初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：動(dòng)詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié).doc

初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：動(dòng)詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)（一）掌握動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞四種形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則；1、動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)的第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)的構(gòu)成：詞尾加-s look-looks find-finds以s,x,ch,sh或o結(jié)尾詞尾加-es watch-watches,push-pushes以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾變y為i再加-es fly-flies,apply-applies2、動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式及過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的變化：詞尾加-ed look-looked,looked以e結(jié)尾詞尾加-d live-lived,lived以“輔音字母+Y”結(jié)尾,變y為i,再加-ed carry-carried,carried以重讀閉音節(jié)或r音節(jié)結(jié)尾,且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母,再加-ed stop-stopped不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的變化。（略）3、動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成：直接加-ing look-looking watch-watching以e結(jié)尾去e加以重讀閉音節(jié)或r音節(jié)結(jié)尾,且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母,再加-ing swim-swimming以ie結(jié)尾且為重讀開(kāi)音節(jié)變ie加y再加ing die-dying lie-lying（二）掌握動(dòng)詞六種時(shí)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu),主要用法及區(qū)別（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,與always,usually,often,sometimes,every day(week,month)等連用；表示現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)或狀態(tài)；表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征,性格和能力；以及表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍其理。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常以動(dòng)詞原形表示,但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí),動(dòng)詞原形后需加-s或-es。She likes biology very much.她非常喜歡生物。They often go to school by bike.他們通常騎車(chē)上學(xué)。2、一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的副詞如：yesterday,last week,two hours ago等連用；表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,這時(shí)可與頻度副詞often,usually,always等連用；表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的一連串動(dòng)作,以及在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成：一般過(guò)去時(shí)由動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式構(gòu)成。We met each other on the street yesterday.我們昨天在街上碰見(jiàn)了。She often went swimming last year.她去年經(jīng)常去游泳。They moved the chairs to the table,sat down and began to have supper.他們把椅子搬到桌邊,坐下開(kāi)始吃飯。Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.瑪麗告訴我如果下雨她就呆在家里。3、一般將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如next month,tomorrow,in a week,soon等連用。一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成：（1）一般將來(lái)時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。其中shall主要用于主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)（I和we）的疑問(wèn)句中。（2）也可以用“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示根據(jù)目前跡象很有可能發(fā)生的某件事情,或是打算、計(jì)劃、以及決定要做某件事情等。They will have a class meeting next Tuesday.他們下周二將舉行班會(huì)。We shall meet at the school gate.我們將在學(xué)校大門(mén)口見(jiàn)。It is going to rain.要下雨了。4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與now,at present,at this,moment等連用；或與these days,this week/month等連用,表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。有時(shí)還與always,continually,forever等詞連用,表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作,代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)人強(qiáng)烈的感情。如贊揚(yáng)、不滿(mǎn)、討厭等。如：588.esHe is always asking such silly questions.他老是提這類(lèi)愚蠢的問(wèn)題。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“be(am/is/are)+V-ing”構(gòu)成。They are watching TV now.他們正在看電視。The dog is enjoying his meal.小狗正在吃飯。5、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法相同,只不過(guò)參照的時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)不同。過(guò)去進(jìn)行表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。一般和特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句連用。如：then,at that time,at eight yesterday,this time yesterday,when he came in等。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)類(lèi)似,只不過(guò)把be(am,is,are)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式（was,were）They were watching TV at that time.他們那會(huì)正在看電視。The dog was enjoying his meal at this time yesterday.小狗昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候正在吃飯。6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,但后果或影響仍在,常與already,just,yet等副詞連用；或是表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,常與for或since引導(dǎo)的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞“have/has+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。.他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。He has lived here for three years.他在此住了兩年了。（三）掌握系動(dòng)詞p等的基本用法常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有：l等。它們后面常接形容詞,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。Please keep the classroom clean.請(qǐng)保持教室的干凈。The bread looks very fresh.這些面包看上去很新鮮。（四）了解過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法；過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)點(diǎn)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)和一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成相同,只是把will,shall變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式would,should,把助動(dòng)詞be的過(guò)去式變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式was或were而已。如：They were going to have a meeting.他們?cè)蛩汩_(kāi)會(huì)。過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作之前已完成的行為或存在的狀態(tài)。與現(xiàn)在完成的用法相同,只不過(guò)作為衡量基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)不同,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)以現(xiàn)在作為衡量的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn),而過(guò)去完成時(shí)則以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻作為基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)。它表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作之前完成了的動(dòng)作,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,常by,before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：By the time he was ten,Edison had built a lab for himself.到愛(ài)迪生10歲時(shí),他已給自己建了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她說(shuō)她已在那所醫(yī)院工作20年了。（五）掌握助動(dòng)詞be,do,have,shall,will的基本用法；助動(dòng)詞是“輔助性”動(dòng)詞,一般沒(méi)有詞義,不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),但可用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ),表示不同的時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),和數(shù)的變化。常見(jiàn)的助動(dòng)詞有：（1）be(am,is,are,was,were,being,been)與現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)合,構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)；或與過(guò)去分詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Im looking for my pen.我正在找我的筆。（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）These cups are made in China.這些杯子是中國(guó)制造的。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）（2）have(has,had,having)與過(guò)去分詞結(jié)合,構(gòu)成完成時(shí)。They have known each other for twenty years.他們互相認(rèn)識(shí)有二十年了。（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.他十歲時(shí)就已經(jīng)為自己建了一個(gè)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。（過(guò)去完成時(shí)）（3）do(does,did)助動(dòng)詞do后只能跟動(dòng)詞原形,與not及其他動(dòng)詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成否定句,或置于主語(yǔ)之前構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句。He does not speak English.他不說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。?他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)的？（4）will(would),shall(should)will能用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)的任何人稱(chēng)后；would是will的過(guò)去時(shí),能用于過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；兩者后面都接動(dòng)詞原形。The plane will arrive in ten minutes.飛機(jī)十分中后將要到達(dá)。I was sure we would win.我確信用我們會(huì)贏。shall與should這兩個(gè)助動(dòng)詞本身沒(méi)有詞義,shall只能用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)的第一人稱(chēng)后；should是shall的過(guò)去時(shí),只能用于過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的第一人稱(chēng)后；兩者后面都接動(dòng)詞原形。We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow.我們明天將在校門(mén)口見(jiàn)。I told them that I should do the work alone.我告訴他們我將獨(dú)自做那項(xiàng)工作。（一）掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,must,need,may等基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)及主要用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在英文中是“輔助性”動(dòng)詞,用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài),包括請(qǐng)求、命令、允諾、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、義務(wù)、能力等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有詞義,但詞義不完全,不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ),沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化,且后面只跟動(dòng)詞原形。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的種類(lèi)：can could能may might可以（或許）must must(had to)必須（不得不）will would愿意shall should應(yīng)該need needed需要dare dared敢于can的用法（1）表示體力或腦力方面的“能力”,也能表示根據(jù)客觀條件能做某事的“能力”。The boy can swim very well.Who can answer this question?（2）表示允許The students can leave after the meeting.When can I get the news?（3）表示推測(cè)It can be wrong.Who can your new teacher next term?could的用法（1）can的過(guò)去式,表示過(guò)去有能力及過(guò)去的可能性。They could run very fast when they were young.Could you speak English at that time?（2）表示客氣地請(qǐng)求或委婉地陳述意見(jiàn)。Could I borrow your bike?Could you listen to me carefully?（3）表示驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度How could that be?She couldnt know me.must的用法（1）表示義務(wù),命令或必要You must finish it before 5 oclock.Must I hand it in now?（2）表示肯定的推測(cè)：一定She must be a pretty girl.You must be wrong.need的用法588.es(1)表示“需要,必須”,主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。We need to pay more attention.Need I call him for you?（2）need引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句,肯定回答時(shí)多用must,否定回答時(shí)用neednt。?他必須來(lái)嗎？Yes,he must.是的,必須來(lái)。No,he neednt.不,他不必來(lái)。may的用法（1）表示請(qǐng)求、許可、可以May I ask you some questions?May we start now?（2）表示推測(cè)說(shuō)話(huà)人的猜測(cè),認(rèn)為某一事情“或許”或“可能”發(fā)生。He may be 25 years old.（3）may用于感嘆句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。May you success!May you have a nice trip！should的用法should意思是“應(yīng)該”,表示勸告或建議（=ought to）Who should I meet this afternoon?You should pack you bag quickly.（二）了解一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)三種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及其基本用法被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。一般說(shuō)來(lái),只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。漢語(yǔ)往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞（p.p.）”構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)變化只改變be的形式,過(guò)去分詞部分不變。疑問(wèn)式和否定式的變化亦如此。1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（am/is/are+done）English is spoken by lots of people in the world.世界上的許多人都說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。Class meeting is held every Thursday.每周四都舉行班會(huì)。The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.學(xué)生們每天都打掃教室。2一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(was/were+done)The cup was broken by the boy.杯子被那個(gè)男孩打碎了。He was saved at last.他最終獲救了。My bike was stolen.我的自行車(chē)被偷了。3一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(will/shall be+done;would/should be+done)A speech will be given this afternoon.今天下午有一個(gè)演講。A new road will be built next year.明年要修一條新馬路。I think thousands of people will be helped.我認(rèn)為將有數(shù)千人得到幫助。（三）了解含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式及其基本用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞;其時(shí)態(tài)及句型的變化僅由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成,“be+過(guò)去分詞”部分不變。如：Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石頭制造。Tables could be made of stone at that time.那時(shí)桌子可由石頭制造。（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）Can tables be made of stone?桌子能用石頭制造嗎？（疑問(wèn)句）（四）動(dòng)詞不定式的基本用法動(dòng)詞不定式在句子中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)（包括目的狀語(yǔ),結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)和原因狀語(yǔ)。）1）作主語(yǔ)To dance with you makes me happy.和你跳舞令我高興。It is difficult to drive in the mountains.(=To drive in the mountains is difficult.)在山里開(kāi)車(chē)很困難。2）作賓語(yǔ)后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞多是表示“意愿”、“企圖”等的動(dòng)詞,如：hope,want,wish,desire,like,decide,try,promise,refuse.I want to t