定語從句知識梳理及例題解析.doc

定語從句英語基礎(chǔ)語法有關(guān)定語從句的概念(1)定語從句：就是在復(fù)合句里充當(dāng)定語的從句，它通常緊靠在所修飾的名詞或代詞后面。(2)先行詞：就是被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞。(3)關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which和that等；關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why等。關(guān)系詞不僅起連接作用，而且還代表先行詞并在定語從句中擔(dān)任某一句子成分，關(guān)系代詞作主語、賓語、定語、表語等，關(guān)系副詞作狀語。如：This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 這就是我父親昨天幫我買的那本書。說明：句中修飾the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定語從句；被定語從句所修飾的the book這是先行詞；代表the book的關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中作bought的直接賓語。The time when he arrives is not known. 他到達的時間還不知道。說明：句中when he arrives是定語從句，被定語從句修飾的the time是先行詞，關(guān)系副詞when作時間狀語。關(guān)系代詞的一般用法先行詞是人，在從句中作主語用who，作賓語用whom或who，作定語用whose；先行詞是物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語都用which，作定語用of which或whose均可。在限制性定語從句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。關(guān)系代詞作賓語時常被省略。This is the man who helped me yesterday. 這就是昨天幫助我的那個人。(作主語)The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要見的老師來了。(作see的賓語，可以省略)I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我認(rèn)識一位男孩，他的父親是宇航員。(作定語)Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 這是一件做給你的衣服。（作主語）This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.這就是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那家工廠。(作visited的賓語，可以省略)He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的書。關(guān)系副詞的一般用法關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why，在定語從句中作狀語，分別表示時間、地點和原因。when的先行詞通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等時間名詞；where的先行詞通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地點或情形名詞；why的先行詞只能是reason。關(guān)系副詞when和where有時可用“介詞which”代替，why可用for which代替。如：There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？注意：先行詞雖然是時間或地點，但若在定語從句中作主語或賓語時，要用關(guān)系代詞。(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父親曾工作的那家工廠關(guān)閉了。(作狀語)比較：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工廠關(guān)閉了。(作主語)(2) Ill never forget the days when we lived together. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們一起生活的那些日子。(作狀語)比較：Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們在澳大利亞度過的那些日子。(作及物動詞spent的賓語)(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了變質(zhì)的肉。(作狀語，用關(guān)系副詞)比較：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所說的缺席理由顯然是編造的。(作gave的賓語，用關(guān)系代詞)習(xí)慣上要用that引導(dǎo)的定語從句(1)當(dāng)先行詞是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one時，或先行詞被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修飾時。All that can be done has been done. 能做的都已經(jīng)做了。He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他將告訴你他所聽到的關(guān)于這件事的一切。There is little work that is fit for you. 沒什么工作適合你做。I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。(2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或最高級形容詞時，或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞(包括last, next)、最高級形容詞及the only, the very 等修飾時。This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.這是我到這里后所看的第一場電影。This is the best that has been used against pollution. 這是用來防止污染的最好辦法。This is the very book that I am looking for. 這正是我一直在尋找的那本書。(3)先行詞包括人和物時(from )。They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. 他們常常談?wù)撃切┧麄兏信d趣的人和事。(4)當(dāng)主句是以who或which開頭的疑問句時，為了避免重復(fù)，多用that引導(dǎo)。如：Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子？Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在彈鋼琴的那位小姐是誰？習(xí)慣上不用that引導(dǎo)的定語從句(1)在非限制性定語從句中，不以能用that引導(dǎo)。Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. 昨天我碰到了瑪麗，她顯得非常興奮。(2)直接在介詞后作賓語時，不能用that引導(dǎo)，要用whom, whose或which，且不能省略。The house in which we live is not large. 我們住院的房子不大。I know the young man with whom you live. 我認(rèn)識和你住在一起的那個年青人。但當(dāng)介詞放在從句的末尾時，可以用that替代which, who替代whom，也可以省略關(guān)系代詞。如：The house (which/that) we live in is not large. 我們住院的房子不大。I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. 我認(rèn)識和你住在一起的那個人。(3)當(dāng)先行詞是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone,people 等時，多用 who。如：None so blind as those who wont see. 睜眼不看事實的人眼最瞎。Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超過十六歲的人都允許進去。I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一個人，他說認(rèn)識你。He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. (諺)欲加之罪,何患無辭。(4)當(dāng)先行詞與關(guān)系代詞之間有較復(fù)雜的短語或從句隔開時。I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我們辦公室里唯一受到邀請的人。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 有位新校長明天來，他將教你們德語。兩組關(guān)系代詞的用法辨析1. that 與 which：兩者都可指物，?？苫Q，其區(qū)別是：(1) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句或直接放在介詞后作賓語時，要用which。如：Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開車很快，這是很危險的。This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while. 這是一個我們可能長時間爭論的問題。(2) 當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞或被其修飾、受the very, the only, the same 等修飾、受形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞(包括last, next)等修飾、關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作表語或先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時，通常用that。如：All that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必須做。This is the only book (that) I find useful. 這是我發(fā)現(xiàn)的惟一有用的書。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應(yīng)該做的第一件事是訂個計劃。China is not the country (that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。2. as 與 which：(1) 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時，在 such, as, the same 后只能用 as，其他情況用 which。如：He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起來那么傻。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford. 他抽一種他買得起的最貴的煙。(2) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，有時兩者可互換，但若位于主句之前，則只能用as。如：I live a long way from work, as which you know. 我住得離工作單位很遠(yuǎn)，這你是知道的。As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一周，這是每個人都清楚的。另外，as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句應(yīng)與主句在意義上和諧一致，which無此限制。如：He went abroad, as which was expected. 他出國了，這是大家預(yù)料到的。He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出國了，這讓大家感到很意外。(不用as)定語從句中關(guān)系副詞的用法（補充）關(guān)系副詞when的用法when 既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，又可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。先行詞是時間名詞，在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語，相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”。如：Can you tell me the time when the film will start?Can you tell me the time at which the film will start? 請告訴我電影什么時候開始好嗎？(限制性定語從句) I will never forget the day, when I joined the Party. I will never forget the day, on which I joined the Party. 我入黨的那一天，我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記。(非限制性定語從句) 關(guān)系副詞where的用法where既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，又可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。