限定性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

限定性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別一、在句中作用不同 限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確。限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切,只是對(duì)其作一些附加說(shuō)明,不起限定制約作用。如果將非限制性定語(yǔ)從句省去,主句的意義仍然完整。 二、外在表現(xiàn)形式不同 限制性定語(yǔ)從句因與先行詞關(guān)系密切,所以不可以用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi);而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切,所以可用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。 例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English? 你還記得教我們英語(yǔ)的那個(gè)女孩嗎? 例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time. 鐘是一種能夠告訴人們時(shí)間的儀器。 例 3. This is the place where he used to live. 這就是他過(guò)去居住的地方。 例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. 張先生昨天來(lái)看我,他是我的一位朋友。 例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day. 我們沿著村里的大街向前走去,村民們正在那里趕集。 析:在前三個(gè)例句中,定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切,為限制性定語(yǔ)從句,不可用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。在后兩個(gè)例句中,定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系不密切,為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,可用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。 三、先行詞內(nèi)容有所不同 大多數(shù)限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞往往為某一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ),而特殊情況下非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞也可為整個(gè)主句,此時(shí)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常由 which 引導(dǎo)。 例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一個(gè)中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫,這令我十分恐懼。 析:由語(yǔ)境可知,令“我”恐懼的內(nèi)容應(yīng)為“中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫”這整個(gè)一件事,因此先行詞為整個(gè)主句,此時(shí)應(yīng)由 which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present. 一個(gè)五歲男孩會(huì)講兩門(mén)外語(yǔ),這令所有在場(chǎng)的人感到非常驚訝。 析:由語(yǔ)境可知,令所有在場(chǎng)的人感到驚訝的內(nèi)容是“一個(gè)五歲男孩會(huì)講兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)”這整個(gè)一件事,因此先行詞為整個(gè)主句,此時(shí)應(yīng)由 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 四、關(guān)系詞的使用情況有所不同 (一) that 不可用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 所有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞均可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,大多數(shù)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,但 that 不可。 例 1. 他送給他母親一臺(tái)彩電作為生日禮物,這使她非常高興。 誤: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot. 正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot. 例 2. 他沒(méi)通過(guò)這次考試,令我很失望。 誤: He didnt pass the exam, that disappointed me. 正: He didnt pass the exam, which disappointed me. 值得注意的是,不少同學(xué)誤認(rèn)為只有 which 才能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,這個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)是不正確的。使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),如果先行詞指人,則用 who , which 或 whose 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;先行詞指物可用 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;先行詞表時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)且在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可用 when , where 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 例 1. Well graduate in July, when we will be free. 我們將于七月份畢業(yè),到那時(shí)我們就自由了。 例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held. 他們上周日到達(dá)南京,有個(gè)會(huì)議要在那里舉行。 (二)關(guān)系代詞替代情況不同 關(guān)系代詞 whom 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不可用 who 來(lái)代替。 例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street. 這是我在街上遇到的那個(gè)女孩。 析:先行詞 the girl 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),可用 who 代替 whom . 例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress. 一個(gè)年輕的小伙子新交了一個(gè)女朋友,他想給她留下深刻的印象。 析:先行詞 a new girl friend 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),不可用 who 代替 whom . 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,先行詞指人時(shí)可用 that 代替 who/ whom ,但在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中先行詞指人時(shí),不可用 that 代替 who/whom . 例:她有一個(gè)姐姐,她是教師。 誤: She has a sister, that is a teacher. 正: She has a sister, who is teacher. (三)關(guān)系代詞省略情況不同 關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省去,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的所有關(guān)系詞均不可省。 例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday. 這就是他昨天丟的那本書(shū)。 析:先行詞 the book 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),關(guān)系代詞 which 或 that 可以省略。 例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found. 他昨天丟了這本書(shū),但現(xiàn)在已找到了。 析:先行詞 the book 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),關(guān)系代詞 which 不可省。 實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練 1. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 2. Have you ever been to Xian, _ I left ten years ago. A. which B. whose C. that D. / 3. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 4. His English, _ used to be very poor is now excellent. A. which B. that C. it D . whom 5. Some of the roads were flooded, _ makes o ur journey more difficult. A. that B. it C. which D. who 6. Ill find a nice girl, _ I want to marry. A. who B. whom C. that D. which 7. Ill come at ten, _ Ill be free. A. which B. that C. when D. what 8. She has two brothers, _ are teachers. A. who B. that C. whom D. / 9. Which answer is NOT true? This is the factory _ I visite