《大學(xué)英語必修》PPT課件

Unittwo,制作：汪曉輝,TextI,TextII,Thefineartofputtingthingsoff,MichaelDemarest,TextI,Pre-classwork,“procrastinationisthethiefoftime”,“Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatmaybedonetoday”,Doyoupersonallybelievein?,Howwillthewriterexploreonthetopicofputtingthingsoff?,？,Letsgetonthejourney,detailedstudyofthetext,Listen,1.“Neverputofftilltomorrow,”exhortedLordChesterfieldin1794,”whatyoucandotoday.ThattheelegantearlnevergotaroundtomarryinghissonsmotherandhadabadhabitofkeepingworthieslikeDr.Johnsoncoolingtheirheelsforhoursinananteroomatteststothefactthateventhemostwell-intentionedmenhavebeenpostponersever.QuintusFabiusMaximus,oneofthegreatRomegenerals,wasdubbec“Cunctator”(delayer)forputtingoffbattleuntilthelastpossiblevinumbreak.Mosespleadeda,Detailedstudy,SpeechdefecttorationalizehisreluctancetodeliverJehovahsedicttoPharaoh.Hamlet,ofcourse,raisedprocrastinationtoanartform.2.Theworldisprobablyaboutevenlydividedbetweendelayersanddo-it-nowers.TherearethosewhopreparetheirincometaxesinFebruary,prepaymortgagesandservepreciselyplanneddinnersatanungodly6:30p.m.Theotherhalfdinehappilyonleftoversat9or10,misplacebillsuntiltheapocalypticvoiceofDinersthreatensdoomfromDenver.Theypostpone,asFaustianencounters,visitstobarbershop,dentistordoctor,Detailedstudy,3Yetforallthetroubleprocrastinationmayincur,delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul.JeanKerr,authorofmanysuccessfulnovelsandplays,saysthatshereadseverysoup-canandjam-jarlabelinherkitchenbeforesettlingdowntohertypewriter.Manyawriterfocusesonalmostanythingbuthistaskforexample,ontheCoastandGeodeticSurveyofMainsFrenchmanBayandBarHarbor,stimulatinghisimaginationwithnameslikeGooginsLedge,BluntsPond,HioHillanBurntPorcupine,LongPorcupine,SheepPorcupineandBaldPorcupineislands.,Detailedstudy,4.FromCunctatorsdayuntilthiscentury,theartofpostponementhadbeenvirtuallyamonopolyofthemilitary(“hurryupandwait“),diplomacyandthelaw.Informertimes,aBritishproconsulfacedwithanativeuprisingcouldcomfortablyruminateaboutthesituationwithSingaporeSlinginhand.Blessedly,hehadnonatteringTelextoorderinmachinegunsandfreshtroops.”AU.S.generalaslateasWorldWarIIcouldagreewithhisenemycounterparttotakeasportingdayoff,lootthevillagerschickensandwineandgobacktobattleadaylater.Lawyersareamongtheworldsmostaddictedpostponers.AccordingtoFrankNathan,anonpostponingBeverlyHillsinsurancesalesman,“Thenumberofattorneyswhodiewithoutawillisamazing.”,Detailedstudy,5.Evenwherethereisnowill,thereisaway.Thereisadifference,ofcourse,betweenchronicprocrastinationandpurposefulpostponement,particularlyinthehigherechelonsofbusiness.Corporatedynamicsencouragethecautionthatbreedsdelay,saysRichardManderbach,BankofAmericagroupvicepresident.Henotesthatspeedyactioncanbeembarrassingorextremelycostly.Thedataexplosionfortifiesthoseseekingexcusesforinactionanotherreporttoberead,anotherauthoritytobeconsulted.“Thereisalways,”saysManderbach,“adelicateedgebetweenhavingenoughinformationandtoomuch.”,Detailedstudy,6.Hispointiswelltaken.Bureaucratization,whichflourishedamidthegrowingburdensofgovernmentandthegreatercomplexityofsociety,wasdesignedtosmotherpolicymakersinblanketsoflegalism,compromiseandreappraisalandtherebypreventhastydecisionsfrombeingmade.ThecentralizationofgovernmentthatledtoWatergatehasspreadtoeconomicinstitutionsandbeyond,makingprocrastinationaworldwidewayoflife.ManylanguagesarestuddedwithphrasesthatrefertoputtingthingsofffromtheSpanishmananatotheArabicbukrafilmishmish(literally“tomorrowinapricots,”moreloosely“l(fā)eaveitforthesoftspringweatherwhentheapricotsareblooming“),Detailedstudy,7.Academealsotakeshighhonorsinprocrastination.BernardSklar,aUniversitySouthernsociologistwhochurnsoutthreetofivepagesofwritingadayadmitsthat“manyofmyfriendsgothroughagonieswhentheyfaceablankpage.Thereallsortsofrationalizations:thepressureofteaching,responsibilitiesathomecheckingoutthelatestbook,lookingupanotherfootnote.