先行詞是地點名詞，在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語，相當(dāng)于：“介詞+which”。如：This is the school where I studied a few years ago. This is the school in which I studied a few years ago. 這就是我?guī)啄昵八谧x書的學(xué)校。Lets go to the concert, where you will find much fun. Lets go to the concert, in which you will find much fun. 我們?nèi)ヒ魳费莩獣?，在那里你會找到很大的樂趣。關(guān)系副詞why的用法why只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，先行詞只有reason一詞，在從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語，相當(dāng)于：“for + which”。如：Do you know the reason why he is not here now?Do you know the reason for which he is not here now? 你知道他還沒有來這兒的原因嗎？關(guān)系副詞that的用法that只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，充當(dāng)關(guān)系副詞時，其作用相當(dāng)于：“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”，在從句中充當(dāng)時間、地點、方式、原因狀語等。如：1. 在定語從句中作時間狀語?，F(xiàn)行詞有：each time, every time, anytime, the first time, the moment, the minute, the hour, etc. 但現(xiàn)代英語中，that往往省略。如：Each time (that) I meet him, he will smile and say “hello”. 每次我會見他時，他都會笑著說“喂，你好!”2. 在定語從句中作方式狀語, 現(xiàn)行詞是way, 如：Can you show me the way (that) you solve the problem like this? 請告訴我你解決這類問題的方法好嗎？3. 在定語從句中作原因狀語，現(xiàn)行詞只有reason一詞，如：I dont know the reason (that) he has left school now. 我不知道他輟學(xué)的原因。4. 在定語從句中做其他狀語，現(xiàn)行詞如price, speed等，如：I think the price (that) she sells her apple is too high. (that = at which) 我認(rèn)為她賣蘋果的價格太高。定語從句的限制性與非限制性1. 結(jié)構(gòu)不同限制性定語從句常緊接在先行詞后，主、從句間沒有逗號分開；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間常用逗號分開，并且as所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句還可放在主句之前。如：His friend who works in Guangdong telephoned him last night. 他在廣東工作的朋友昨天來了電話。(限制性) His father, who works in Guangdong, telephoned last night. 他父親在廣東工作，昨天給他來了電話。(非限制性) As you know, I dont like drinking or smoking. 你知道，我不喜歡喝酒、抽煙。(非限制性) 2. 功能不同限制性定語從句對先行詞進行修飾、限制，如果去掉定語從句，整個句子的意思就不完整、不準(zhǔn)確；非限制性定語從句對先行詞進行補充、說明，即使去掉定語從句，對句子的意思沒有影響。如：He asked me a question which was about my study at school. 他問了一個有關(guān)我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的問題。如果去掉后面的定語從句，句子的意思顯然不清楚。This is my motorbike, which was sent to me by my uncle. 這是我的摩托車，它是我叔叔送的。顯然去掉后面的定語從句對句子的意思沒有影響。3. 先行詞不同限制性定語從句的先行詞一般是名詞或代詞；非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞、短語、甚至是整個句子。如：I know nothing that happened last night. 昨天晚上所發(fā)生的事情，我一點也不知道。(修飾前面的nothing) He has made great progress, which made us happy. 他進步了，這使我們大家都很高興。(說明前面句子的整個內(nèi)容) 4. 關(guān)系詞的使用不同that, but, why只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，關(guān)系詞有時可以省略。而其他的關(guān)系詞可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，且關(guān)系詞不可以省略。如：He told us the reason why he wanted to drop his math. 他告訴了我們他為什么要放棄數(shù)學(xué)的原因。本句若改寫為非限制性定語從句，應(yīng)該是：He told us the reason, for which he wanted to drop his math. 5. 翻譯時的表達方法不同限制性定語從句一般譯成一句話；而限制性定語從句一般要譯成兩句話，即：把非限制性定語從句單獨譯成一句話放在主句之后，補充說明主句。如：The car which he drives was bought last year. 他開的那輛車是去年買的。He drives a new car, which was bought last year. 他開一輛新車，這車是去年買的。做定語從句試題的基本方法請看下面這道定語從句考題：In fact the man didnt understand the three questions_ were asked in French.A. whereB. whoC. in whichD. which此題應(yīng)選 D。從句子成分看，修飾 questions 的定語從句缺主語，所以不能選 A(where)，C(in which)。又因為這里的先行詞(questions)是指事不是指人，所以只能選D(which)不能選B(who)。考生在做定語從句試題時，大體上要分清以下幾點：1. 是定語從句還是其他從句( 從句意和句法功能等方面去考慮)。2. 