建筑給排水外文翻譯

畢業(yè)設計/論文外 文 文 獻 翻 譯系 別 環(huán)境工程學院 專 業(yè) 班 級 給水排水工程61101班 姓 名 宋嘉 評 分 指 導 教 師 吳宜珍 武漢紡織大學2014 年6月武漢紡織大學建筑給排水外文翻譯多層住宅建筑給排水設計的幾個問題 摘要：本文就多層住宅建筑給排水設計中給水管材的選用，管道的敷設方式， 水表出戶設置，家用熱水器的設置及空調冷凝水排放等問題進行探討，并提出一些具體看法。 關鍵詞：多層住宅,給水管材,管道敷設,水表,太陽能熱水器 多層住宅以其配套設施簡單，造價低，物業(yè)管理方便等特點，很受中小城市房地產開發(fā)商和廣大居民的歡迎。 如何按2000年小康住宅科技產業(yè)工程居住區(qū)規(guī)劃設計導則的要求，提高住宅的設計水平，為每個住戶營造出一個舒適 的生活空間，是每個設計人員的職責所在。作為住宅的心臟廚房、衛(wèi)生間，是功能復雜，衛(wèi)生、安全和舒適度要求 高，營造繁雜,技術要求高的空間。因此，設計人員必須以整體設計的觀念和方法，綜合考慮廚房、衛(wèi)生間給排水管道 和設備的安裝等。下面就多層住宅給排水設計中給水管材的選用、管道的敷設、水表出戶設置、家用熱水器的設置和空 調冷凝水排放等問題與同行們一起探討。 （一） 給水管材選用問題 傳統(tǒng)的給水管材一般采用鍍鋅鋼管，由于鍍鋅鋼管易銹蝕，使用壽命短，用于輸送生活用水不能滿足水質衛(wèi)生標準等 缺點，建設部正大力推廣塑料給水管的應用。許多地市已明文規(guī)定：禁止設計使用鍍鋅鋼管，推廣使用塑料給水管。塑料給水 管與金屬管道相比，具有重量輕，耐壓強度好，輸送液體阻力小，耐化學腐蝕性能強，安裝方便，省鋼節(jié)能，使用壽命長等優(yōu)點。給水用塑料管道主要有：硬聚氯乙烯（PVCU）、高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）、交聯(lián)聚乙烯（PEX）、改性聚丙烯（PPR ，PPC）、聚丁烯（PB）、鋁塑復合管（PEALPE，PEXALPEX）和鋼塑復合管等。 管材的選擇是經濟技術的比較過程，技術上應從壓力、溫度、使用環(huán)境、安裝方法等方面進行考慮，同時結合業(yè)主 的要求和住宅的檔次，進行經濟技術綜合考慮后確定。以上所塑料給水管材都可作為住宅生活給水管材。經濟適用房和解 困房主要面對廣大中低收入居民，可選用衛(wèi)生級硬聚氯乙烯管（PVCU）作為給水管，以降低造價；中高檔商品房可用鋁 塑復合管（PEALPE，PEXALPEX）或其他塑料給水管材作為給水管。住宅配水點的熱水溫度不超過600C，因此上述 管材中除硬聚氯乙烯管（PVCU）和鋁塑料復合管（PEALPE）外,大多管材可作為住宅的熱水管道。 （二） 管道敷設問題 1給排水立管的敷設一般有以下幾種方式 1）明裝在廚房、衛(wèi)生間的墻角處。在以往的住宅設計中較多采用這種敷設方式，它施工方便，但明露管道有礙居室美觀，住戶在二次裝修時大多會用輕質材料給予隱藏起來。 2）明裝在建筑物外墻陰角處。這種方式僅適用于南方天氣較暖和的地區(qū)，冬季的最低溫度不得低于零攝氏度，以防 水管內水凍結成冰，脹裂管道，影響住戶使用。管道在外墻敷設，影響建筑美觀，也不便于日后管理和維修。 3）敷設在管道井內。這種方式使居室潔凈美觀，但管道井占用了衛(wèi)生間的面積，且管道施工、維修都比較困難。 衛(wèi)生間設立集中管道井，把給水管、排水管都集中在管道井里布置，這是小康住宅廚房、衛(wèi)生間居住文明的重要 體現(xiàn)。本人認為：在中高檔的商品房建筑方案設計時應考慮衛(wèi)生間管道井的設置，這樣即提高衛(wèi)生間的使用質量， 又可解決硬聚氯乙烯排水管水流噪聲大的問題，提高居室的環(huán)境質量水平；對于衛(wèi)生間面積較小的經濟適用房和 解困房， 在南方較暖和地區(qū)給排水立管可考慮敷設在外墻，以增大衛(wèi)生間的使用空間；管道明裝在室內時，應不 影響廚房、衛(wèi)生間各衛(wèi)生設備功能的使用。 2給水支管敷設 住宅給水支管管徑一役de32mm，小管徑的塑料給水管，呈彎曲狀態(tài)，故住宅給水支管提介采用暗設。給水支管暗 設的方式有： 1） 暗設在磚墻里。施工時在磚墻面開管槽，管槽寬度為管子外徑de+20mm，深度為管子外徑de，管道直接嵌入管 槽，并用管卡將子固定在管槽內。 2） 對于小管徑給水支管de20mm，可暗設在樓（地）面找平層里。施工時在樓（地）板面上開管槽，槽寬為de+10mm， 深為12de，管道半嵌入管槽里，并用管卡將管子固定在管槽內。鋁塑復合管和交聯(lián)聚丙烯管等管道采用金屬管件連接， 采用暗設時須加大管槽尺寸，且水流局部水頭損失較大。對于廚房、衛(wèi)生間內衛(wèi)生器具布置相對集中的住宅，可采用分 水器進行連接，分水器是一種多分支管接頭，各衛(wèi)生器具給水支管分別從分水器接出。這樣既可避免暗埋管道的管接頭 滲透問題。又可減小局部水頭損失，降低管網造價。 3）排水支管敷設 住宅室內排水橫管宜設在本層套內，這樣排水橫管滲透時可避免污水等污染物進入鄰戶，管道維修時也不會影響到鄰 戶的正常生活。 廚房內洗滌盆的排水橫支管一般在本層樓板面上接入排水立管；地漏排水支管須敷設下層空間?，F(xiàn)在許多同行都認為： 廚房地面都鋪設瓷磚，清潔地在時不須用水沖洗，設置地漏意義不大，故廚房內可不設地地漏，這樣既避免排水橫支 管進入鄰戶，又可增大廚房的使用空間。 衛(wèi)生間內排水橫支管在本層敷設具體措施有： 1） 提高衛(wèi)生間地面。地面勢高150mm，采用后排式坐便器，洗臉盆、浴盆和地漏的排水橫管暗埋在墊層內。 2） 采用下沉式衛(wèi)生間。衛(wèi)生間樓板面下沉350mm，衛(wèi)生器具排水橫管暗埋在下沉空間里。 這兩種做法均可實現(xiàn)衛(wèi)生間的排水橫支管埋設本層的地面而不進入鄰戶。暗埋管道安裝時，施工質量一定要嚴格把關， 經驗收合格后方可施工衛(wèi)生間地面，以免給日后使用中留下隱患。衛(wèi)生間地面施工可填充煤灰等輕質材料，亦可采用砌磚 架空鋪設制板施工地面，地面須做防水處理，做法可參照屋面防水處理，如做兩油一布橡塑油膏防水。 （三） 水表戶外設置問題 水表設在戶內，不但抄表的工作量很大，而且使住宅的安全性和私密性大大降低。故住宅的分戶水表或分戶水表的數(shù)字 顯示宜設在戶外。多層住宅水表戶外設置有以下幾種形式： 1采用遠傳水表 把普通水表換成遠傳水表，由一根信號線連接水表與數(shù)據(jù)采集機，再傳至智能管理（微機）。它的優(yōu)點在于節(jié)省大量人 力來抄表，數(shù)據(jù)準確，缺點是造價高。 2采用磁卡式水表 用戶預先購買自來水公司的電子卡，然后把它插入水表的存貯器內，用水時卡上金額被自動扣除，這種方式用戶需預付 水費，水表價格較高。 3采用普通水表設在戶外 1）水表設在樓梯休息平臺的壁龕里。住戶給水支管經水表計量后進入廚房、衛(wèi)生間。這種方式實現(xiàn)了水表出房設置， 工程等價低，但給水立管和水表設在樓梯處影響美觀。它適用于南方較暖和地區(qū)廚房、衛(wèi)生間布置靠近樓梯間位置的住宅。 2）水表集中設在水表間（水表箱）。下行上給式供水時，在底層設水表間（水表箱），各層住戶給水支管在管道井內敷 設，南方地區(qū)也可在建筑物陰角處沿外墻敷設；上行下給式供水時，可在屋頂設水表間（水表箱）。這種方式增加給水支 管敷設長度、管道沿外墻敷設影響建筑物美觀。水表出戶布置的方式選擇，須結合住宅廚房、衛(wèi)生間平面布置特點和開發(fā) 商的具體要求，對以上幾種可行性方案進行經濟技術比較后確定。物業(yè)管理完善的住宅小區(qū)的中高檔商品房，可采用遠傳 水表，它是今后水表應用發(fā)展方向；物業(yè)管理不完善的住宅小區(qū)的中高檔商品房，可采用磁卡式水表（在自來水公司有這 種業(yè)務的地區(qū)可設計）或集中設置水表間（箱）；南方地區(qū)單元式住宅可用普通水表設在樓梯的休息平臺處，以降低造價。 （四）家用熱水器的設置問題 住宅設計時應預留安裝熱水供應設施的條件，或設置熱水供應設施。所以在沒有集中熱水供應的住宅，應考慮家 用熱水 器的安裝位置及冷熱水管道布置。家用熱水器一般有燃氣、電、太陽能等三種。