“,Detailedstudy,8.Psychologistsmaintainthatthemostassiduousprocrastinatorsarewomen,throughManypsychologistsare(at$50plusanhour)prettygooddelayersthemselves.Dr.RalphGreenson,aU.C.L.A.professorofclinicalpsychiatry(andMarilynMonroesone-timeshrink),takesafairlygentleviewofprocrastination.“Tomanypeople,”hesays“doingsomething,confronting,isthemomentoftruth.Alfrightenedpeoplewillthenavoidthemomentoftruthentirely,orevadeorpostponeituntilthelastpossiblemoment.”ToGeorgisStatePsychologistJoenFagan,however,procrastinationmaybeakindofsubliminalwayofsortingtheimportantfromthetrivial.“whenIdragmyfeet,theresusuallysomereason.“saysFagan.“Ifeelit,butIdontyetknowtherealreason.”,Detailedstudy,9.Infact,thereisalongandhonorablehistoryofprocrastinationtosuggestthatmanyIdeasanddecisionsmaywellimproveifpostponed.Itissomethingofatruismthattoputoffmakingadecisionisitselfadecision.Theparliamentaryprocessisessentiallyasystemofdelayanddeliberation.So,forthatmatter,isthecreationofagreatpainting,oranentre,orabook,orabuildinglikeBlenheimPalace,whichtooktheDukeofMarlboroughsarchitectsandlaborers15yearstoconstruct.Intheprocess,thedesigncanmellowandmarinate.Indeed,hurrycanbetheassassinofelegance.AsT.H.White,authorofSwordinthestone,oncewrote,time“isnotmeanttobedevouredinanhouroraday,buttobeconsumeddelicatelyandgraduallyandwithouthaste.”Inotherwords,PaceLordChesterfield,whatyoudontnecessarilyhavetodotoday,byallmeansputoffuntiltomorrow,Detailedstudy,Mainidea,Throughdepictingpopularityofprocrastinationinnearlyallthefields,thewriterwantedtoprovethat“delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul”and“toputoffmakingdecisionisitselfadecision”andthereforeitcanbeafineandusefulart.,Introduction:(P1-2)Theworldisprobablydividedbetweendelayersanddo-it-nowers;Body:(P3-7)Delayisnotwithoutitsadvantages:itcanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul;Conclusion:(P8-9)Explanationandconclusionofprocrastination;,OrganizationandDevelopment:,PurposeofwritingandTone,Inhalfseriousandhalf-jokingmannerandhumoroustone,Demarestexpresseshisviewonprocrastinationthatwhileinsomecasesitisirrationalandencumberingtodelay,itisjustifiedandfruitful.,Rhetoricaldevice,Parody(wherethereisawill,thereisaway）Pun（will)Example(para.1)Exaggeration(para.4thenumberofattorneyswho)Irony(para.1thatelegantearlnevergotaroundto)Metaphor(para.6blanketsoflegalism),Writingskillcoherence,1.Theuseofthewordyetatthebeginningofpara.3indicatesthatinthisparagraphthereaderwillfindsomethingcontrarytowhathehasreadaboutintheprecedingone.(Para.2illustratesthetroubleprocrastinationmayincurwhilepara.3tellsthereaderthatdelaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul.),2.Atthebeginningofpara.4,thewordcunctatorisrepeated,itsfirstoccurrencebeinginpara.1,3.Para.5beginswiththeparodyoftheproverbWherethereisawill,thereisaway.Thewordwillintheparodyrepeatsthewordwillinthelastsentenceofpara.4.,4.Hispointatthebeginningofpara.6referstowhatManderbachsaysintheprecedingparagraphs.Theuseofthewordalsointhefirstsentenceofpara.7referstoasimilarsituationmentionedpreviously.,l.Inwhatsenseistheword“art”usedinthetitle?2.HowdoesDemarestbeginhisessay?Isitaneffectivebeginning?3.WhydoesDemarestrefertovisittothebarber,thedentist,andthedoctoras“Faustianencounters”(para.2)?4.Howdoyouunderstandtheword“blessedly”usedinpara.4?