不定式與動名詞的區(qū)別

動詞不定式和動名詞是英語非謂語動詞的兩個重要部分一、作主語1、不定式作主語 ：動詞不定式可直接用作主語, 句子的謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 對于主語較長的不定式，可以用it作形式主語。例如：Its our duty to take good care of the old. How long did it take you to finish the work It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. It seemed impossible to save money. Its kind of you to help me with my English.2、動名詞作主語：動名詞也可直接用作主語，或者用it 作形式主語。例如：Learning without practice is no good. Its no good reading in dim light. Its no use sitting here waiting. Its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. There is no saying what will happen next. 3、動詞不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別(1) 不定式作主語經(jīng)常表示具體動作，或者表示將要進(jìn)行的動作。而動名詞作主語經(jīng)常表示抽象的一般性的動作。例如：Its no good for you to eat so much fat. (有具體的人for you)Its no good eating too much fat. (泛指)(2) 不定式的邏輯主語常用of, for 表示；動名詞邏輯主語則常用物主代詞、名詞、代詞表示。例如：It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. (of you)Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. (your)The doctor suggested them having their health check-up once a year.二、作賓語 1、不定式作賓語(1) 以下動詞后, 一般只用不定式作賓語.如:agree, attempt ，apply，ask, aim, arrange, beg，choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish afford等。I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot. (2) 不定式可 先用it 做形式賓語。We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.He feels it his duty to help the poor. 2、動名詞作賓語 (1) 以下動詞后, 一般只用動名詞作賓語, 如:admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest, dont mind, give up, insist, on, put off 等。I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health. (2) 介詞后只能接動名詞做賓語I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech (3) 少數(shù)特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中只用動名詞做賓語。它們可以看作是省略的介詞的形式。例如：have difficulty (in) doing sth. have no trouble (in) doing sth. lose no ti me (in) doing sth. prevent/stop(from) doing sth. there is no use (in) doing sth.3、不定式與動名詞做賓語的區(qū)別 (1) 動詞后是接不定式還是動名詞作賓語，主要是根據(jù)使用習(xí)慣。有些動詞后一般只接不定式作賓語，而另一些則只用動名詞作賓語。詳見上面的說明。(2) 介詞后只能接動名詞作賓語；還有少數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)后只用動名詞作賓語。詳見上面的說明。(3) 在need, want, require 等后表示被動意義時，不定式要用被動語態(tài)，而動名詞不需要。例如：My bike needs to be repaired. My bike needs repairing.(4) 英語中，有些動詞動詞后既可接不定式也可接動名詞，意義區(qū)別不大，如：begin, continue, start, hate, like, love, need, require, want 等. 但在下列情況下, 一般要用不定式: * would(should) 與 hate, like, love 連用時：Id like to have a cup of coffee. *當(dāng)begin, continue, start 等是進(jìn)行式時The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem. *當(dāng)begin, continue, start與know, understand 等連用時：I soon began to understand what was happening. 4、部分動詞后接不定式或動名詞時, 意義差別較大。 (1) forget, remember, regret 后接不定式, 表示現(xiàn)在或未來的動作, 接動名詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如: Dont forget fo post the letter for me. (信還沒有寄出)Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport (已見過她)Remember to close the windows before you leave. (窗戶還沒有關(guān))I remember writing him a letter a year ago. (信已寫過)We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. (2) mean to do 打算做某事 / mean doing 意味著 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. (3) try to do 設(shè)法盡力做某事 / try doing 試著做某事 You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way. (4) stop to do 停下當(dāng)前事去做另一件事/ stop doing 停止當(dāng)前事 On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper. Youd better stop arguing and do as you are told. (5) cant help doing 禁不住 / cant help to do不能幫助干 They couldnt help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I cant help to make up the roomfor you. (6) go on to do 去做另外一件/ go on doing 繼續(xù)做此事He went on to talk about world situation.他接著又談了世界形勢. Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world. (7) leave off to do 去做另外一件事/ leave off doing 停下當(dāng)前事 Its time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 三、做表語不定式作表語表示具體動作或?qū)韯幼? 動名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr. Wang is interesting. 四、作定語 1、不定式作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之后。 The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister Do you have anything to say on the question Would you please give me some paper to write on My wish to visit France has come true at last. 2、動名詞作定語時，放在修飾的名詞前面。This passage can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. All moving bodies have energy. 注意：下一句中的standing 不是動名詞，而現(xiàn)在分詞短語：he man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 五、不定式作補(bǔ)足語 不定式可以用作賓語補(bǔ)足語，而動名詞不用作賓語補(bǔ)足語有些情況下不定式的to 可以省略。 1、不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 常用不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有:allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive (強(qiáng)迫), encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like(love, hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish 等，以及短語動詞有:ask for, care for, call on, count on, depend on, wait for, long for, prepare for, wish for 等。Would you like me to give your regards to Mary I want you to understand the whole passage clearly. We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. We consider him to have been foolish. I didnt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day. The students are made to do too much homework every day. Would you please help me(to) fill in the tax form Ive never known her(to)be late before.He was known to have been to France before. You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 2、不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise. 六、不定式作狀語 不定式可以用作狀語，而動名詞不用作狀語。下面只說一下不定式作狀語的用法。1、表示目的 I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor. Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it. I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see what would happen.2、表示原因 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. The question raised by the student is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 3、表示結(jié)果 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. Im not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing. Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner. Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital. Im too tired to stay up longer. 注意：在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中, tooto并非是太而不能之意。 Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考試及格我太高興了。(不定式做原因狀語) We have too much to learn.我們要學(xué)的太多了。(不定式作定語). 4、不定式用作獨(dú)立成份 常見的短語有to be exact (確切地說) to begin with (首先) to do him justice (說句對他公道的話)to be sure (真的) To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome. 七、疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu) 動名詞沒有這種結(jié)構(gòu)。When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. The question was where to get the medicine needed. 八、動詞不定式與動名詞的的時態(tài)、語態(tài) 1、動詞不定式的時態(tài) 不定式時態(tài)有三種形式： (1) 一般式：表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后或同時發(fā)生。 I hope to become a university student this year.We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.(2) 完成式: 表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。Im sorry to have kept you waiting. We are too young to have seen the old society. (3) 進(jìn)行式:表示的動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生.如: The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in. They seemed to be discussing something important. 2、不定式的被動語態(tài) Its a great honor to be invited to Marys birthday party.It was impossible for lost time to be made up.