燃氣熱水器和電熱水器一般安裝在廚房或 衛(wèi)生間內，在建筑給排水設計時應預留出熱水器的安裝位置和冷熱水管道的接口，便于用戶裝修時自行安裝。太陽能熱水 器使用簡便安全，無需燃料及電力，運行費用低，使用壽命長，無污染，很受廣大用戶的歡迎，近幾年來有不少的住宅小 區(qū)在設計施工時就全部安裝上了太陽能熱水器。太陽能熱水器一般安裝在屋頂上，這樣就需要在衛(wèi)生間與屋面熱水器之間 設置冷熱水管道，住宅設計時若不考慮太陽能熱水器的安裝，今后住戶安裝時只能將冷熱管道沿建筑物外墻敷設，這樣既 增加住戶安裝時的難度，增加管線投資，又影響建筑的美觀。所以在建筑給排水設計時需要先征求開發(fā)商的意見，是否統(tǒng) 一設計，統(tǒng)一施工太陽能熱水器；或只預留出太陽能熱水器及冷熱水管道的安裝位置。太陽能熱水器的冷熱水管道可敷設 在管道井內；不設管道井的住宅，可在衛(wèi)生間靠近沐浴器的墻角增設一根de110的UPVC排水管作為太陽能熱水器熱水管道的 套管，在每戶衛(wèi)生間距地面1m處設一個de11075三通，作為冷熱水管的接入口。 （五）空調冷凝水排放問題 近幾年，空調逐漸進入千家萬戶，空調冷凝水無組織排放污染建筑物外墻，已是影響生活區(qū)美觀的一個重要問題。建筑給 排水設計時應考慮空調冷凝水的有組織排放。具體做法可在預留空調外機位置旁設置冷凝水排水管，排水立管選用PVCU排水管 de40，在每層空調機高度預留排水三通，便于空調機排水軟管直接接入。 譯文來源：美國PE雜志建筑給排水工程師2010年第10期 The multilevel residential housing is given and drains off water several questions designed Summary: This text give and drain off water on multilevel residential housing design supply water the exertion of the tubular product, Way of laying of pipeline, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and air conditioner condensation water of pot-type boiler discharge issue goes on the discussion, And put forward some concrete views. Keyword: Skyscraper, supply water the tubular product , the pipeline is laid, The water gauge, the solar water heater The skyscraper is simple with its auxiliary facility, the fabrication cost is low, the characteristic such as being convenient of estate management, Receive the welcomes of the real estate developer and vast resident of small and medium-sized cities very much. How project planning and design of inhabited region, scientific and technological industry of comfortable house, lead the request according to 2000, Improve the design level of the house, build out a comfortable living space for each household, It is each designers duty. As the heart of the house -The kitchen, bathroom, is that the function is complicated, hygiene, safe and comfortable degree is expected much, It is miscellaneous to build, the space expecting much in technology. So, the designer must consider synthetically with the idea and method of global design that the kitchen, bathroom give installation of the drainage pipeline and equipment etc. Give and drain off water on skyscraper design supply water exertion, to lay pipeline of tubular product, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and empty of pot-type boiler now Transfer condensation water discharge issue discuss together with colleagues. (1)supply water tubular product select problem for use Traditional water supply tubular product adopt zinc-plated steel tube generally, because zinc-plated steel tube exchange the corrosion, Use short-lived , use for and send domestic water can satisfied with water quality sanitary standard shortcoming, Ministry of Construction is popularizing the application of the feed pipe of plastics energetically . A lot of districts and cities have already expressed regulations: Forbid designing and using the zinc-plated steel tube, use widely the feed pipe of plastics. The plastics supply water In charge of compared with metal pipeline, light, it is fine to able to bear the intensity of keeping, Send obstruction little liquid , able to bear chemistry better to corrode performance, it is convenient to install, The steel energy-conservation of the province, merit of having long performance life etc. Supply water and use plastics pipeline: Hard polyvinyl chloride( PVC-U), high density polyethylene( HDPE), pay and unite polyethylene( PEX) , modify the polypropylene( PP-R, PP-C), gather butane( PB), aluminum mould and compound and in charge of and the steel is molded and compound and is managed