英語語法講解-----虛擬語氣.ppt

1、虛擬語氣 Subjunctive,語氣,英語的動(dòng)詞一般可帶有三種不同的語氣：陳述語氣，祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。,語氣,陳述語氣(The Indicative Mood)用來陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)，或提出一個(gè)看法，有肯定，否定，疑問或感嘆等形式。 People get AIDS after having been infected with HIV. Her mother did not know that she had AIDS until after Xiaohua was born. How should we act towards people who have AIDS? What a brav

2、e girl!,關(guān)于陳述語氣 1,關(guān)于陳述語氣 2,語氣,祈使語氣(The Imperative Mood)用來表示請求，邀請，命令，警告或勸告等。 Let me do it. Please keep quiet in the reading room.,關(guān)于祁使語氣 1,關(guān)于祁使語氣 2,關(guān)于祁使語氣 3,關(guān)于祁使語氣 4,虛擬語氣,1) 虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動(dòng)詞形式，一是用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個(gè)事實(shí)，而是一種假設(shè)、猜測、懷疑等(在條件從句中或讓步狀語從句中)；一是表示說話人的愿望、要求、命令、建議等 (在賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句)。,虛擬語氣的概念,虛擬語氣,條件句可分為兩類，

3、一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。,虛擬語氣在 在條件從句中,1 真實(shí)條件句 真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語氣，假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生，其中 if 是如果的意思。,時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系句型： 條件從句 主句 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形If he comes, he will bring his violin.,The volleyball match will be put off if it _. A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained,答案B。真實(shí)條件句主句為將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)

4、在時(shí)。,注意：1） 在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall, will. (錯(cuò)) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (對) If you leave now, you will never regret it.2） 表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞便不用shall (will) +動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式。,虛擬語氣,一、在條件從句中 (叫虛擬條件句)，表示與事實(shí)相反的條件。分三種情況(以 do 為例)：,虛擬語氣在 在條件從句中,虛擬語氣,例句 If you had come a f

5、ew minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早來幾分鐘的話，你就能見到他了。(與過去事實(shí)相反) 2. If it were(were to be/should be) sunny tomorrow, I would come to see you. 明天要是天氣好的話，我來看你。(與將來事實(shí)可能相反) 3. If I were you, I would go now. 假如我是你的話，我現(xiàn)在就走。(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，事實(shí)上我不可能是你),虛擬語氣在 在條件從句中,注意： 在虛擬語氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞be的過去時(shí)態(tài)一律用were，不用was， 即在從句

6、中be用were代替。,If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。,If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在這兒，一切都會(huì)好的。,典型例題_ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A. If were IB. I wereC. Were ID. Was I,虛擬語氣,二、省略 if 的條件從句 當(dāng)從句中有 were, had 或 should 時(shí)，可省略if ，而把它們放在句首。 If I were to me

7、et him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Were I to meet him tomorrow, If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again. Should he fail in the experiment If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.,虛擬語氣在 在條件從句中,Had you come a few.,但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用

8、動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說 Were I not to do., 而不能說 Werent I to do.,虛擬語氣,三、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的條件句（交叉虛擬） 即從句與主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不同。此時(shí)，需要按時(shí)間來確定虛擬形式。如： If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他們以前努力學(xué)習(xí)的話，現(xiàn)在干的就會(huì)容易些。 If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不聽取我的建議，他就不會(huì)干得這樣好。,虛擬語氣在復(fù)合句中的應(yīng)用：,虛擬

9、語氣,1、記住：這些動(dòng)詞后面接的賓語從句：表示愿望( wish), 建議(suggest, advice, propose, recommend) ，要求(demand, request, require, insist), 命令(order, command)等。 2、除wish外，其它動(dòng)詞用should + do 構(gòu)成, should 可以省略。 3、 wish接賓語從句有三種情況： 1) 現(xiàn)在：用過去式 2) 過去：用過去完成式 (had done) 或 could/would have done 3) 將來：用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(would / could) + do,虛擬語氣在：在賓語從句中,

10、虛擬語氣,例句 1. I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一邊。 2. I wish I were 30 years younger. 我但愿自己能年輕三十歲。 3. I wish (that) you would get a good job. 我希望你能找到一個(gè)好職業(yè)。 4. He wished he hadnt done it. 他想要是他沒這樣做該多好。 5. He ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求學(xué)生每周都要自己洗衣

