Research Proposal的寫作步驟及組成部分VIP

英語(yǔ)研究計(jì)劃書（Research Proposal）的寫作步驟和組成部分STEP 1 定研究題目的大方向選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：與自己的本科專業(yè)、相關(guān)研究或調(diào)研經(jīng)歷、要申請(qǐng)的專業(yè)、目標(biāo)教授有關(guān)。注意：1. 瀏覽國(guó)際上相關(guān)領(lǐng)域知名期刊近年來(lái)發(fā)的文章的題目和摘要，歸納總結(jié)一下別人都在研究些什么；也可以在有幾個(gè)興趣方向后，問(wèn)問(wèn)相關(guān)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的老師，他們會(huì)比較清楚。2. 一開始沒(méi)必要把題目定的太細(xì)致，有個(gè)大方向即可。到下一步閱讀文獻(xiàn)的過(guò)程中，隨著對(duì)研究主題了解的深入和看別人的研究，會(huì)產(chǎn)生很多新的想法。如果一開始就限定死了，很可能到后面就發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)研究缺乏可行性、或者前人已經(jīng)研究過(guò)了。STEP 2 找文獻(xiàn)&閱讀文獻(xiàn)文獻(xiàn)選擇的幾個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1. 以英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)為主。參考文獻(xiàn)列表中也可以有少量中文文獻(xiàn)。在剛開始讀文獻(xiàn)時(shí)，可以先看些中文的，方便了解相關(guān)研究背景。以免在看英文文獻(xiàn)時(shí)云里霧里，看不懂。2. 相關(guān)專業(yè)具有影響力的期刊上發(fā)的文章；3. 相關(guān)領(lǐng)域權(quán)威泰斗人士發(fā)的文章（可以追蹤他長(zhǎng)期的研究，一一閱讀他從早期到現(xiàn)在的論文，這樣能了解到這個(gè)研究主題發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)）；4. 近幾年的文章，太久的（比如10年前的）參考價(jià)值降低；5. 如果你的目標(biāo)教授有發(fā)表相關(guān)的英語(yǔ)文章，也可以找出來(lái)看看。6. 中文有很多垃圾期刊，少看那上面的文章，不如不看7. 碩士和博士學(xué)位論文涵蓋的內(nèi)容比較綜合，可以看個(gè)幾篇，用于了解該領(lǐng)域的研究情況，來(lái)龍去脈，補(bǔ)充一些基礎(chǔ)背景知識(shí)之類的。找文獻(xiàn)的方法：英文：通過(guò)Google學(xué)術(shù)搜索; 如果你所在的學(xué)校買了該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，就可以直接下載。中文：一般是通過(guò)中國(guó)知網(wǎng)搜索。需要看多少篇文章: 寫一篇研究計(jì)劃書，需要精讀15篇以上英文論文。中文的5-10篇，多看一些也無(wú)所謂（看得快嘛），但要避免看垃圾文章?？次墨I(xiàn)的Tips1. 將覺(jué)得需要認(rèn)真看、反復(fù)研究的重點(diǎn)文章打印出來(lái)，反復(fù)看，也方便做記號(hào)和前后對(duì)照翻閱。2. 在讀的過(guò)程中，遇到寫得好的、關(guān)鍵的、覺(jué)得有可能在研究計(jì)劃書中用上的句子，復(fù)制粘貼到一個(gè)word文檔里并簡(jiǎn)要標(biāo)明出處。3. 讀文獻(xiàn)的過(guò)程中有任何想法都要趕緊記下來(lái)?？梢杂霉P記本手寫，也可以建一個(gè)word文檔記。4.認(rèn)真研究英文文獻(xiàn)的句子，模仿他們的行文和表述方式。在此推薦一本英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)寫作的書，可以先簡(jiǎn)要閱讀一遍，名字叫The elements of style，網(wǎng)上能搜到英文原版和中譯版。STEP3 開始寫1. 寫的過(guò)程中，記得隨時(shí)翻閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。覺(jué)得寫不下去時(shí)，就再去看文獻(xiàn)，也可以求助于老師或?qū)W術(shù)能力比較強(qiáng)的師兄師姐。2. 字?jǐn)?shù)在1500-2000字左右為宜（不包括參考文獻(xiàn)）英語(yǔ)研究計(jì)劃書（Research Proposal）各個(gè)部分的具體內(nèi)容1. Research Title and Theme研究題目一句話，詳細(xì)，具體。然后用一小段話概況整個(gè)研究計(jì)劃書，跟寫論文摘要類似。2. Research Context研究背景。介紹一下關(guān)于此主題的研究起源，一些基本的背景資料。這部分可以在看文獻(xiàn)的過(guò)程中好好搜集組織。3. Literature Review文獻(xiàn)綜述。這就是你閱讀文獻(xiàn)和思考的成果。要說(shuō)清楚關(guān)于該主題的研究進(jìn)展到了什么程度，有哪些方面的觀點(diǎn)，各做了一些什么研究，有什么結(jié)論。然后從前人的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么問(wèn)題，因而得到你所要做的研究。4. Aims and Objectives此研究要達(dá)到什么目的，回答什么問(wèn)題?？梢韵葘?-3個(gè)主要目標(biāo)。然后有4-5個(gè)具體一些的分目標(biāo)。例如：This planned research has the following aims:1）2）Specific research questions that will be addressed include:1）2）5. Methodology方法論。即如何研究？如何實(shí)現(xiàn)上述的目標(biāo)？研究計(jì)劃書最核心的部分之一！方法論一定要具體，要可行！讓人感覺(jué)拿著這個(gè)“辦事流程”就可以直接上手了。比如說(shuō)寫到發(fā)訪談，就應(yīng)該寫清楚訪談對(duì)象是誰(shuí)，采取什么抽樣方法，準(zhǔn)備訪談哪些問(wèn)題。