etc. Choice of tubular product economic comparative course of technology, technology should from pressure, temperature, environment for use, install method etc. go on and consider, Combine owners at the same time request and the house of grade, carry on and fix after being consider synthetically technology not economic. The above plastics supply water tubular product can supply water tubular product as house life. The economic and functional house conciliating Strand room in the face of the masses of with low- and medium-level incomes resident, can select for use hygiene grades of hard polyvinyl chloride in charge of as feed pipe mainly, In order to reduce the fabrication cost; Medium-to-high grade commodity apartment available aluminum Mould and compound and in charge of or other plastics supply water the tubular product as the feed pipe. House mix hot water temperature that water order exceed 600 C, so above-mentioned tubular product in charge of except hard polyvinyl chloride and aluminum plastics compound and in charge of( PE-AL-PE), Mostly the tubular product can be regarded as the hot water pipeline of the house. (2) Pipeline laid problem 1. Give and drain off water it set up there arent one that in charge of 1) Will install it in the corner place of the kitchen, bathroom tomorrow. Adopting this kind of way of laying more in the design of house in the past, it is convenient for it to construct, But will reveal the pipeline and hinder the room beautifully tomorrow Watch, the households will mostly be hidden with the light quality material in the equipment two times.2) Will install it in the overcast angle place of the outer wall of the building tomorrow. Way this suitable for southern weather warm district only, the minimum temperature in winter cant be lower than zero degrees Centigrade, In case water pipe water-logging freeze ice is bloated to split pipeline, influence household use. Pipeline lay in outer wall, influence building to be beautiful, too inconvenient on manage and maintain in the future. 3) Lay it in the pipeline well. This way makes the room clean and beautiful, but the pipeline well has taken up the area of the bathroom, And pipeline construct, maintain relatively more difficult. Bathroom set up concentrate pipeline well, concentrate pipeline on assign in the well feed pipe, drain pipe; this is that the civilized importance lives in the kitchen of comfortable house, bathroom Embodiment. I think : Should consider the establishment of the pipeline well of the bathroom in the medium-to-high grade building conceptual design of commodity apartment, Improve quality of using of bathroom promptly so , can solve hard polyvinyl chloride drain pipe rivers noise heavy problem, Improve the environmental quality level of the room; Whether for bathroom in the areas for little economic and functional house and Overcome difficulties room, warm area give and drain off water and set up and in charge of and can consider and lay in the outer wall in the South, In order to increase using the space of the bathroom; Pipeline install and in the room, should influence kitchen, bathroom every sanitary equipment use of function tomorrow (3)Supply water and prop up there arent tube House supply water prop up and in charge of pipe diameter one 32mm, de of battle, little plastics feed pipe of pipe diameter is the crooked state, So the house supplies water and is propped up and in charge of being recommended and adopted and set up secretly. Supply water to prop up to manage darkly there is this way had:1) Set up in the brick wall secretly. Wall turn on and in charge of trough in brick when constructing, in charge of trough width tube +20 mm, de of external diameter, degree of depth tube external diameter de, The pipeline is imbedded and managed directly Trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of son.2) Whether pipe diameter supply water and prop up and last de 20mm, can set up at floor secretly piece make level by layer. Turn on and in charge of trough in floor (ground) the board when constructing, it wide trough have to be de +10 mm deeply 1/2 of the de, Half pipeline imbed and in charge of trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of tube. Aluminums mould compound and in charge of and pay and unite polypropylene in charge of pipeline adopt metal pipe fittings connection, Must strengthen and in charge of trough size when adopting and set up secretly, and rivers some flood peak loss relatively heavy. Assign the relative house that concentrated to the kitchen, bathroom interior hygiene utensil, Can adopt and divide Water device go on and join , divide water device whether one more than branch in charge of and connect, every hygiene utensil supply water and prop up and in charge of and connects and publishes from the water dividing device separately. Can already prevent the tube burying the pipeline secretly from being connected like this Permeate the question. Can reduce some flood peak lost, decrease the fabrication cost of pipe networks 3)Drain off water and prop up the tube to lay House room drain off water and in charge of and should set up at the time of inning this each, drain off water and in charge of permeating sideways like this canning prevent the sewage from waiting for the pollutant to enter the neighbor family sideways, Will not influence the neighbor either when the pipeline is maintained Normal life of one. Kitchen wash water drainage of basin propped up and in charge of gene rallying inserts draining off water to stand to manage this layer of floor sideways; Floor drain off water propped up and in charge of laying the room of lower floor. A lot of colleagues think now: Whether kitchen the ground it lay ceramic tile of, whose name is clean in when need develop with water, not strong in meaning to set up floor drain, So kitchen set up ground floor drain, avoid and drain off water and prop up and in charge of and enter neighbor family sideways already so, Can increase using the space of the kitchen . Bathroom drain off water and prop up and in charge of and lay concrete measure has in this layer sideways inside: 4) Improve the bathroom ground. Ground tendency high 150mm, adopt back row type take stool pot, washing basin, bath tub, water drainage of floor drain in charge of and bury in cushion layer secretly sideways.5) Adopt the sinking type bathroom. Bathroom sink 350mm the floor, hygiene utensil drain off water and in charge of and bury on sinking space secretly sideways Two method these can realize water drainage of bathroom prop up and in charge of earths surface to bury underground this one without entering the neighbor family sideways. Bury pipeline when installing, construction quality must check on strictly, can construct bathroom ground after confirming qualified secretly, So as not to leave the hidden danger in giving in the future using. Bathroom ground construct and can pack coal ash light quality material, also can adopt and lay bricks impracticable to lay plate making construct ground, Ground must make waterproof to deal with, method can waterproof to deal with according to roofing, make two oil one rubber and plastic ointment waterproof cloth. 