如何構(gòu)建知識體系

如何構(gòu)建知識體系一、明確謂語與非謂語動詞形式的行的區(qū)別（一）謂語動詞表一（主動語態(tài)）一般式完成式進行式完成進行式write/writeshave/ has writtenam, is, are writingHave/has been writingwrotehad writtenwas/were writinghad been writingshall/will writeshall/will have writtenshall ,will be writingshall ,will have been writingshould /would writeshould/would have writtenwould, should be writingshould, wouldhave been writing表二（被動語態(tài)）式時一般式進行式完成式現(xiàn)在時amis seenareamis being seenarehasbeen seenhave過去時wasseenwerewasbeing seenwerehad been seen將來時shallseenwillshallhave been seenwill過去將來時shouldbe seenwould表三（非謂語動詞）主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)不定式一般式to writeto be written進行式to be writing完成式to have writtento have been writtenVing一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written過去分詞taken二、明確謂語動詞的否定與謂語語動詞否定的區(qū)別謂語動詞非謂語動詞He doesnt like maths. She isnt coming tomorrow. They havent done the experiment The engine wont start. You mustnt leave things every where. He didnt play basketball yesterday.Not knowing what to do, he turned to the teacher for help. He told me not to open the window. Not well designed, the bridge collapsed soon after it was completed. His not coming on time let me down.謂語動詞借助于助動詞+not來實現(xiàn)非謂語借助于not來實現(xiàn)三、明確主語與邏輯主語的區(qū)別主語邏輯主語The table is made in China.He cant jump that high.The taller of the two boys is absent.To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.What he said was right then.It is said that he will visit China.Its important for you to master a foreign language.It was careless of us to forget to lock the door.He told me to leave at once. He spoke in a loud voice to make himself heard.He offered to help us. His leaving is a great loss. Do you mind me(my)smoking here? I remember Wei Fang(Wei Fangs)going thereWalking in the street, he happened to meet Jane.The trees planted last year grow well.When I came to myself, I found myself lying in hospital.People there were all excited at the news.How about two of us going out for a walk?四、簡單句的構(gòu)成（一）簡單句的構(gòu)成（時間）+ 主語 + 謂語 + 狀語（方式+地點+時間）Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.謂語-時態(tài)（過去、現(xiàn)在、將來）、語態(tài)（主動和被動）、語氣（陳述、祈使、虛擬）（二）五個基本句型1、主系表結(jié)構(gòu)連系動詞按其所表示的意義可分為以下四種：1.變化類 表事物發(fā)展變化的過程，如go, come, become, turn, grow, get, fall 等。2. 感覺類 表人體部位的感受，如feel, smell, taste, look, sound等。 3. 狀態(tài)類 表事物所處的狀態(tài)，如keep, come, run, remain, stand, lie, stay, prove, turn out等。4. 外表特征類 表外表給人的印象，如appear, seem, look 等。連系動詞的作用是后接形容詞或相當于形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)作表語。除了少數(shù)幾個（如feel， get, become, grow等）外，不用于進行時態(tài)和被動結(jié)構(gòu)。2、主謂結(jié)構(gòu)不及物：He lived in Beijing last year. He is speaking in the room. Listen carefully! Would you go there? If I were you, I would go.3、主語+謂語+賓語及物動詞：單賓語：此結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語+謂語+賓語夠成。其中的謂語動詞須是及物的動詞或及物的動詞詞組。賓語須是名詞或相當于名詞的成分。He is speaking English now. He saw a film yesterday. The desk is made in Beijing.4、主語+謂語+間賓（人）直賓（物）雙賓語：間賓（人）直賓（物）此結(jié)構(gòu)由主語+及物謂語動詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（事物）組成。如，He brings me cookies every day.She made me a beautiful dress.但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for,如，He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用to側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。用for 側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask,owe,hand, pass等。