比如說(shuō)寫到要做政策分析，應(yīng)具體到準(zhǔn)備怎么收集政策資料，收集哪些資料，在分析時(shí)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注什么問(wèn)題。例如：(1) Systematic documentation collection and analysis of public policies;The researcher means to search relevant public policies from government documents and news reports. The policies related to economy, employment, housing and education will be focused. Research Proposal的寫作主要包括以下幾個(gè)部分：1. Statement of your hypothesis2. Review of Related Literature3. Methodology4. Analysis of the problems or significant issues involved. (Statistics)5. Summary of your findings and your conclusions and recommendationsResearch Proposal一般的長(zhǎng)度控制在2000-3000字左右，必須回答下列問(wèn)題：What you plan to accomplish? Why you want to do it and how you are going to do it?必須讓讀者相信you have an important research idea(重要的研究想法) that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues (對(duì)主要問(wèn)題和相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)有很好的把握) and that your methodology is sound (方法是對(duì)路的)?！绢}目】簡(jiǎn)單描述性；An investigation of可以省略【摘要】300詞，包括the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Description of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used. 【Introduction】為研究的問(wèn)題提供主要的背景首先，讓研究問(wèn)題在一個(gè)當(dāng)前熱門或者仍舊可以討論的舊領(lǐng)域的上下文中。其次，要提供簡(jiǎn)單但恰當(dāng)?shù)臍v史背景。第三，提供你的研究問(wèn)題占據(jù)中心位置的當(dāng)代上下文。最后，確定“核心問(wèn)題”和最相關(guān)的代表出版物。簡(jiǎn)而言之，突出研究問(wèn)題的重要性。The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study. (陳述研究問(wèn)題，作為研究的目的)2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance. (用能夠顯示必要性和重要性的方式，提供研究問(wèn)題的背景)3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing. (提出研究的根據(jù)，清楚表明為什么值得研究)4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research. (簡(jiǎn)要描述研究的主要問(wèn)題和次要問(wèn)題)5. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus. (界定研究問(wèn)題)6. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional) 為重要概念進(jìn)行定義【Literature Review】The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the ground work for your research. 3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question. 5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research. 8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e. resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).【Methods】It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project (給出研究計(jì)劃，描述完成項(xiàng)目必要的行為). It should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound (必須給出充分的信息讓讀者相信方法是合理的、最恰當(dāng)有效的).【Results】obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesize. 【Discussion】You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weakness of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the clearly developmental stage of your research area. 常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤：1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question. 2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmar