機電專業(yè)英語第2版21Unit-21機電一體化

Mechatronics,Unit21,機電一體化,Mechatronics,Mechatronics,Mechatronicsisthecombinationofmechanicalengineering,electronicengineeringandsoftwareengineering.Thepurposeofthisinterdisciplinaryengineeringfieldisthestudyofautomatafromanengineeringperspectiveandservesthepurposeofcontrollingadvancedhybridsystems1.Theworditselfisaportmanteauof“Mechanics”and“Electronics”.,Mechatronicsiscentredonmechanics,electronics,controlengineering,computingandmolecularengineering2.Theportmanteau“Mechatronics”wasfirstcoinedbyMr.TetsuroMori,aseniorengineeroftheJapanesecompanyYaskawa,in19693.Mechatronicsmayalternativelybereferredtoas“electromechanicalsystems”or1essoftenas“controlandautomationengineering”，asshowninFig.21-14.,Fig.21-1thevariousfieldsmakingupmechatronics,Engineeringcyberneticsdealswiththequestionofcontrolengineeringofmechatronicsystems5.Itisusedtocontrolorregulatesuchasystem.Throughcollaborationthemechatronicmodulesperformtheproductiongoalsandinheritflexibleandagilemanufacturingpropertiesintheproductionscheme.Modernproductionequipmentconsistsofmechatronicmodulesthatareintegratedaccordingtoacontrolarchitecture6.Themostknownarchitecturesinvolvehierarchy,polyarchy,heterarchyandhybrid.Themethodsforachievingatechnicaleffectaredescribedbycontrolalgorithms,whichmayormaynotutilizeformalmethodsintheirdesign.Hybridsystemsimportanttomechatronicsincludeproductionsystems,synergydrives,planetaryexplorationrovers,automotivesubsystemssuchasanti-lockbrakingsystems,spin-assistandeverydayequipmentsuchasautofocuscameras,video,harddisks,CD-players,washingmachines.,mechatronics,mektrniksn.機電一體化；機械電子學combination,kmbineinn.結合；組合；聯(lián)合interdisciplinary,intdisiplinriadj.各學科間的；跨學科的automata:tmtn.自動裝置；機器人（automaton的復數(shù)）perspectivepspektivn.觀點；前景，展望，前途；透視圖adj.透視的portmanteaup:tmntun.旅行皮箱；混成詞adj.多用途的，多性質(zhì)的coinkinvt.鑄造（貨幣）；杜撰，創(chuàng)造，發(fā)明n.硬幣，錢幣cybernetics,saibnetiksn.控制論regulaterejuleitvt.調(diào)節(jié)，調(diào)整；規(guī)定；控制；校準collaborationk,lbreinn.合作，協(xié)作；勾結；通敵inheritinheritvt.繼承，遺傳而得,flexiblefleksibladj.靈活的；柔韌的；易彎曲的agiledailadj.敏捷的；機敏的；活潑的propertyprptin.性質(zhì)，性能；財產(chǎn)；所有權hierarchyhai,r:kin.層次結構polyarchypli,:kin.多元化結構heterarchyhet,r:kin.變態(tài)分層結構utilizeju:tilaizvt.利用；使用servethepurpose為目的服務，有助于解決becentredon集中在上,以為核心,1.Thepurposeofthisinterdisciplinaryengineeringfieldisthestudyofautomatafromanengineeringperspectiveandservesthepurposeofcontrollingadvancedhybridsystems.譯文：這種跨學科的工程領域旨在從工程學的角度研究自動控制，從而達到控制各種先進的混合動力系統(tǒng)的目標。說明：“fromanengineeringperspective”canberewrittenas“fromtheperspectiveofengineering”.“fromperspective”means“fromviewpoint,inopinion”(從的角度).“servethepurpose(of)”means“管用；為目的服務，有助于解決；可充當”,e.g.1)Themostthreateningchange,frommyperspective,isexterminationofspecies.在我看來，威脅最大的莫過于物種的滅絕。2)Icantfindascrewdriverbutthisfileshouldservethepurpose.我一時找不到螺絲刀，這把指甲銼可暫時湊合著用。,2.Mechatronicsiscentredonmechanics,electronics,controlengineering,computingandmolecularengineering.譯文：機電一體化以機械學、電子學、控制工程、計算機技術和分子工程為核心。說明：“becentredon”means“focuson,concentrateon”(集中在上,以為核心),e.g.1)ThediscussionwascentredonthedevelopmentofEastEurope.討論圍繞東歐發(fā)展這一中心議題進行。2)Althoughthedeclineintotalorderbookswasmainlycentredonthedomesticmarket,growthofnewexportbusinessalsoeasednoticeably.盡管在總訂單中的下跌主要集中在國內(nèi)市場，但新出口業(yè)務的增長也明顯減緩。,3.Theportmanteau“Mechatronics”wasfirstcoinedbyMr.TetsuroMori,aseniorengineeroftheJapanesecompanyYaskawa,in1969.譯文：“機電一體化”這一合成詞最早是由日本公司Yaskawa的高級工程師TetsuroMori先生于1969年首創(chuàng)的。說明：“aseniorengineeroftheJapanesecompanyYaskawa”istheappositiveof“Mr.TetsuroMori”.“becoinedby”means“beinventedby”(由某人首創(chuàng)或發(fā)明),e.g.TheexpressionblackholewascoinedbytheoreticalphysicistJohnWheeler.“黑洞”這個詞匯是由理論物理學家約翰惠勒創(chuàng)造的。,4.Mechatronicsmayalternativelybereferredtoas“electromechanicalsystems”or1essoftenas“controlandautomationengineering”，asshowninFig.21.1.譯文：機電一體化也可以稱作“機電系統(tǒng)”，極少數(shù)的時候也可稱作“控制與自動化工程”，如圖21.1所示。說明：“asshowninFig.21.1”omitsthelinkverb“is”.“as”introducesanadverbialclaueofmanner.“bereferredtoas”means“becalled”(被稱為)e.g.1)Thedaysaregonewhenwomencouldbereferredtoastheweakersexwithoutcausingtrouble.稱女人為弱者而不會惹上麻煩的日子，已經(jīng)一去不復返了。2)Naturallyoccurringrockoilisreferredtoascrudeoilorpetroleum.天然形成之石油，我們稱作原油或石油。,5.Engineeringcyberneticsdealswiththequestionofcontrolengineeringofmechatronicsystems.譯文：工程控制論處理機電系統(tǒng)中的控制工程問題說明：“dealwith”means“manage,copewith”(處理；論述，討論),e.g.1)Teachyourchildnottodealwithstressoremotionsbyusingfood.教育孩子不要用食物來對付心理壓力、情緒。2)Thebestwaytodealwiththesedrawbacksofthedatadelugeis,paradoxically,tomakemoredataavailableintherightway,byrequiringgreatertransparencyinseveralareas.處理海量信息的這些缺陷的最好方式是是使更多的信息能夠從正確的途徑獲得，即在這些領域要求信息更加透明。,6.Modernproductionequipmentconsistsofmechatronicmodulesthatareintegratedaccordingtoacontrolarchitecture.譯文：現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)設備由根據(jù)控制結構所集成的機電模塊組成。說明：”that”introducesanrestrictiveattributiveclausemodifying“mechatronicmodules”.“consistof”means“beformedwith,becomposedof”(由組成，包含),e.g.1)TheMOSdynamicshiftregistersdonotconsistofflip-flops,butofinverters.MOS動態(tài)移位寄存器不是用觸發(fā)器組成，而是用反相器組成。2)Allbodiesconsistofmoleculesandtheseofatoms.一切物質(zhì)都由分子組成，而分子由原子組成。,I.Answerthefollowingquestions.,WhatisthemajorpurposeofthestudyofMechatronics?2.WhydoestheauthorsayMechatronicsisaninterdisciplinaryengineeringfield?,ThepurposeofMechatronicsisthestudyofautomatafromanengineeringperspectiveandservesthepurposeofcontrollingadvancedhybridsystems.,Otherfundamentalmachineelementshaveevolvedfromwheelandlever.,Key,Key,I.Answerthefollowingquestions.,Whataretheadvantagesofusingthemechatronicmodules?4.Whathybridsystemsareimportanttomechatronics?,Throughcollaborationthemechatronicmodulesperformtheproductiongoalsandinheritflexibleandagilemanufacturingpropertiesintheproductionscheme.,Hybridsystemsimportanttomechatronicsincludeproductionsystems,synergydrives,planetaryexplorationrovers,automotivesubsystemsandeverydayequipment.,Key,Key,II.Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.,regulateintegratedportmanteauhybridautomaton,anewwordformedbyjoiningtwoothersandcombiningtheirmeanings2.amechanismthatcanmoveautomaticallysomething(asapowerplant,vehicle,orelectroniccircuit)thathastwodifferenttypesofcomponentsperformingessentiallythesamefunction4.tofixoradjustthetime,amount,degree,orrateof5.formedintoawholeorintroducedintoanotherentity,portmanteau,automaton,hybrid,regulate,integrated,TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese,Mechatronicsiscentredonmechanics,electronics,controlengineering,computingandmolecularengineering.2.Throughcollaborationthemechatronicmodulesperformtheproductiongoalsandinheritflexibleandagilemanufacturingpropertiesintheproductionscheme.,機電一體化以機械學、電子學、控制工程、計算機技術和分子工程為核心。,機電模塊通過協(xié)作來完成生產(chǎn)目標，同時在生產(chǎn)過程中繼承了柔性制造和敏捷制造的特性。,Key,Key,TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese,3.Themostknownarchitecturesinvolvehierarchy,polyarchy,heterarchyandhybrid.,最為人熟知的結構包括數(shù)據(jù)層次結構、多元化結構、變態(tài)分層結構、混合結構。,Key,機電產(chǎn)品說明書是機電產(chǎn)品標識的重要組成部分，良好的閱讀機電產(chǎn)品說明書的能力是我們從事相關行業(yè)的基本條件，對我們來說就是通過閱讀機電產(chǎn)品的說明書掌握相應產(chǎn)品的特征、性能、質(zhì)量狀況，使用、保養(yǎng)條件等內(nèi)容。下面是兩例產(chǎn)品說明書的節(jié)選。,機電產(chǎn)品英文使用說明書范例,.InstructionBookForRefrigerator電冰箱說明書Featuresofproduct產(chǎn)品特點Luxurywidedoorseries,Europeanoptimizedman-machinedesign.Nodoorhandle,openitbypullingofthedooredge.豪華寬門系列，歐洲最優(yōu)化人機工程設計無門把手，隨處開門；Highenergysaving.Phasinginhighenergy-savingcompressor,threecyclingsystemandthickinsulationgettheappliancehavinghighcoolingefficiencyandbetterenergysaving.高效節(jié)能，采用高效節(jié)能壓縮機、三循環(huán)制冷系統(tǒng)及加厚發(fā)泡層，制冷效率更高、更節(jié)能。Safetyinformation安全注意事項Makesuretouseaseparateearthedsocket.務必使用單獨的、帶接地線的三芯電源插座。Pulloutthemainsplugwhenyourepairorcleanthemachine.維修或清潔冰箱時，必須拔下電源插頭。Donotstoreinflammableorexplosivematerialsinappliancestoavoidexplosionorfire.禁止將易燃、易爆物品放在冰箱中，以防爆炸和火災。,Transportationandplacement搬運和放置Donotmovetheappliancebyholdingadoorordoorhandle.不可抓著門或門把手來搬運冰箱。Youshouldliftitfromthebottom.應從底部抬起冰箱。Youcannotliedownorreversetheappliancetomove.不宜將冰箱橫抬或倒置。Connectingtheappliance電器聯(lián)接Theratedvoltageoftheapplianceis220Valternatingcurrentandtheratedfrequencyis50Hz.Itcanvaryfrom180Vto220V.冰箱的額定電壓為交流220V，額定頻率為50Hz，允許電壓波動范圍為180V到220V。,.InstructionBookFor3PhaseLowVoltageInductionMotor低壓三相異步電動機使用維護說明書Receptioncheck收貨檢查Immediatelyuponreceiptcheckthemachineforexternaldamageandiffound,informourfactorythroughtelephoneorfaxnumberwithoutdelay(tel:0086-21-6463-1777,fax:0086-21-6463-7180).收到電機后立即檢查是否有損壞，如發(fā)現(xiàn)請立即撥打電話：0086-21-6463-1777，或發(fā)傳真至0086-21-6463-7180。Checkallratingplatedata,especiallyvoltageandwindingconnection(starordelta).Turnshaftbyhandtocheckfreerotation.