-,ComprehensionQuestions:,method,skill,-FaustianencountersrefertoFaustsencounterswiththedevilMephistopheles.Naturallytheyareundesirable.Mostpeopleareunwillingtovisitbarbers,doctors,anddentists.,-HebeginswiththefamoussayingofChesterfieldsandinstancesofnon-complianceofsomehistoricallywell-knownfigures.-Yes.Thiseffectivelyremindspeoplethatprocrastinationisnotunderallcircumstancesanon-recommendablepractice:sometimespeopledohaveagoodreasontowaitbeforetheytakeaction.,Itmeansfortunately.ThenatteringTelexwouldhavefacilitatedthesupplyofweaponsanddispatchoftroops,deprivingtheproconsuloftheexcusetodelayaction.,Languagepoint,1.exhort-(formal)tourgeoradvisestrongly.Examples:Theteacherexhortedherstudentstodotheirownresearchwork.Weareexhortednottowasteourtimeonthechatroomonline.,paraphrase,Dr.RalphGreensontakesafairlygentleviewofprocrastinationDr.RalphGreensonisnotverycriticalofpostponementTakeaviewofsth.-haveideas(attitudeof)aboutsth.Forexample:Shetakesaprettypoorviesofhersonsrecentbehavior,2.rationalize-attempttoexplainorjustifyonesactionwithplausiblereasons,eveniftheyarenottrueorappropriate.Example:Dontrationalizeyourincompetencebyfindingfaultwiththemethod.,Languagepoint,3.do-it-nowers-thosewhoactpromptly-erisasuffixthatdenotesapersonwhodoessomething.Reminder:Do-It-YourselferinBook5,Unit10,TextII.,Languagepoint,4.atanungodly6:30p.m.atanunusuallyearlyhour.Theauthorthinks6:30p.m.israthertooearlyforaplannedformaldinner.,Languagepoint,5.allthetroubleprocrastinationmayincur-allthetroublethatapersonaldelayinactionmaybringuponhimincur-becomesubjectto(somethingunpleasant)asaresultofonesownaction招致.Example:Thecompanyincurredaheavylossduetomismanagement.,Languagepoint,6.theartofpostponementhadbeenvirtuallyamonopolyofthemilitary.,diplomacyandthelaw-thepracticeofputtingthingsoffhadalmostbeenexclusivelydonebythemilitary,etc.Theimpliedmeaningisthatthemilitary,diplomacy,andthelawarealmosttheworstdelayers.,Paraphrase,7.ruminate-(formal)thinkdeeplyandcarefully.Examples:Heruminatedoveronthesituationbeforehemadethefinaldecision.Sheruminatedforalongtimebeforesheexpressedheropinion,Languagepoint,8.theworldsmostaddictedpostponerstheworldsworstpostponerswhojustcouldnotfreethemselvesfrompostponingAddicted(adj.)literallymeansdependentonsomething(usuallyadrug)andunabletostophavingit.Example:Heisaddictedtococaineheroin.Addictedmayalsomeanenthusiasticallydevotedtoaparticularthingoractivity,e.g.,beaddictedtocomputergames,television,etc.Thepersonwhoisaddictedtosomethingisanaddict/a-dikt/,e.g.,adrugaddict,acomputer/TVaddict.,Languagepoint,.Thenumberofattorneyswhodiewithoutawillisamazing.Itisausualpracticeforpeopletomakeawill,anofficialstatementofthewaytheywishtheirpropertytobesharedoutaftertheirdeathbeforetheydie.Anditisgenerallytheattorneysorlawyerswhoadministerthewills.Butattorneysthemselvespostponemakingtheirownwills.,Languagepoint,10.thecautionthatbreedsdelay-thegreatcarethatcausesdelayLiterally,breedreferstoeitheranimalsproducingtheiroffspring.e.g.,Ratsbreedrapidly,orpeoplewhokeepanimalsorplantsforthepurposeofproducinganddevelopingyounganimalsornewplants.,Languagepoint,11.flourish-developrapidly.Example:Postmodernismmadeitsfirstappearanceinthelatetwentiethcenturyandcontinuestoflourishnow.Flourish,whenspeakingofaperson.ananimal.etc.meansgrowordevelopinahealthyorvigorousway.Examples:Thetreesplantedontheschoolcampusareflourishing.Werehappytoseethesedisabledchildrenflourishintheirfoster-homes,Languagepoint,12.Manylanguagesarestuddedwithphrases-Manylanguagesareprovidedwithphrases.AstudisliterallyasmallpieceofmetalwhichisattachedtoasurfaceasadecorationBestuddedwithliterallymeansbecoveredwithsomethinglikestuds,e.g.,theskystuddedwithstars;aseastuddedwithislands.Sowhenlanguagesarestuddedwithphrases.youfindphrases.inlanguagesjustlikestuds.,Languagepoint,13.churnsoutthreetofivepagesofwritingaday-producesthreetofivepagesaday;churnout,whichmeansproducesomethingroutinelyormechanically,especiallyinlargequantities,isusedbytheauthorironicallyandjokinglyhere.Threetofivepagesofwritingcannotbeconsideredasalargequantity.,Languagepoint,14.checkingoutthelatestbookexaminingthelatestbookcarefully;borrowingthelatestbookfromthelibrary,Languagepoint,15.assiduous-showinggreatcareandperseverance;hard-working.Examples:Johnisassiduousindoingresearchwork.Heisknownasanassiduousscholar,alwaysexploringnewfieldsofstudy,Languagepoint,16.confront-faceuptoanddealwithaproblemoradifficultsituation.Example:Heconfrontedthedifficulttaskwithcourageandoptimism.,Languagepoint,17.evade-findawayofnotdoingsomethingthatmustbedone.Examples:Hetriedtoevadethequestionsabouthispast.Theproblemisperhapsdifficulttosolve,butitshouldnotbeevaded.,Languagepoint,18.deliberation-1)longandcarefulconsiderationordiscussion2)slowandunhurriedmovementAccordingtothecontext,thesecondmeaningofthewordismostprobablywhattheauthormeant,Languagepoint,forthatmatter-Thisphraseisusedtoemphasizeorindicatethatastatementmadebyapersoninonecaseisalsotrueinanothercase.Themeaningofthetwoconsecutivesentenceswiththisphraseastheconnectiveis:Thecreationofagreatpainting,etc.,liketheparliamentaryprocess,isalsoasystemofdelayanddeliberation.Anexamplesentenceshowingtheuseofforthatmatterfollows:Theconstructionworkerssufferedgreatlyfromintenseheat,sodothedockers,forthatmatter.,Languagepoint,ExplainDemarestsdistortionoftheproverb“wherethereisnowill,thereisaway”atthebeginningofpara.5.-,Rhetoricaldevice,Theauthorisplaying/punningonthewordwill.Therepetitionofthewordservesasacohesivetiebetweenthetwoparagraphs.Butmindthatthewordisusedindifferentsensesinthetwoinstances.Intheprecedingparagraph,willmeansastatementinwritingsayinghowsomeonewisheshispropertytobedistributedafterhisdeath.Inthedistortedversionoftheoldsaying,thewordwillisusedinthesenseofvolition.ThusitmeansEvenwhenthereisnowilltoprocrastinate,thereisawaytodoso.Hegoesontoillustratehispointbygivingexamples.-1)pun雙關(guān);2)parody詼諧模仿,Howdoyouexplaintheparenthesis(at50-plusanhour)?-Thisisahumoroustouch.Thisreferstowhatthepsychologists(moreexactlypsychiatristsorpsychoanalysts)chargetheirclientsfortheconsultations.Thisexplainswhytheyalwaysdelaycuringtheirpatients.,Comprehension,WhilethepointsDemarestmakesabouthissubjectmatterareserious,thetoneofhiswritingisamixtureoftheseriousandhumorous.Identifyhisshiftintonefromonetotheother.,Analysis,Whilethestatementatthebeginningofpara.3delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoulisaseriousone,thefollowingillustrationsdonotsoundtobeso.ButrememberJeanKerrwasahumorist.Whathesaysabouttheprocrastinationinthearmy,thoughabitoverstated,maystillbeseriouslymeant.Thetwoillustrativeexamples,especiallytheoneoftheU.S.generalstakingasportingdayofftodelaythebattle,areinstancesofhumoratthecostofcredibility.Inthelastparagraphtheinclusionofthecreationofanentreeaddsahumoroustouchtootherseriousillustrationssuchasthecreationofagreatpainting,abookandabuilding.,MosespleadedaspeechdefecttorationalizehisreluctancetodeliverJehovahsedicttoPharaoh.