跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)unit 4.ppt

1、2012-2013,Intercultural Communications,Contents,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures - An Introduction Unit 2 Culture and Communication Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication Unit 4 Verbal Communication Unit 5 Language and Culture Unit 6 Nonverbal Communication Unit 7 Cultural Differences Unit 8 Intercul

2、tural Adaptation,Unit 4 Verbal Communication,Warm-up Exercises,1) Proverbs and sayings 2) Questions for discussion 3) Case study,Proverbs and Sayings,Words have frightening power. -Colin Cherry The notion that thought can be perfectly or even adequately expressed in verbal symbols is idiotic. -Engli

3、sh Proverb “careful with fire,” is a good advice, we know; “careful with words,” is ten times doubly so. -Will Carleton, the First Settlers Story,Questions,1. How do you find talking with people of other cultures? 2. After years of learning English, do you still have any difficulty talking with Engl

4、ish-speaking people? If you do, whats the difficulty?,Case 1 - A fish in unfamiliar waters Case 2 - Why should they do like this? Case 3: Saying “yes” and saying “no”,Warm-up：Case study,2. When, what and how to say in cross-cultural communication?,The cultural relativity of communication: When to sa

5、y, what to say and how to say differ from culture to culture.,Discussion,1) - When to say 2) - What to say 3) - Pacing and pausing 4) - Listenership (eye contact / gaze) 5) - Directness V. Indirectness,- When to say People experience silence when they think there could or should be pause. If two peo

6、ple are sitting together, one may think theres a silence when the other does not.,Athabaskan Indians consider it inappropriate to talk to strangers. Cross-cultural stereotyping: They have negative stereotypes of non-Athabaskans as ridiculously garrulous (talkative in an unfavorable sense) and also h

7、ypocritical because they act as if theyre your friends when they are not. Americans would consider it awkward to have a long period of silence when having a conversation. They conclude that Indians are sullen, uncooperative, even stupid.,- What to say E.G. A conversation between Susan and Mrs. Zhang

8、, her mother in law, at the airport when leaving China. The husband is interpreting for them.,- Pacing and pausing How fast do you speak? How long do you wait following another speakers utterance, before concluding the other has no more to say?,I had a British friend who I thought never had anything

9、 to say (which was becoming rather annoying) until I learned that she was waiting for a pause to take her turn a pause of a length that never occurred around me, because before it did, I perceived an uncomfortable silence which I kindly headed off by talking.,- Listenership (eye contact / gaze) Whit

10、es: maintain eye gaze when listening and frequently break their gaze when speaking Blacks: maintain steady eye gaze when speaking and frequently break their gaze when listening White listeners think blacks are overbearing. White speakers think the blacks are not paying attention.,- Indirectness Mean

11、ing: Only a part of meaning resides in the words spoken; the largest part if communicated by hints, assumptions, and listeners filling-in from context and prior experience. Americans as a group tend to ignore indirectness. They believe that words should say what they mean and people should be accoun

12、table only for what they say in words. Non-Americans, and American women, more often realize that much of what is meant cannot be said outright.,Eg. a. A Greek wife (or daughter): Can I go to the marketplace? Husband or father: (never say no) If you want, you can go. - meaning he doesnt want her to.

13、 Yes, of course , go. meaning Yes.,3. How is Chinese discourse style different from that of English speaking cultures?,Discourse: Verbal expression in speech or writing. a. Directness in American English b. Indirectness in Chinese,1) Case study 2) Different communication styles 3) Japanese ways to a

14、void saying “no” 4) Further reading: Different Conversational Ballgames,4. Doing business between Americans and Japanese,1) Case study,An American businessman reviewing an important contract with his Japanese counterpart. “Weve got to work together”. “,” the Japanese smiles. “were going to try for a

15、 50-50 partnership.” “.” “well use American know-how and a Japanese work force.” “.”,2) Different communication styles,Americans: start talking immediately want quick decisions do not want to wait easy to say “no” Japanese: arrive at decisions gradually difficult to say “no” directly (impolite, self

16、ish and unfriendly) developed many ways to avoid saying “no”,3) Japanese ways to avoid saying “no”,1. Be vague. - Do you think Mr. will sign contact? - Oh, I do really hope so. 2. Be silent.,3. Ask a question. - Do you think Mr. will sign contact? - Why dont you ask Mr. about that? 4. Change the top

17、ic. - Do you want me to bring the contract tomorrow? - You really should do some sightseeing while you are here in Japan.,5. Leave. - Will you able to sign the contract today? - Excuse me, I just have to make an urgent phone call. 6. Tell a white lie. - Will you sign the contract today? - Im afraid

18、our presidency will have to be consulted. It is company policy.,7. Refuse to answer the question. - Will your company be willing to invest in the project? - Im sorry. I cant answer the question. 8. Say “Yes, but” - Will you show this contract to Mr. ? - Yes, but Mr. is very busy and is out of Tokyo

19、a great deal.,9. Delay answering. - Will you able to invest in the project? - I will need to think more about it and tell you about some other time. 10. Apologize. - Will your company agree to pay a deposit of $ 250,000? - Im sorry. I dont make decisions about matters like that.,5. The impact of Con

20、fucianism on Communication,About Confucianism: Its primary concern is building and maintaining proper human relationships. This strongly influences communication patterns in East Asia.,East Asia Orientation Process orientation Differentiated linguistic codes Indirect communication emphasis Receiver

21、centered,North America Orientation Outcome orientation Less differentiated linguistic codes Direct communication emphasis Sender centered,6. Exercises,A. Comprehension Check Decide whether the following statements are true or false. a. Women are generally comfortable with building close relationship

22、s and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure. b. In feminine culture, communication is a way - probably the primary way - to express and expand closeness. c. Germans prefer clear, firm, and assertive expressions while the Japanese encourage covert, fragmented expressions.,B. Cultural Puzzles Choose the appropriate answers. Please indicate the reaso