高三英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識：動詞知識精講

高三英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識：動詞【本講主要內(nèi)容】語法基礎(chǔ)知識：動詞【知識總結(jié)歸納】動詞是表示動作和狀態(tài)的詞。在英語的句子中，如果動詞用做句子的謂語，那么在人稱和數(shù)方面受主語的限制，在時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣方面也要根據(jù)具體的使用情境發(fā)生變化。如果動詞在句子中不做謂語，而充當(dāng)了其它的語言成份，則被稱為非謂語動詞，其出現(xiàn)形式包括動詞不定式，分詞和動名詞三種。它們在句子中不單獨作謂語，不被主語限制，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。非謂語動詞我們會做為專題在今后詳盡介紹的。動詞分為實義動詞，聯(lián)系動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。1. 實義動詞：實義動詞又叫做行為動詞，表示動作和狀態(tài)，能單獨作謂語或作謂語的一部分。實義動詞可分為及物動詞（The transitive verb）和不及物動詞（The intransitive verb），有許多動詞既是及物動詞又是不及物動詞。正確判斷及物動詞和不及物動詞能夠幫助正確使用被動語態(tài)和詞語搭配。不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)的用法。2. 聯(lián)系動詞：聯(lián)系動詞和表語一起連用，起到謂語的作用。主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的句子用以表述主語的特點，狀態(tài)，形狀，身份、性質(zhì)等。He is a student.In spring the days get longer.The girl became interested in music.You look fine today.常見的連系動詞有be , feel , look , taste , seem , grow等等，感官動詞如feel , smell , taste , look及有些不及物動詞如grow , become , remain , get 等都可以用作連系動詞。要注意的是：（1）聯(lián)系動詞除了to be 結(jié)構(gòu)以外，在構(gòu)成否定式，疑問式的方法上與實義動詞一樣。以look為例：The picture looks beautiful.The picture does not look beautiful.Does the picture look beautiful ?（3）連系動詞后面須接有作表語的名詞或形容詞。請比較下列句子，判斷謂語動詞是不及物動詞還是連系動詞。在使用連系動詞時請同學(xué)務(wù)必注意以上兩點，以避免在寫作中出現(xiàn)錯誤。如：I feel happy. （不是happily），happily表明I的狀態(tài)。I ran fast. fast在此處是副詞，修飾ran這個動作，而不表明主語I的狀態(tài)）3. 助動詞：助動詞有下面這些：（1）be , been , being , am , are , is , was , were（2）have , has , had , having（3）shall , will , would , should（4）do , does , did助動詞本身沒有詞義，只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞，表示否定，疑問，時態(tài)，語態(tài)和語氣等語法現(xiàn)象。如：He does not like watching music program. （否定）Did you have a meeting yesterday ? （疑問）I have seen this film. （時態(tài)）A lot of machines are made in this factory. （被動語態(tài)）I did come to see you yesterday but you were not at home. （強調(diào)語氣）（1）助動詞be：be作助動詞時有下列形式（be , is , am , are , was , were , being , been）a. am , is , are 幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)；was , were 幫助構(gòu)成過去進(jìn)行時和一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。What are you doing ?Was it raining when you came back yesterday ?A piece of ice is taken into a warm room.Negroes were not treated as human beings.b. be 與shall , will , should , would , can , must , may 等一起構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)和進(jìn)行時態(tài)。The drawing must be handed in five days before the exhibition.He must be doing his homework now.c. been 幫助構(gòu)成各種完成進(jìn)行時和完成時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。He has been doing his homework this morning.In some places people have been warned of SARS.d. being 幫助構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)和動名時，分詞的被動式。The water in the clothes in being turned into vapour.I was afraid of being scolded.（2）助動詞havehave作助詞時有have , has , had , having 四種形式。a. have 與has幫助構(gòu)成一些完成時態(tài)及完成進(jìn)行時Have you ever seen this film ?The whole city has been changed into a big beautiful park .He may have worked out the problem.We have been working at this difficult problem.b. had 幫助構(gòu)成過去完成時態(tài)和虛擬語氣過去時態(tài)。How long had you stayed in Beijing before Mr Zhang came here ?If he had been here , he would have helped us.c. having 幫助構(gòu)成分詞的完成式。Having finished the work , he went home.（3）助動詞dodo作助動詞時有do , does , did 三種形式。