped to shape who he is today. 他在哈佛的求學(xué)經(jīng)歷以及多元的文化背景都造就了今天的馬友友。”To shape who he is today”, to make him what he is, or to contribute to his achievements.3. The most important thing when he plays is to give all of himself all of the time in a performance：對他來說，最重要的就是每一場演出都全身心地投入。”Give all of himself all of the time”, to be fully concentrated, to devote all of himself to. Today well meet one of the greatest cellists of our times, Yo-Yo Ma. His career as a professional cellist spans more than 20 years and over 50 albums. He has been honored for his music with many awards including an amazing 14 Grammy. He has played on many important occasions including the Grammy and the Olympics. /Yo-Yo Ma was born in France to Chinese parents who were both musicians. His mother was a singer, his father, a composer. Yo-Yo Ma gave his first public performance when he was only 5. 4 years later, at the tender age of 9, he was playing at the prestigious Carnegie Hall in New York, by which time the family had moved to the US. / Yo-Yo Ma pursued his cello studies at the Julliard School of Music. From there he opted to attend Harvard and got a degree in anthropology. His experiences at Harvard as well as his multi-cultural background have helped to shape who he is today. /Today Yo-Yo Ma continues his musical journey, never hesitating to collaborate with musicians of all genres and from around the world. He is inspired by people and nature. To him, the cello is an extension of his vocal cords. The most important thing when he plays is to give all of himself all of the time in a performance, to try to transmit the contents of the music to the audience he is playing for. /IV Self-study materialInstruction: Retell to each other the following dialogue in groups, trying to compare whose logic is clearer and why.詞匯與短語“Hero”英雄（電影名）動作片action movie模式formula報仇血恨r(nóng)evenge功夫超群outstanding Kongfu master題材廣博much broader theme“Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon”臥虎藏龍（電影名）李安Ann Lee（臥虎藏龍導(dǎo)演）huge hit引起轟動，取得巨大成功sequels續(xù)集martial arts champion武術(shù)冠軍獨特的武打技巧unique martial arts technique很深的哲理sophisticated philosophyCNN：Congratulations on “Hero”. I mean, is the part very similar to what you normally play? 李連杰：不，這是一部不同尋常的電影中的一個非常獨特的角色，和我以往演過的角色都不一樣。可以說這是我最重要的動作片之一。CNN：Why do you say that? You have made about 30 movies. How is this one different from the rest? 李連杰：通常的動作片都有這么一個模式：一個孩子的父母親被殺，這個孩子從小習(xí)武，立志報仇血恨。長大后他果然功夫超群，除掉壞蛋，為父母報仇。但