中英文翻譯--工業(yè)機(jī)器人.doc

IndustrialrobotsTherearevarietyofdefinitionsofthetermrobot.Dependingonthedefinitionused,thenumberofrobotinstallationsworldwidevarieswidely.Numeroussingle-purposemachinesareusedinmanufacturingplantsthatmightappeartoberobots.Thesemachinesarehardwriedtoperformasinglefunctionandcannotbereprogrammedtopreformadifferentfunction.Suchsingle-purposemachinesdonotfitthedefinitionforindustrialrobotsthatisbecomingwidelyaccepted.thisdefinitionwasdevelopedbytheRobotInstituteofAmerica.Arobotisareprogrammablemultifunctionalmainipulatordesignedtomovematerial,parts,tools,orspecializeddevicesthroughvariableprogrammedmotionsfortheperformanceofavarietyoftasks.Notethatthisdefinitioncontainsthewordsreprogrammableandmultifunctional.Itisthesetwocharacteristicsthatseparatethetureindustrialrobotfromthevarioussingle-purposemachinesusedinmodernmanufacturingfirms.Theterm“reprogrammable”impliestwothings:Therobotoperatesaccordingtoawrittenprogram,andthisprogramcanberewrittentoaccommodateavarietyofmanufactureingtasks.Theterm“multifunctional”meansthattherobotcan,throughreprogrammingandtheuseofdifferentend-effectors,performanumberofdifferentmanufacturingtasks.Definitionswrittenaroundthesetwocriticalcharacteristicsarebecomingtheaccpteddefinitionsamongmanufacturingprofessionals.Thefirstarticulatedarmcameaboutin1951andwasusedbytheU.S.AtomicEnergyCommission.In1954,thefirstprogrammablerobotwasdesignedbyGeorgeDevol.Itwasbasedontwoimportanttechnologies:(1)Numericalcontrol(NC)technology.(2)Romotemanipulatortechnology.Numericalcontorltechnologyprovidedaformofmachinecontrolideallysuitedtorobots.Itallowedforthecontrolofmotionbystoredprograms.Theseprogramscontaindatepointstowhichthesequentiallymoves,timingsignalsinitiateactionandtostopmovement,andlogicstaementstoallowfordecisionmaking.RemotemanipulatortechnologyallowedamachinetobemorethanjustanotherNCmachine.Itallowedsuchmachinestobecomerobotsthatcanperformavarietyofmanufacturingtasksinbothinaccessibleandunsafeenvironments.Bymergingthesetwotechnologies,Devoldevelopedthefirstindustrialrobot,anunsophisticatedprogrammablematerialshandlingmachine.Thefirstcommericallyproducedrobotwasdevelopedin1959.In1962,GeneralMotorsCorporation.ThisrobotwasproducedbyUnimation.Amajorstepforwordinrobotcontroloccurredin1973withthedevelopmentoftheT-3industrialrobotbyCincinnatiMilacron.TheT-3robotwasthefirstcommerciallyproducedindustrialrobotcontrolledbyaminicomputer.Numericalcontrolandremotemanipulatortechnologypromptedthewide-scaledevelopmentanduseofindustrialrobots.Butmajortechnologicaldevelopmentsdonottakeplacesimplybecauseofsuchnewcapabilities.Somethingmustprovidetheimpetusfortakingadvantageofthesecapabilities.Inthecaseofindustrialrobots,theimpetuswaseconomics.Therapidinflationofwagesexperiencedinthe1970stremendouslyincreasedthepersonnelcostsofmanufacturingfirms.Atthesametime,foreigncompetitionbecameaseriousproblemforU.S.manufacturers.Foreignmanufacturerswhohadundertakenautomationonawide-scalebasis,suchasthoseinJapan,begantogainanincreasinglylargeshareoftheU.S.andworldmarketformanufacturedgoods,particularlyautomobiles.Throughavarietyofautomationtechniquesincludingrobots,Japanesemanufacturers,beginninginthe1970s,wereabletoproducebetterautomobilesmorecheaplythannonautomatedU.S.manufacturers.Consequently,inordertosurvive,U.S.manufacturerswereforcedtoconsideranytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatcouldhelpimproveproductivity.Itbecameimperativetoproducebetterproductsatlowercostsinordertobecompetitivewithforeignmanufacturers.Otherfactorssuchastheneedtofindbetterwaysofperformingdangerousmanufacturingtaskscontributedtothedevelopmentofindustialrobots.However,theprincipalrationalehasalwaysbeen,andisstill,improvedproductivity.Oneoftheprincipaladvantagesofrobotsisthattheycanbeusedinsettingsthataredangeroustohumans.Weldingandpartingareexamplesofapplicationswhererobotscanbeusedmoresafelythanhumans.Eventhoughrobotsarecloselyassociatedwithsafetyintheworkplace,theycan,inthemselves,bedangerous.Robotsandrobotcellsmustbecarefullydesignedandconfiguredsothattheydonotendangerhumanworkersandothermachines.Robotworkenvelopsshouldbeaccuratelycalculatedandadangerzonesurroundingtheenvelopeclearlymarkedoff.Redflooringstripsandbarriescanbeusedtokeephumanworkersoutofarobotsworkenvelope.Evenwithsuchprecautionsitisagoodideatohaveanautomaticshutdownsysteminsituationswhererobotsareused.Suchasystemshouldhavethecapacitytosensetheneedforanautomaticshutdownofoperations.Fault-tolerantcomputersandredundantsystemscanbeinstalledtoensurepropershutdownofroboticssystemstoensureasafeenviroment.Aboutcomponetsofarobotsystem,thecomponetsofarobotsystemcouldbediscussedeitherfromasystemspointofview.Physically,wecoulddividethesystem,andcontroller(computer).Likewise,therobotitselfcouldbepartitionedanthropomorphicallyintobase,shoulder,elbow,wrist,gripper,andtool.Mostofthesetermsrequirelittleexplanation.Consequently,wewilldescribethecomponentsofarobotsystemfromthepointofviewofinformationtransfer.Thatis,whatinformationorsignalentersthecomponent；whatlogicalorarithmeticoperationdoesthecomponentperform；andwhatinformationorsignaldoesthecomponentproduce?Itisimportanttonotethatthesamephysicalcomponentmayperformsmanydifferentinformationprocessingoperations(e.g.,acentralcomputerperformsmanydifferentcalculationsondifferentdata).Likewise,twophysicallyseparatecomponentsmanyperformidenticalinformations(e.g.,theshoulderandelbowactuatorsbothconvertsignalstomotioninverysimilarways).中文：工業(yè)機(jī)器人有許多關(guān)于機(jī)器人這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的定義。采用不同的定義，全世界各地機(jī)器人的數(shù)量就會(huì)發(fā)生很大的改變。在制造工廠中使用的許多但用途機(jī)器可能會(huì)看起來像機(jī)器人。這些機(jī)器是硬連線的，用來完成單一的工作，不能通過重新編程的方法去完成不同的工作。這種單用途的機(jī)器不能滿足被人們?nèi)找鎻V泛接受的關(guān)于工業(yè)機(jī)器人的定義。這個(gè)定義是由美國(guó)機(jī)器人協(xié)會(huì)提出的:機(jī)器人是一個(gè)可以改編程序的多功能操作器，被設(shè)計(jì)用來按預(yù)先編制的，能夠完成多種作業(yè)的運(yùn)動(dòng)程序運(yùn)送材料，零件，工具或者專用設(shè)備。注意在這個(gè)定義中包含有“可以改編程序”和“多功能”這兩個(gè)詞。正是這兩個(gè)詞將真正的機(jī)器人與現(xiàn)代制造工廠中使用的單一用途的機(jī)器區(qū)分開來?！翱梢愿木幊绦颉边@個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)意味著兩件事：機(jī)器人根據(jù)編寫的程序工作，以及可以通過重新編程來適應(yīng)不同種類的制造工作的需要。“多功能”這個(gè)詞意味著機(jī)器人能通過編程和使用不同的末端執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，來完成不同的制造工作。圍繞著兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵特征所撰寫的定義正在變成為制造業(yè)的專業(yè)人員接受的定義。第一個(gè)帶有活動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)的手臂于1951年被研制出來，由美國(guó)原子能委員會(huì)使用。在1954年，第一個(gè)可以編程的機(jī)器人由喬治狄弗設(shè)計(jì)出來。他基于下面來兩項(xiàng)重要技術(shù)：（1）數(shù)字控制（NC）技術(shù)。（2）遠(yuǎn)程操作器技術(shù)。數(shù)字控制技術(shù)提供了一種非常適合機(jī)器人的機(jī)器控制技術(shù)。它可以通過存儲(chǔ)的程序?qū)\(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行控制。這些程序包含機(jī)器人進(jìn)行順序運(yùn)動(dòng)的數(shù)據(jù)，開始運(yùn)動(dòng)和停止運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)間控制信號(hào)，以及作出決定所需要的邏輯語(yǔ)句。遠(yuǎn)程操作器技術(shù)使得一臺(tái)機(jī)器的性能超出一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)器。它可以使這種機(jī)器能夠在不容易進(jìn)入和不安全的環(huán)境中完成各種制造任務(wù)。通過融合了上述兩種技術(shù)，狄弗研制出第一個(gè)機(jī)器人，它是一個(gè)不復(fù)雜的，可以編程的物料運(yùn)送機(jī)器人。第一臺(tái)商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的機(jī)器人在1959年研制成功。通用汽車公司在1962年安裝了第一臺(tái)用于生產(chǎn)線上的工業(yè)機(jī)器人，它是尤尼梅森公司生產(chǎn)的。在1973年，辛辛提那米蘭克朗公司研制出T-3工業(yè)機(jī)器人，在機(jī)器人的控制方面取得了較大的進(jìn)展。T-3機(jī)器人是第一臺(tái)商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的采用計(jì)算機(jī)控制的機(jī)器人。數(shù)字控制技術(shù)和遠(yuǎn)程操作器技術(shù)推動(dòng)了大范圍的機(jī)器人研制和應(yīng)用。但是主要的技術(shù)進(jìn)步并不僅僅是由于這些新的應(yīng)用能力而產(chǎn)生的，而是必須有利用這些能力所得到的效益來提供動(dòng)力。就工業(yè)機(jī)器人而言，這個(gè)動(dòng)力是經(jīng)濟(jì)性。在20世紀(jì)70年代中，工資的快速增長(zhǎng)大大增加了制造業(yè)的企業(yè)中的人工費(fèi)用。與此同時(shí)，來自國(guó)外的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)成為美國(guó)制造業(yè)所面臨的嚴(yán)重考驗(yàn)。諸如日本等外國(guó)的制造廠家在廣泛的應(yīng)用了自動(dòng)化技術(shù)之后，其工業(yè)產(chǎn)品，特別是汽車，在美國(guó)和世界市場(chǎng)中占據(jù)了日益增大的份額。通過采用包括機(jī)器人在內(nèi)的各種自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，從70年代開始，日本的制造廠家能夠比沒有采用自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的美國(guó)制造廠家生產(chǎn)更多的和更便宜的汽車。隨后，為了生存，美國(guó)制造廠家進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，必須以比較低的成本，生產(chǎn)出更好的產(chǎn)品。其他的因素，注入尋找能夠更好的完成