檢查銘牌數(shù)據(jù)特別是額定電壓、接線方式（星形或三角形）是否與合同訂貨要求相符，用手轉(zhuǎn)動電機軸檢查軸轉(zhuǎn)動是否靈活。Insulationresistancecheck絕緣電阻檢查Measureinsulationresistancebeforecommissioningandwhenwindingdampnessissuspected.Resistance,measuredat25C,shallexceedthereferencevalue,i.e.where：（表達式略）在電機調(diào)試前或懷疑線圈受潮時要測量電機的絕緣電阻，在25時的電阻值應超過以下表達式的值，表達式中：R:ohms(measuredwith500VdcMegger)R：單位歐姆（用500V絕緣電阻表測量）U=voltage,Volts;U表示電壓，單位VP=outputpower,kW.P表示功率，單位kW,ARNING警告：Windingsshouldbedischargedimmediatelyaftermeasurementtoavoidriskforelectricshock.測量完絕緣電阻后應立即將測量線從電機上斷開，以免線圈再次受到高電壓沖擊。Insulationresistancereferencevalueishalvedforeach20Criseinambienttemperature.環(huán)境溫度每升高20，絕緣電阻將降低一半。Ifthereferenceresistancevalueisnotattained,thewindingistoodampandmustbeovendried.如果絕緣電阻值達不到計算值，表明線圈已經(jīng)受潮需進行烘干處理。Oventemperatureshouldbe90Cfor12-16hoursfollowedby105Cfor6-8hours.先在90溫度下烘12-16小時再在105下烘6-8小時。Operatingconditions運行條件Themachinesareintendedforuseinindustrialdriveapplications.Normalambienttemperaturelimits-25Cto+40C.Maximumaltitude1000mabovesealevel.電機是用來驅(qū)動其他機械，通常環(huán)境溫度為-25C到+40C，海拔高度為1000米以下。,Storage儲存Allmachinestorageshouldbedoneindoors,indry,wellventilationanddustfreeconditions.所有電機應儲存于干燥,通風以及干凈的室內(nèi)。Unprotectedmachinedsurfaces(shaft-endsandflanges)shouldbegivenanti-corrosioncoatings.裸露的表面如軸伸和法蘭面應涂以防銹脂。InstallationFoundation安裝基礎Thepurchaserbearsfullresponsibilityforpreparationofthefoundation.買方要準備好電機安裝的基礎。Metalfoundationsshouldbepaintedtoavoidcorrosion.金屬結構的基礎應涂以防銹漆防止被腐蝕。Foundationsshallbeeven,andsufficientlyrigidtowithstandpossibleshortcircuitforces.電機基礎應平整，并有足夠的剛度承受突然短路產(chǎn)生的應力。Theyshallbedimensionedastoavoidtheoccurrenceofvibrationduetoresonance.要計算其尺寸以避免因共振引起基礎振動。Alignment校正中心Correctalignmentisessentialtoavoidbearingfailures,vibrationsandpossiblefracturedshaftextensions.校正電機安裝中心有利于避免軸承發(fā)生故障、振動和可能發(fā)生的軸伸斷裂事故。,Connection接線Thenormalmachinedesigniswithterminalboxontheright,whenviewingtheshaftfaceatthemachinedriveend.Availabilityofthesesolutionsisdescribedintheproductcatalogues.通常出線盒在電機的右側(cè)（在電機拖動端面對軸伸視），還有其他位置可供樣本選擇。Besidesthemainwindingandearthingterminalstheterminalboxcanalsocontainconnectionsforstandstillheatingelements,bimetallicswitches,orPT100resistanceelements.除了繞組和接地，出線盒還可以接停機加熱器、雙金屬溫度開關或PT100測溫元件等。,Motorstarting電機啟動Direct-on-lineorstar/deltastarting單速電機啟動（直接或Y/啟動）Theterminalboxonstandardsinglespeedmachinesnormallycontains6windingterminalsandatleastoneearthterminal.Earthingshallbecarriedoutaccordingtolocalregulationsbeforethemachineisconnectedtothesupplyvoltage.Thevoltageandconnectionarestampedonthenameplate.標準單速三相異步電動機的出線盒內(nèi)有6個接線頭和至少1個接地接頭，接地須根據(jù)操作規(guī)程在電機接上電源前進行，接線方式和電壓應根據(jù)銘牌指示。Terminalsanddirectionofrotation出線與旋轉(zhuǎn)方向Directionofrotationisclockwisewhenviewingtheshaftfaceatthemachinedriveend,whenthelinephasesequenceL1,L2,L3isconnectedtotheterminalsasshowninthefigure.電機的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向：當相序為L1、L2、L3時，在電機拖動端面對軸伸視為順時針旋轉(zhuǎn)。