（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,sing, save, spare,等。5、主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語I considered him a good man, He asked me to leave. I found him lying on the ground.注意：感官動詞有l(wèi)ook at, see, watch, notice, observe, listen to, hear, feel, find, catch 等。表“致使”意義的動詞稱之為使役動詞，如make, let, have, keep, leave, set, send 等。后接非謂語動詞的不同形式作賓語補足語，表達不同的含義。后接不帶to的不定式表示一個發(fā)生過或者還沒發(fā)生具體的動作。 后接V-ing形式表正在進行的動作。 后接V-ed形式表被動意義。（三）謂語與非謂語的關(guān)系1、他躺在那里。 He lay there。2、他躺在那里望著天空。A.有連詞。He lay there and looked into the sky. B沒有連詞He lay there, looking into the sky.The book written by him sells well.The fallen leaves have rotten.明確兩種關(guān)系：1、與邏輯主語的關(guān)系（主動或被動關(guān)系）2、與謂語動詞的關(guān)系（同時、之前、之后）例1 Dont sit there _ nothing. Come and help me with this table. 【06湖北-34】A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing例2Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to _ since the flood hit the area last Friday. 【06山東-33】A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost例3_ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. 【06四川-33】A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face五、并列句It rains. I will stay home.It rained. I stayed at home.It rained so /and I stayed at home.并列連詞：and, or, but, so, for, when, while, neither nor, either or, not but,not only but also六、復合句Because it rained yesterday, I stayed at home.There are 50 students in our class. 30 of them are girls.There are 50 students in our class and 30 of them are girls.There are 50 students in our class, 30 of whom are girls.連詞狀語從句時間when, 1.當.時候whenever, every(each) time無論什么時候as, 當時候 一邊一邊since,自.開始till, until, 直到時候為止 not until 直到才before, after, 在之前/后as soon as, the moment, immediately, the day, the minute, the second 一就once,一旦no sooner than, hardly(scarcely) when 一就地點Where, 在地方（特指）wherever, everywhere 任何地方（泛指）條件if, unless, as(so) long as, 只要on condition that, 條件是in case, 萬一if only，但愿 原因because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that, in view of the fact that(鑒于)讓步though, although, while,雖然even if(though), 即使as,雖然（需倒裝）whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter +wh詞，盡管whether or, 要么要么 despite the fact that 盡管比較asas, not the same as, not soas, than方式as, the way 按照as if(though) 似乎，好像目的that, so that, in order that,for fear that, 恐怕結(jié)果so that, so that,太以致于 This is so interesting a book that I like to read it. such that, This is such an interesting book that I like to read it.定語從句關(guān)系代詞which, as, that, whose, who, whom關(guān)系副詞where, when, why名詞性從句which, that, whose, who, whom, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, where, when, why, how, however四、獨立主格It raining, I stayed at home.With the problems to settle, the boss felt worried.With the problems settled, the boss felt relaxed.With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a good time.A. settledB. settlingC. to settleD. being settledWith a lot of dishes to wash, I can not go with you.With a lot of dishes to be washed, the kitchen is out of order.后接V-ing形式動詞類： appreciate, avoid, bear, consider, dislike, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, hate, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, postpone , resist, risk, cant stand, suggest 等。這些動詞須接V-ing形式作賓語。后接不定式與V-ing形式意義不同動詞類remember, try, regret, mean, forget, stop, go on, cant help等后接不定式與V-ing形式作賓語，表達含義不同。見下表：動詞接動名詞作賓語接不定式作賓語cant help禁不住做某事不能幫助做某事mean意味著做某事企圖（打算）做某事regret對做過的事表示后悔對要做的事表示遺憾try嘗試做某事努力做某事remember過去發(fā)生的動作將來的動作go on繼續(xù)做未完成的事情做完一件事后，接著做另一件事forget忘記以前曾做過某事忘記做某事stop中斷正在做的事情中斷正在做的事去做別的事后接不定式動詞類：afford, agree, choose, determine, expect, decide, learn, offer, manage, hope, want, wish, promise, refuse, fail, pretend, happen等動詞，后跟不定式作賓語。含情感色彩的動詞：這類動詞有excite, inspire, encourage, interest, satisfy, delight, please, move, frighten, surprise, amaze, astonish, shock, worry, disappoint, discourage, exhaust, puzzle, tire, terrify等。情感動詞后接指人的名詞或代詞作賓語，有V-ing和V-ed兩種形式，在句中作賓語和表語，V-ing形式指事物，V-ed形式則指人。帶介詞to的動詞短語類：這類短語有be (get) used to, lead to, devoteto, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, there is no end to等。當它們后面出現(xiàn)動詞時，要用V-ing形式。dress, lose, hide, seat, call, name等動詞，可以跟人作賓語還可以用于系表結(jié)構(gòu)。need, require, want后接ing與不定式區(qū)別根據(jù)分別作主語、賓語、狀語、定語、謂語的詞可以把語法聯(lián)系起來。所謂的中心就是以動詞為核心，明確什么樣的動詞是謂語（即有正確的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的動詞形式就是謂語動詞）。明確謂語和非謂語的關(guān)系，明確非謂語與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系。強調(diào)連詞的功能。語法基本就串講完了，做一個語法結(jié)構(gòu)圖，使他們的知識系統(tǒng)化。分析長句，是閱讀的基本功、寫句子是寫作的基礎(chǔ)，從而做到使語法為讀寫服務。練習：1. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. 2007 重慶卷A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished2. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _, he gladly accepted it. 2007 安徽卷 A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished3. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _at the end of last March. 2007 山東卷Ahas been launched Bhaving been launched Cbeing launched Dto be launched4.Its a long time since I saw my sister. _ her this weekend? 2007 全國卷I A. Why not visit B. why not to visit C. Why not visiting D. Why dont visit5. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _, and asked myself what I was going to do. 2007 湖南卷 A. moved B moving C. to move D. being moved6. Robert is indeed a wise man.Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _ his advice! 2007 安徽卷 A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking7. Mary, _ here - everybody else, stay where you are. 【06全國I卷35】A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming8. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom. 2007 全國卷IIA. opened and closedB. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and close9. The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time. 2007 上海卷 A. to be completedB. having been completed C. completed D. being completed10. Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon. 2007 四川卷 Asaid Bsays Csaying Dto say11. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. 2007 遼寧卷A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break12. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _.2007 浙江卷 A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard13. that she didnt do a good job, I dont think I am abler than her. 2007 陜西卷A.To have said B.Having said C.To say D.Saying14. _ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. 2007 浙江卷 A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven15. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day. 2007 四川卷A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water16. the safety of gas, the government has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly. ATo ensureBEnsuringCHaving ensured.DTo have ensured17. The last one _ pays the meal. Agreed! 