是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇主要看關(guān)系詞在句中的句法功能。一般說來，關(guān)系代詞(that，which，who，whom 等)主要用作主語和賓語；關(guān)系副詞(when，where，why)主要用作狀語；作定語時用whose。3. 受定語從句修飾的先行詞是指人(who，whom，that) 還是指物(that，which)；是作主語(who，that，which)還是作賓語(which，whom，who)等。4. 關(guān)系代詞可否省略(在通常情況下，只有限制性定語從句中用作賓語的關(guān)系代詞才能省略)。5. 是限制性定語從句還是非限制性定語從句 (關(guān)系代詞that以及關(guān)系副詞why等均不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句)。6. 在“介詞which”結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞的正確選擇(主要看相關(guān)名詞和動詞的習(xí)慣搭配)。學(xué)習(xí)定語從句的幾個誤區(qū)一、誤認(rèn)為關(guān)系代詞whose只用于修飾人whose用作疑問代詞時，主要用于指人；但用作關(guān)系代詞時，它既可指人也可指物。如：It was an island, whose name I have forgotten. 它是一座島，名字我忘了。The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 這家工廠工人都是婦女，在假期中工廠關(guān)門了。二、混淆定語從句與并列句請看下面兩題：1. He has two children, and both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who2. He has two children, both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who第1題選A，第2題選C。由于第1題中用了并列連詞and，從而使整個句子為并列句，and后應(yīng)是一個獨立的簡單句，所以選A不選C；第2題沒有并列連詞and，both of whom are abroad為非限制性定語從句。另外，請比較下面一題：He has two children, both of _ being abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who此題答案為A，其中的both of them being abroad為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，用作狀語。請再看一組類似的例子：1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that第1應(yīng)選B，而不能選C，是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動詞)，若選C，則該從句無謂語；第2應(yīng)選C，因為句中有謂語 were translated。比較下面一例：He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that此題與上面的第2題不同，兩句間多了一個并列連詞and，說明這是一個并列句，故應(yīng)選B，則不能選C。三、混淆關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞有的同學(xué)一看到先行詞是表示時間、地點、原因的名詞，就認(rèn)為一定要用關(guān)系副詞，其實也不一定。在此情況下，還要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中是用作什么成分，若是用作狀語，則用關(guān)系副詞，若不是用作狀語(如用作主語、賓語等)則不能用關(guān)系副詞，而用關(guān)系代詞。比較：This is the factory where I want to work. 這就是我想工作的工廠。(work為不及物動詞where在從句中用作狀語)This is the factory that I want to visit. 這就是我想?yún)⒂^的工廠。(visit為及物動詞，that用作visit的賓語)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill. 他沒來的是因為他病了。(come為不及物動詞，why在定語從句中用作狀語)The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put forth為及物動詞，that在定語從句中用作其賓語)比較下面的考題：1. This is the room _I lived ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what2. This is the room _I lived in ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what3. This is the room _I bought ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what4. This is the room _I visited ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what5. This is the room _I was born ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what第1題選B，因為 live 是不及物動詞，它無需接賓語；第2題選A，因為雖然 live 不及物，但live in 卻是及物，它應(yīng)有自己的賓語；第3、4題也應(yīng)選A，因為 buy 和 visit均為及物動詞，它們應(yīng)有自己的賓語；第5應(yīng)選B，因為 be born 無需有自己的賓語。四、誤認(rèn)為逗號后一定是非限制性定語從句有的同學(xué)一看見逗號，就以為一定要選which而不選that，但問題是有時根本就不是定語從句。如：1. If a book is in English, _ means slow progress for you.A. as B. which C. what D. that2. When I say two hours, _ includes time for eating. A. as B. which C. what D. that以上兩題均應(yīng)選that，而不能選which，因為它們根本不是定語從句。之所以選that，是因為句中已有if和when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，逗號后為主句，that為主句主語。考題練習(xí)：How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward _ at last.A. to has comeB. to have comeC. to having comeD. has come【分析】其實正確答案是A。大家知道，短語 look forward to意為“盼望”，其中的 to 是介詞，而不是不定式符號，所以后接動詞要用動名詞，許多同學(xué)據(jù)此便選擇了C。但問題是，句中介詞 to 的賓語不是have come，而是the holiday。正解的句子分析是：the holiday為句子主語，we have been looking forward to 是修飾主語的定語從句(介詞 to 的賓語是引導(dǎo)該定語從句的關(guān)系代詞 that，被省略)，has come 是句子謂語。請做以下類似試題：The man you referred to _ just now.A. comesB. comeC. coming D. came【分析】答案選 D，句子主語為 the man，you referred to 為修飾 the man 的定語從句，空白處填 came，為句子謂語。The theory he sticks to _ to be of no use in our studies. A. provesB. proveC. proving D. be proved【分析】答案選 A，he sticks to 是修飾主語 the theory 的定語從句，句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為 The theory proves to be of no use in our studies. The work he devoted his time to _ worth praising.A. wasB. be C. beingD. been【分析】答案選 A，he devoted his time to 是修飾主語 the work 的定語從句。句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為 The work was worth praising.I think this is the very work that we must finish _ her.A. to helpB. helpC. helpingD. helped【分析】答案是 A。句中空格處填的動詞help 并不是 finish 的賓語，正確的句子分析是：that I must finish 是修飾名詞 the very work 的定語從句，finish 的賓語是引導(dǎo)該定語從句的關(guān)系代詞 that，其后的不定式 to help her 是目的狀語。Which do you enjoy _ your weekend, swimming or fishing?A. spendingB. being spentC. spendD. to spend【分析】答案選 D。enjoy 的賓語是句首的疑問詞 which，不是其后的動詞 spending。此題中的 to spend 用作目的狀語。What the boy enjoys _ to have a room of his own.A. beingB. to beC. isD. are【分析】答案選C，而不選A。what the boy enjoys 是主語從句，空格處填的 is 為謂語動詞。Nothing that he suggested _ to be of any use.A. prove B. proved C. proving D. to prove【分析】答案選B，而不選C。句子主語是 nothing，that he suggested 是修飾主語的定語從句，suggested 的賓語是引導(dǎo)該定語從句的關(guān)系代詞 that，而不是其后的動詞；句子謂語是 proved。全句意為“他建議的情況沒有一條是有用的?！盩he old house we paid a visit _ at the top of the hill.A. standingB. to standC. to standingD. to stands【分析】答案選D。we paid a visit to 是修飾the old house 的定語從句，句中的stands 為主句謂語。The life he is now used _ quite different from ours. A. isB. to beC. to beingD. to is【分析】答案選D。句中he is now used to 是修飾 the life 的定語從句，to 后的動詞 is 是句子的謂語，句意為“他現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣的這種生活與我們的生活很不相同”。The work he paid special attention _ to nothing.A. cameB. to comeC. to comingD. to came【分析】答案選D。句中的he paid special attention to 是修飾 the work 的定語從句，to 后的動詞 came 是句子的謂語，句意為“他特別關(guān)注的那項工作泡湯了”。The result what he said would lead _ his regret in the future. A. isB. to beC. to beingD. to was【分析】答案選D。句中what he said would lead to 是修飾 the result 的定語從句，to 后的動詞 was 是句子的謂語，句意為“他所說的話將導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是他今后的后悔”。補充練習(xí)：2009年高考題1.(09山東24)Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that 答案 B解析 本題考查連詞的用法，非限制性定語從句，指代前面一個句子，故用which.2.(09寧夏海南28)She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.A. them B. whoC. whom D. these答案 C解析 考查定語從句中的非限制性定語從句。句意為：她帶著她的三個朋友，他們?nèi)齻€中沒有一個人我曾見過。表示“部分的詞語+of+關(guān)系代詞” 在非限制性定語從句指人只能用whom。3.(09江蘇23)Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.A. if B. when C. which D. since答案 B解析 由于金融危機，當(dāng)?shù)匚逍羌壘频暌煌硎召M6000元的日子不復(fù)存在了。when引導(dǎo)的從句做days的定語。4.(09天津5)A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails.A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever答案 C5.(09陜西11). Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which 答案 C解析 考查定語從句，先行詞是Gun control，指物，關(guān)系詞在從句中做介詞的賓語，介詞前置，介詞與從句動詞構(gòu)成搭配argue about sth，選C。6.(09上海34)Mozarts birthplace and the house _ he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now Ks5u