Start-upofvariablespeedmotor多速電機啟動Thevariablespeedmotorstartsatlow-speedstatusandthenshiftedtohigh-speed.Forvariablespeedmotorwithmanysetsofwindings,thespeedshiftshallbefulfilledwhenonewindinghaslostpower.多速電機一般應低速檔啟動后切換到高速，對多套繞組的變速電機在不同轉(zhuǎn)速檔切換時，應在一繞組失電后才能向另一繞組送電。Start-upofvariablefrequencymotor變頻電機啟動Whenthevariablefrequencymotorstarts,thevariablefrequencyblowershallstartssimultaneously.變頻電機啟動時，變頻風機也必須同時啟動。Thepowersupplyofvariablefrequencymotorshallbeofinvariablefrequency,andtherotatingdirectionshallbeasspecifiedinthenameplateofblower.變頻電機電源必須是不變頻電源，轉(zhuǎn)向必須按風機外殼上的指示牌。,Maintenance保養(yǎng)與維護Generalinspection一般檢查-Inspectthemachineatregularintervals.-在計劃停機時檢查-Keepthemachinecleanandensurefreeventilationair-flow.-保持電機清潔，確保良好通風-Checktheconditionofshaftsealsandreplaceifnecessary.-檢查軸承密封狀態(tài)，如有必要即進行更換。-Checktheconditionofconnectionsandmountingandassemblybolts.-檢查各連接、地腳及裝配螺栓。-Checkthebearingconditionbylisteningforunusualnoise,vibrationmeasurement,bearingtemperature,inspectionofspentgrease.-通過聽聲音、測量振動、軸承溫度以及檢查潤滑油是否過期來檢測軸承的狀態(tài)。Lubrication更換潤滑油Machineswithsealedbearings裝有密封軸承的電機Machinesuptoframesize160arenormallyfittedwithsealedbearings.Itneedntregreaseduringoperation.中心高在160mm以下的電機裝有密封軸承，裝有密封軸承的電機在運行期間不必加油。Machinesfittedwithgreasenipples帶加油口的電機Machinesframefrom180to355isnormallyfittedwithgreasenipples.Lubricatethemachinewhilerunning.中心高180355的電機軸承通常配有加油口，可以在電機運行時加潤滑脂。,IntelligentManufacturingSystemsProductionengineeringandmanufacturingindustriesfacedifficultiesindevelopinganewparadigmtocopewiththepostmass-productionera.Consumerspreferenceschangeveryquicklyandvaryoverawiderangeoftaste.Aproductslifecyclebecomesshorterandshorter.Thus,rapidprototypingtechniqueshavebeenrequested,andsomenewconceptsonmanufacturinghavebeenpresentedincludingFlexibleManufacturingSystem,Factory(orFlexible)Automation,ComputerIntegratedManufacturingSystem,andConcurrentEngineering,智能制造系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)工程和制造業(yè)為開發(fā)一種新模式來應付后批量生產(chǎn)時代而面臨困難。消費者的喜好變化無常而且口味各種各樣，產(chǎn)品的生命周期變得越來越短。因此，已要求使用快速成型技術，同時已經(jīng)提出了關于制造的一些新概念，包括柔性制造系統(tǒng)、工廠自動化、計算機集成制造系統(tǒng)和并行工程。,Aftertheterminationofthecoldwar,manyregionaleconomiescombinedthroughinternationaltradeanddynamicallyevolvedintoglobaleconomies.Suchchangehadsignificanteffectsonmanufacturingindustriesandconsequentlyonproductionengineering.Asanewparadigminthepostmass-productionera,thecreationofmanufacturingculturehasbeenadvocatedbyProf.HiroyukiYoshikawa,PresidentofUniversityofTokyo.Itcontainsnotonlythemovementtowardsstandardizationofconventionalmanufacturingknowledgebutalsothedevelopmentofaglobalmanufacturingsystemwithuseofcomputerization.Athisadvocation,theinternationalresearchprojectofIntelligentManufacturingSystems(IMS)wasinitiated.,冷戰(zhàn)結束后，許多區(qū)域經(jīng)濟通過國際貿(mào)易相結合并逐漸發(fā)展為全球經(jīng)濟。這種變化對制造業(yè)和生產(chǎn)工程具有重要影響。