心理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)法

心理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)法 Ch 11Single CaseResearchDesigns Case amanwithdamageinWernickearea Readthedescriptioninpage325 thedescriptionisfromamanwithWernicke sareadamage whichproducedadisordercalledanomia Casesuchasthisarerelativerareandprovideglimpsesintotheoperationofvariousbrainareas Thus scientistsaretypicallylimitedtoasingleindividual Single caseresearchdesign Def asingleparticipantorasinglegroupofindividualsisusedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceofatreatmentcondition Single casedesignexperimentallyinvestigateatreatmenteffect whereascasestudiesprovideanin depthdescriptionofanindividual Psychologicalresearchactuallybeganwiththeintensivestudyofasingleorganism WiththepublicationofFisher s 1935 work psychologiststurnedfromsingle casestudiestowardmultiparticipantdesigns ButB F Skinner sExperimentalAnalysisofBehaviorisdevotedtoexperimentationwithasingleparticipant oronlyafew onthepremisethatthedetailedexaminationofasingleorganismunderrigidlycontrolledconditionswillyieldvalidconclusionsaboutagivenexperimentaltreatmentcondition Thedebateinclinicalpsychology Casestudywasinitiallytheprimarymethodofinvestigation Bolger 1965 Eysenck 1952 demonstratedtheinadequacyofthismethod Thestudiesdidnotprovethatpsychothearpyworked HersenandBarlow 1976 Bergin 1966 thoughtthatthemultiparticipantdesignsfailedtodemonstratetheeffectivenessoftherapybecausetheresultswereaveraged Someresearchersbegantoadvocatereturningtotheuseofexperimentalcasestudies Becausebehaviortherapyinvolvedtheapplicationofmanyofthelearningprinciplesthathadbeenidentifiedinthelab itwasbutasmallstepfortheseappliedresearchersalsotoborrowtheeproceduresusedtoidentifytheseprinciples Single casedesign It snecessarytousesomeformoftime seriesdesign Forameaningfulcomparison theresearcherhastorecordtheparticipant sresponsebeforeandafterIVadministration Toavoidthethreatofinternalvalidity wemustobtainmultiplepre andpost responsemeasures Nowit satime seriesdesignusingoneparticipant whichrepresentsdescriptiveexperimentation Andit salsoexperimental Consequently itallowsustoevaluatetheeffectofanIV But remember it sonlyquasi experimental Theproblemofatime seriesdesign Itdidnotruleouthistoryeffect Theabilitytodetectatreatmenteffectwiththedesignhingeson 決定於 theabilitytopredictthebehavioroftheparticipantiftreatmentconditionhadnotbeenadministered Theunderlyingassumptionisthatthepatternofpre responsemeasureswouldhavecontinuedifthetreatmentinterventionhadnotbeenapplied ABAdesign Themostbasiconeofsingle casedesign Areferstobaseline Breferstotreatment Generally thetreatmentconditioniscontinuedforanintervalequivalenttotheoriginalbaselineperiodoruntilsomesubstantialandstablechangeoccursinthebehaviorsbeingobserved Thesecondbaselineconditionisreinstitutedinordertodetermineifbehaviorwillrevertbacktoitspretreatmentlevel Exercise WalkerandBuckley 1968 TheeffectofpositivereinforcementontheclassroomperformanceofPhilip Identifythebaselineandtreatment Isitanacceptableresult YES WHY NO WHY ABABdesign CaseofQuattrochi TubinAndJason 1980 Fig 11 3 p 332TheproblemofABAdesignisthatareversaltobaselinedoesnotoccurwithallbehavior ABAwithdrawalvs ABAreversal ABAwithdrawalthetreatmentconditioniswithdrawn ABAreversalthetreatmentconditionisappliedtoanalternativebutincompatiblebehavior Allen Hart Buell Harris andWolf 1964 p 333Mostofthesingle caseABAdesignsthatyouencounterwillbeofthewithdrawalvariety Interactiondesign Theinteractioneffectinsingle caseresearchreferstothecombinedinfluenceoftwoormorespecificlevelsoftwoormoredifferentIVs Toisolateinteractiveeffect it snecessarytoanalyzetheinfluenceofeachvariableseparatelyandincombination Fig11 5 p 335 Exercise Leitenberetal 1968 75 p 335 8 Multiple baselinedesign ThedesignisshowninFig 11 9 p 338Thedifficultyofthisdesignisitmustnotbeinterdependenceofbehaviors KazdinandKopel s 1975 suggestionselectbehaviorsthatareasindependentaspossible Useseveralbaselinestodecreasethepossibilityofdependenceacrossallbaselines Changing Criteriondesign Fig 11 11 p 341HallandFox s 1977 caseHartmannandHall 1976 threefactorsthelengthofbaselineandtreatmentphasethemagnitudeofchangeinthecriterionthenumberoftreatmentphasesorchangesinthecriterion M