(L.6-7)-MosesjustifiedhisunwillingnesstopassJehovahsordertoPharaoh,sayingthathewasslowofspeech.,paraphrase,Yetforallthetroubleprocrastinationmayincur,delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul.(L.15-16)-Delayleadstoproblems.Howeverinmanycases,itcanoftenstimulatethecreativityinanartist.,Paraphrase,Henotesthatspeedyactioncanbeembarrassingorextremelycostly.(L.34-35)-Itpointsoutthathastinessmaygiverisetodecisionswhichturnouttobehumiliatingorexpensive.,paraphrase,Bureaucratization,beingmade.-Excessivered-tapedevelopedbecausepublicadministrationwasexpandinginscopeandbecausesocietywasgrowingmoreandmorecomplicated.Inthissense,red-tapehelpedthoseinchargeofpolicytobefullyengagedinenormousamountofpaperworkandjudgment,thusmakingitimpossibleforanimmaturedecisiontoresult,paraphrase,manyofmyfriendsgothroughagonieswhentheyfaceablankpage.manyofmyfriendshaveahardtimethemomenttheyattempttoputpentopaper.,paraphrase,Languagepoint,Getaroundto-findthetimetodo,ortofinallydosththatyouhavebeenintendingtodoforsometine.Forexample:Wefinallygotaroundtoansweringherletter,Keepsbcoolinghis/herheelskeepsbwaitingForexample:thereceptionistkeptmecoolingmyhealsforatleastanhour,Languagepoint,Languagepoint,Youpleadsomething(suchasillness,ignoranceetc)youusesomethingasanexcuseforyouractionForexample:Heleftearly,pleadingastomachache.,paraphrase,ThereisdifferenceofbusinessThereisadifference,ofcourse,betweenhabitualandpurposefulpostponements,especiallyinthehigherlevelofbusiness,paraphrase,TomanypeopleisthemomentoftruthTomanypeople,doingsomething,dealingwithsomething,oramomentofextremeimportance,itisamomentwhendecisionistobemade,resulttobeknown,orsomethingbadtobefaced,Paraphrase,IntheprocesstheassassinofeleganceIntheprocess,thedesignhasthetimetoripenandmature,indeedhastydecisionmaketheeleganceofdesignsimpossible,Languagepoint,Takehighhonors-doexcellentlywellin,especiallyrefertostudentsinschoolachievehighmarksinstudyForexample:Hegraduatedfromtheuniversitywithgreathonors,RichardNixon,1.Chesterfield,PhilipDormerStanhope,4thEarlof,(1694-1773),Englishstatesman,oratorandauthor.Hisliteraryreputationrestsuponhisletterstohisillegitimateson,PhilipStanhope,whowasborninHollandin1732.Theletters,filledwithwitandworldlywisdom,werepublishedunderthetitleLetterstoHisSon(1774).,2.Johnson,Samuel(1709-1784),Englishpoet,critic,andmanofletters,theliterarydictatorofEnglandinthelatterhalfoftheeighteenthcenturyandoneofthemostfamouspersonalitiesofhistime.HeisbestknownforhisDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755),whichisinsomerespectsaninnovationinlexicography.Hehadthestrongestinfluenceofanyofhiscontemporariesontheliterarythoughtandstyleofthelatterpartoftheeighteenthcentury.,3.QuintusFabius在軍事指揮者中很難找到一個(gè)以防守著稱的人。古羅馬的費(fèi)邊就是一個(gè)能守之人，而且對于后世有很深的影響。前217年羅馬軍在特拉西梅諾湖之戰(zhàn)中慘敗后,被選為獨(dú)裁官,全權(quán)指揮作戰(zhàn)。他針對迦太基軍隊(duì)遠(yuǎn)離本土、孤軍深入、后援困難、不能持久作戰(zhàn)的特點(diǎn)，采用遷延戰(zhàn)術(shù),避免正面決戰(zhàn),而在山區(qū)與敵周旋，消耗和疲憊迦太基軍，使其無所施展，史稱“費(fèi)邊戰(zhàn)術(shù)”。但遭速勝派反對，被譏諷為“遷延者”，任滿去職。前216年羅馬軍在坎尼之戰(zhàn)中遭重創(chuàng)后，費(fèi)邊戰(zhàn)術(shù)為人們所理解。前215前214年率軍攻擊被漢尼拔占領(lǐng)和叛離羅馬的城市，并實(shí)行堅(jiān)壁清野，斷絕迦太基軍隊(duì)的補(bǔ)給。同時(shí)派兵赴西班牙、西西里等地作戰(zhàn)，以斷漢尼拔的后援。前209年率軍攻克塔林敦(塔蘭托)，致使?jié)h尼拔軍在意大利半島的處境更加困難。從此費(fèi)邊主義成為緩步前進(jìn)、謀而后動(dòng)的代名詞。,TEXTIIGossipFrancineProse,UnitTwo,Pre-readingBrainstorming:Howwouldyoudefinetheword“gossip”?Whatfunctionsdoesgossiphave?,MainIdeaofthepassage:Throughclarifyingthepresentmisunderstandinganddistortingoftheword“gossip”,thewriteremphasizesthestreng