2007 全國卷I A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving18. All the staff in our company are considering to the city centre for the fashion show. 2007 上海春Ato goBgoingCto have gone Dhaving gone19. My parents have always made me _ about myself, even when I was twelve. 2007 江蘇卷 A. feeling wellB. feeling good C. feel well D. feel good20. Excuse me sir,where is Room 301? Just a minute.Ill have Bob _you to your room. 2007 北京卷A.show B.shows C. to show D. showing21. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English in a short period. 2007 福建卷A.improved B.improvingC.to improve D.improve22. There is nothing more I can try _ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. 2007 上海卷 A. being persuadedB. persuadingC. to be persuaded D. to persuade23. Please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop. 2007 山東卷 Ato seal Bto be seated Cseating Dseated24. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ to my new job. (00 N) A. expectedB. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects25. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _ in his lectures. 2007 江蘇卷 A. interestedB. interestingC. interest D. to interest高考單項選擇題的命題角度高考命題者常常利用熟悉的句型結(jié)構(gòu)，或者一些固定搭配來制造干擾，讓考生在非常神氣的心情中快速地得出錯誤的答案。針對這種情況，我們不妨把它歸納為如下幾種情況：一、利用倒敘的手法將本來正常的表述內(nèi)容斷開，將后半句提前。解題時可以考慮將題干撫正，或?qū)⒑蟀刖淇醋魇÷詫⑵溲a齊。I dont think Ill need any money, but Ill bring some _.A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time二、利用思維定勢干擾的手法In order not to be disturbed, I spent three hours _ in my study.A. locking B. lockedC. to lockD. to be locked三、利用答語省略-Nancy is not coming tonight!-But she_! A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised- He was nearly drowned once.- When was _?- It was in 1998 _ he was in middle schoolA. that, that B. that, when C. it, that D. it, when四、利用文化撞擊：母語干擾型Ill come to see you if_.A. youre convenientB. it is convenient for youC. you feel convenientD. it is convenient with you五、插入隔離He ran as fast as he could _the bus.A. catch B. to catch C. catchingD. caughtJim plays football_, if not better than, Mike.A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as六、規(guī)則硬套型My friend Mary is _ beautiful girl， _ girl everyone likes to work with.A. a, a B. a, the C. the, a D. the, the七、詞性的誤用_ he was in Japan, he visited many places.A. During B. Since C. While D. InI was about to go out _ the telephone rang.A. when B. suddenly C. as soon as D. directly八、標點符號Mrs Lynn has two daughters_.()，as far as I remember，are both working in the US.A.whom B.and who C.who D.they（一）明確考點：一、高考英語熱點動詞歸納1、連系動詞2、感官動詞3、使役動詞4、含情感色彩的動詞5、后接不定式動詞6、后接V-ing形式動詞7、后接不定式與V-ing形式意義不同動詞8、進行時態(tài)表將來意義動詞9、主動形式表達被動詞10、虛擬語氣動詞11、省略替代類12、否定轉(zhuǎn)移類13、帶介詞to的動詞短語類14、瞬間動詞 15、計劃未能實現(xiàn)類16、dress、seat類二、動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)1、考查在語境中判斷動詞時態(tài)的運用能力。?？嫉臅r態(tài)為：一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、現(xiàn)在進行、過去進行、現(xiàn)在完成、過去完成、現(xiàn)在完成進行、過去將來等。2、時間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中動詞的時態(tài)；主從句時態(tài)呼應問題。3、持續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞的用法區(qū)別。4、及物動詞的被動語態(tài)。5、系動詞的用法特點。6、某些以主動形式表被動意義的動詞的用法。