a. 可以幫助實義動詞一般現(xiàn)在時與過去時的否定式和疑問式。What time do you / does he get up every day ?I / He didnt see the teacher that morning.b. do , does , did 都可以用來加強語氣，后接原形動詞，表“的確”、“真的”等意思。He does get up early every day .Do be careful.c. 用來避免重復(fù)，代替前面剛出現(xiàn)過的實義動詞。Do you have more subjects than you did in the first year ?Who runs fastest in your class ? Wang Lin does.注意：在倒裝句中，必須在主語前面加上與動詞相同時態(tài)和人稱的助動詞，后面的實義動詞需改為原形動詞。I go for a walk only after supper.Only after supper do I go for a walk.I didnt see the tall man . My son didnt see him , either.I didnt see the tall man . Neither did my son.I could hardly climb up to the top of the peak.Hardly could I climb up to the top of the peak.【高考點撥】【題型展示】動詞的考察在各種英語測試中都是極其重要的部分。在高考中，對于動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)，搭配，詞意辨析等各知識點的考查會覆蓋整張試卷。在本章中，主要針對除時態(tài)，語態(tài)兩個專題以外的考查類型舉例。足夠的詞匯量和正確的詞語搭配和語境的理解是做好動詞考查的必要條件?？疾閯釉~有許多種題型，如單項選擇，完型填空，閱讀題中的猜詞以及改錯題等。下面我將分題型一一舉例分析。單選：2020年全國考25題If anybody calls , tell them Im out , and ask them to _ their name and address.A. passB. writeC. takeD. leave該題考查動詞辨異。題目意思是：如果有人打電話，告訴他我不在，讓他留下姓名和地址。在句中從語境看是讓留下打電話的人的姓名與住址。其余幾個動詞在這個情境中不適用。因此答案為D2020年全國卷31題News reports say peace talks between the two countries _ with no agreement reached.A. have broken downB. have broken outC. have broken inD. have broken up此題考查的是break動詞短語的用法，一定要辨清這幾個詞組的準(zhǔn)確含義。break down 受挫、失敗、壞掉，break out 突然發(fā)生、爆發(fā) break in 闖入、強行進(jìn)入，break up 分開，分解，題目意思為：有新聞報道說，兩國之間的談判已經(jīng)破裂，沒有達(dá)成任何協(xié)議。從“with no agreement reached ”可看出談判沒有成功。所以選A。2002年全國卷28題The taxi driver often reminds passengers to _ their belongings when they leave the car.A. keepB. catchC. holdD. take本題考察在實際情景中選用正確動詞。根據(jù)從句when they leave the car （離開汽車時）所給的信息，passengers 應(yīng)拿走所攜帶物品（belongings）。雖然四個備選答案都可以與其賓語搭配，但選用適合語境的詞才是解題的關(guān)鍵。二. 完形填空：在完形填空中對動詞的考查就更為靈活了，它不僅要求同學(xué)們認(rèn)識備選答案，更要通過全文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，前后文的主謂、動賓搭配來確定答案，因此難度更大。1997年高考題：The news 8 twenty minutes later . The gunman had （stopped）a car for a ride , and then （pushed）out the driver . He was possibly （heading for）the southern state Parkway in a white Ford. Licence plate （車牌）number LJR 1939 . The （voice）of the announcer continued A. continuedB. lastedC. spreadD. arrived這是一篇講加油站工人勇抓通緝犯的故事。主人公Tod聽到搶劫銀行的廣播消息，并引發(fā)了他的一些想法。此段接了上文描寫Todd聽的消息的后續(xù)內(nèi)容?！岸昼姾筮@條消息”。從上下文與本段最后幾個字可知：消息繼續(xù)播出?？膳懦鼵和D。再根據(jù)A和B這兩個選項（continue繼續(xù)；last持續(xù)）在語義上的差別，可判斷答案為A。C. 短文改錯在短文改錯中，動詞考查主要在語法層面上，對詞義辨析的考查較少，時態(tài)，固定搭配考查的比較多，要注意上下文時態(tài)、語態(tài)的一致和主謂一致等問題。例1：We wish you make better use of your time.從句子結(jié)構(gòu)即可發(fā)現(xiàn)及物動詞wish之后的不定式作賓語補足語時，須為wish sb to do 的結(jié)構(gòu)。因此：make to make例2：All that can be done had done.首先分清主句的主語和謂語。本句譯為“能做的一切都已經(jīng)做了?！盿ll做主語，that can be done 是定語從句。修飾all。其謂語部分had done , 應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。had done had been done.【實戰(zhàn)模擬】1. I love to go to the seaside in summer . It _ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.A. doesB. feelsC. getsD. makes2. They _ the train until it disappeared in the distance.A. sawB. watchedC. noticedD. observed3. Let Harry play with your toys as well . Clare , you must learn to _.A. supportB. careC. spareD. share4. As we joined the big crowd , I got _ from my friends.A. separatedB. sparedC. lostD. missed5. Dont mention that at the beginning of the story , or it may _ the shocking ending.A. give awayB. give outC. give up D. give off6. We didnt