6) water gauge the open air set up problem The water gauge is had indoors, not only the work load of checking meter is very heavy , but also make the security and privacy of the house reduce greatly . So house divides into households of water gauge or divides households of figure of water gauge Show that should be set up in the open air. Skyscraper water gauge the open air set up following several kinds of forms: Whether 1.adopt far it pass by water gauge Change the ordinary water gauge into and pass the water gauge far, is joined the water gauge and data gathering machine by a signal line, And then reach intelligence to manage( the computer). Its merit lies in saving a large amount of people Strength comes to check meter, the data are accurate, the shortcoming is that the fabrication cost is high. Whether 2.adopt magnetic stripe card of by water gauge Users buy the electronic card of the running water Company in advance , then insert it in the storing device of the water gauge, Card amount of money deduct automatically on the water, this way user need to prepay the water rate, The price of the water gauge is relatively high. (4) Adopt it set up at the open air water gauge not ordinary 1) The water gauge is set up in the stair have a rest in the alcove of the platform. Household water supply to prop up and manage and enter the kitchen, bathroom after the water gauge is measured. Way this realize water gauge produce room set up, equivalence low project have , supply water and set up and in charge of and set up with water gauge office results in aesthetic problems in stair. It suitable for the South warm district kitchen, bathroom assign close to the houses of positions of staircase. 2) The water gauge concentrates on being set up among the water gauges (meter box). Person who give when supplying water, set up water gauge in ground floor (meter box) on falling, every household water supply to prop up and is in charge of applying having in the pipeline well, Southern area can overcast horn place lay along the outer wall in building too; Person who give when supplying water, can set up water gauge in roof( meter box) under up going. This way increases and supplies water to prop up In charge of and lay length, pipeline lay and influence building to be beautiful along outer wall. Water gauge produce way choice that family assign, must combine house kitchen, bathroom plane assign characteristic and concrete request of developer, Carry on to several feasibility scheme the above economic technology fix after comparing. Property well-managed medium-to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt and pass the water gauge far , It is that the water gauge will use the developing direction in the future; Estate management perfect medium- to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt magnetic stripe card water gauge( Company have this kind district of business can design in running water) Or concentrate on setting up it among the water gauges( case); Southern area unit type house can set up rest platform office in stair with ordinary water gauge, In order to reduce the fabrication cost. 3) establishment question of the pot-type boiler Should reserve and install hot water supply terms of facility, set up hot water supply facilities with when the design of house. Have and concentrate house that hot water supply on , should consider house assign with installation position and cold hot water pipeline of hot water device. The pot-type boiler generally has three kinds, such as gas, electricity, solar energy, e