三、情態(tài)動詞的考點1、 考查情態(tài)動詞的基本用法2、考查情態(tài)動詞can; could ; may; might; must; should; need 等表示判斷及推測與時態(tài)3、考查情態(tài)動詞表示是語氣四、非謂語動詞考點1、謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的區(qū)別；2、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞3、非謂語動詞與不定式的區(qū)別把握一個核心；明確兩種關(guān)系五、名詞性從句與定語從句1、考查其關(guān)聯(lián)詞的區(qū)別2、考查主謂一致3、考查名詞性從句的時態(tài)4、考查語序5、考查語氣六、狀語從句考點各種從屬連詞的含義及用法比較；狀語從句的時態(tài)問題；狀語從句的語序問題；狀語從句的語氣問題；狀語從句與其它從句的區(qū)別。七、簡單句與并列句1、 考查祈使句的用法：祈使句的構(gòu)成；祈使句的反意問句；祈使句的回答；祈使句+and(or)+句子的用法。2、 反意疑問句：祈使句的反意問句；I think +賓語從句的反意問句；主從復合句的反意問句；表示判斷的情態(tài)動詞構(gòu)成的反意疑問句。3、 并列句：考查并列連詞的用法八、倒裝句完全倒裝、部分倒裝九、名詞考點名詞主要考查名詞的單、復數(shù);可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換；名詞作定語；名詞的搭配;詞語辨析；近幾年高考主要考查名詞詞義的辨析從93年06年共計32組，06年全部是詞義辨析。十、代詞考點：人稱代詞：人稱代詞的指代問題，人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換，物主代詞，反身代詞；不定代詞的用法比較：both, either, neither, all, any, none、some / any、one，that 和 it 、another / other / the other / others / the others、every 和each、few, little, a few, a little, a bit ; else 的用法； it 的用法： it作人稱代詞,代替前面提到的事物； it作形式賓語、形式主語； It is that.的強調(diào)句型；it指代時間,季節(jié),距離。十一、形容詞和副詞形容詞和副詞的基本用法；形容詞和副詞的位置；形容詞和副詞的級別；常見形容詞和副詞的用法比較。十二、冠詞考點：冠詞的基本用法；冠詞泛指、特指、類指于專指的區(qū)別；冠詞的習慣用法；冠詞的語序十三、介詞考點：考查介詞的基本用法；介詞與動詞、形容詞、名詞搭配；with 后接賓語與補足語。十四、主謂一致考點：語法一致原則：用and連接兩個并列成分、介詞、with 伴隨主語、各種代詞的主謂一致、短語和從句作主語、定語從句中的主謂一致；就近原則；意義一致原則。十五、交際用語考點交際用語命題的特點是靈活、短小、前后語連接緊湊。大于多呈現(xiàn)省略狀態(tài)，而且語言場景突出。掌握好日常交際用語的41個項目是得分的關(guān)鍵。二、備考建議（1）把握考點、突破重點、遠離偏、難、怪，基礎(chǔ)和落實是關(guān)鍵（2）用好考綱詞匯，突出重點詞匯和高頻詞匯（尤其是活躍動詞），強調(diào)語境用詞注意一詞多義 （重點）(cover, run, reach, play, stand, beat, spare)固定搭配 （?？紕釉~15個：take, get, bring, ask, catch, put, come, give, keep, make, break, hold, look, go, turn）1.beof抽象名詞2.the形容詞副詞比較級，the 形容詞副詞比較級3.not no never nothing 比較級4.比較級than any other 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞5.the比較級of6.as形容詞原級（a an）名詞as7.as形容詞副詞原級as，比較級than8.the same 名詞as9.倍數(shù)比較級than，倍數(shù)as原級as，倍數(shù)the size heightlength weight width of10. no longernotany longer11. 形容詞副詞enough to do sth12. （much）tooto do sth13. where14. How soon15. There be16. In case17. keep preventstop sb（sth）from doing（being done）18. have keep make getdrive sendset leave sb（sth）賓補19have sthDone20make oneself done21used to do sth22warn sb（not）to do against doing sth23spend waste time in doing sth24cant help doing sth25sbwould（should）like（love）to do sth26Given27情態(tài)動詞（not）have 過去分詞28so that29suchthat30tilluntil31the first time32before33Itbe一段時間since從句34It is was the firstlastsecond third time 從句35As is known to all36no matter 特殊疑問詞37What （aanadj）名詞Howadjadv主語謂語38Itthat what whether howwhen主語從句或to do sth doing sth39think make find feelkeepit賓補40It is was 被強調(diào)部分that（who）41Only 副詞介詞短語狀語從句42Never Little Not a Hardly In no time In no way In no case Seldom Scarcely Barely Rarely NowhereBy no means be 助動詞情態(tài)動詞主語謂語 43Soadjbe助動詞情態(tài)動詞主語 (倒裝)44adjadvnasthough/ that 主語謂語45No soonerthan Hardly（Scarcely）when（before）46not onlybut（also）47Neither Nor be 助動詞情態(tài)動詞主語48Sobe助動詞情態(tài)動詞主語與So主語be助動詞情態(tài)動詞49do you think？ 50It is said reported thoughtbelieved announced that51This is speaking52do nothing but do sth./ cannot but do/ cannot help but do/ cannot choose but do./ have no choice but to do53d like to，d love to，be going to， mean to，ought to，try to，plan to，be glad to，be happy to54Im sorry，but55Why not 動詞原形？56Do Would you mind？57How What about？58That It be adjof sbto do sth59prefer to do sthrather