制造文化是后批量生產(chǎn)時代的一種新模式，由東京大學校長吉川弘之教授所提出。它不僅包括傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)知識的標準化趨勢，還包括使用計算機化建立一個全球制造體系。在他的倡導下，智能制造系統(tǒng)國際合作研究項目開始啟動。,ThisbimonthlyjournalisaspecialissueontheIMSprojectandsimilartopicswidelycoveringintelligentmanufacturingsystems.TheformerpartofthecontentsisthedescriptionoftheIMSproject.ItconsistsofthecommentaryarticlesquotedfromtheIMSnewsandthelatestreportsofIMSinternationaltestcases.TheJapanIMScenterpublishestheIMSnewsandstronglysupportstheIMSprojectitselfwithcollaborationofMinistryofInternationalTradeandIndustryofJapan(MITI).Theauthorsofthesereportsareprimarilyenrolledintheactualresponsibilitytopromotetheirprojectsandnewlywritethearticlesforthisjournal.IwouldliketothanktheIMScenterandeachauthorfortheircontributionstothisspecialissueontheIMSproject.,這本雙月刊是關于智能制造系統(tǒng)研究項目和智能制造系統(tǒng)類似話題的特刊。前半部分內(nèi)容是對智能制造系統(tǒng)項目的介紹，它包括從智能制造系統(tǒng)新聞引用的評論文章和智能制造系統(tǒng)國際案例的最新報道。日本智能制造系統(tǒng)中心發(fā)布智能制造系統(tǒng)的新聞，并在日本國際貿(mào)易工業(yè)部的配合下強烈支持智能制造系統(tǒng)項目。這些報道的作者主要負責推廣他們的項目，期刊里面的文章是他們新寫的。我非常感謝智能制造系統(tǒng)中心和向這期智能制造系統(tǒng)項目的特刊投稿的各位作者。,ThelatterpartofthecontentsconsistsofthearticlesontheStandardfortheExchangeofProductmodeldata(STEP)andsometechnicalpapersonmanufacturing.Aconferencereportonthe2ndJapan-FranceCongressonMechatronicsisalsoprovidedinthisissue.Iwouldliketothankallcontributorsfortheircooperationincreatingthisspecialissue.Ascanbeeasilyseen,thisissuefocusedontheforthcomingadvancementonproductionengineeringandmanufacturingthroughthemovementofIntelligentManufacturingSystems.AstheeditorofthisspecialissueonIntelligentManufacturingSystems,Ihopethatthereaderspayattentiontothisnewmovementandbecomeinvolvedinthenearfuture.,后半部分內(nèi)容包括關于產(chǎn)品模型數(shù)據(jù)交換標準的文章和一些制造業(yè)的技術論文，還包含日本法國第二次機電一體化會議上的一篇會議報告。我要感謝所有的投稿人，感謝他們合作完成了這期特刊。顯而易見，這本特刊主要探討即將來臨的由智能制造系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展所引起的生產(chǎn)工程和制造業(yè)取得的的進步。作為這期智能制造系統(tǒng)特刊的編輯，我希望讀者注意到這一發(fā)展趨勢，并在不就的將來融入其中。,paradigmprdimn.范例；示例；模范；規(guī)范preferenceprefrnsn.偏愛，傾向；優(yōu)先權varyvrivi.變化；變異；違反vt.改變；使多樣化termination,t:mineinn.結束，終止combinekmbainvt.使聯(lián)合，使結合vi.聯(lián)合，結合；化合dynamicallydainmikliadv.動態(tài)地；充滿活力地evolveivlvvt.發(fā)展，進化vi.發(fā)展，進展consequentlyknsi,kwntliadv.因此，結果，所以advocatedvkeitvt.提倡，主張，擁護n.提倡者standardization,stnddaizeinn.標準化；數(shù)規(guī)格化,computerizationkm,pju:traizeinn.電腦化，計算機化initiateiniieitvt.開始，創(chuàng)始；發(fā)起n.開始；新加入者commentarykmntrin.評論；注釋；評注；說明contributorkntribjutn.捐獻人；(向報刊等)投稿人advancementdv:nsmntn.前進，進步；提升focuson集中注意力于；以(某事物)為重點；使(光線等)聚焦于beenrolledin參加；入學,1.Whyisitdifficulttodevelopanewparadigmtocopewiththepostmass-productionera?2.Whatnewconceptsonmanufacturinghavebeenpresentedtocopewiththepostmass-productionera?,IAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothereading,Becauseconsumerspreferenceschangeveryquicklyandvaryoverawiderangeoftaste.,FlexibleManufacturingSystem,FactoryA