11、服。,虛擬語氣在：在賓語從句中,虛擬語氣,4、記?。篿nsist / suggest 各有兩種意思，要用不同的語氣 Insist 表示“堅(jiān)決要求”時(shí)，用虛擬形式，即 should + do; Insist 表示“堅(jiān)稱，堅(jiān)持說”時(shí)，用陳述語氣，表示事實(shí)。 Suggest 表示“建議”時(shí)，用虛擬形式。 Suggest 表示“表明、暗示”時(shí)，用陳述語氣。 例句 The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老師建議我們課后把黑板擦了。 He insisted that all of us should

12、 be there on time by any means. 他堅(jiān)持要我們大家想盡辦法按時(shí)去那兒。 He insisted that he was right.,虛擬語氣在：在賓語從句中,虛擬語氣,在would rather(寧愿) would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中 當(dāng)從句表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼臅r(shí)間時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用一般過去時(shí);表示過去時(shí)間時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去完成時(shí)。I would rather he/you came tomorrow than today.,虛擬語氣

13、在：在賓語從句中,注： 若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用動(dòng)詞原形I would rather stay at home today would ratherthan中用動(dòng)詞原形I would rather stay at home than go out today,“had hoped”后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,用“had hoped”表示原來希望做到而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情，其賓語從句的謂語用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she like

14、d to stay in China. 我原本希望她到美國去念書，但她說她喜歡留在中國。,在expect, believe, think, suspect等動(dòng)詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中，我們經(jīng)常用“should動(dòng)詞原形(或完成形式)”，表示驚奇，懷疑，不滿等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我們從來沒想到他是個(gè)如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。,虛擬語氣,主句的主語常是表示說話人愿望(wish / desire)、建議(suggestion / advice) 要求(requirement / demand)、命

15、令(order, command)等的名詞，表語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用 (should) + do. Our suggestion is that you (should) be there on time.,虛擬語氣在 在表語從句中,虛擬語氣,同位語從句的先行詞常是表示說話人愿望、建議、要求、命令等的名詞。 The suggestion that students (should) learn something practical is worth considering. Do you know the order that you (should) keep watch？,虛擬語氣在 在同位

16、語從句中,虛擬語氣,在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that . ” 中，that 后面的從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用： should + 動(dòng)詞原形 例句 Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我們有必要出去散散步。 Its natural that she should do so. 她這樣做是很自然的。 Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我們要照顧好病人。,虛擬語氣在 在主語從句中,*

17、 natural (自然的), appropriate (適當(dāng)?shù)?,advisable (合適的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必須的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本質(zhì)的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (極好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必須的），crucial（緊急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必

18、要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（驚人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（緊迫的）。常用的過去分詞(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被請求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建議), recommended (推薦)* ordered (命令),(1) 虛擬語氣在讓步狀語從句中的用法 由連接詞whether, if, even if/though, whatever, so ong as

19、引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，其謂語可用虛擬語氣，即其謂語用動(dòng)詞原形。如：Whether the figures be accurate or not, they have to be rechecked.不管那些數(shù)字準(zhǔn)確與否，都得重新核對。The earth is powerful magnet and all magnets behave the same whether they be large or small.地球是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的磁體，而所有的磁體無論大小其作用都是一樣的。They have decided to build a reservoir, whatever the difficultie

20、s may be.他們決心建造一座水庫，不管有多少困難。,虛擬語氣在 在主語從句中,I wont let you in whoever you may be. 無論你是誰我都不讓進(jìn)去。However hard the task may be, we must fulfill it on time. 不管任務(wù)多么艱巨，我們必須按時(shí)完成。If the defendant be found guilty, he shall have the right of appeal.即使被告被判有罪，他有權(quán)上訴。 倒裝的讓步狀語從句中的虛擬語氣。如：Come what may，we will go ahead

21、.不管怎樣，我們一定要前進(jìn)。,(2) 虛擬語氣在方式狀語從句中的用法 在as if /though從句中，常用虛擬形式，即表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，用過去式；與過去事實(shí)相反用過去完成式 (had done). You speak as if you had really been there.你說的好像你真的去過那里。Light often behaves as though it were made of particles.光的性狀，常常有點(diǎn)兒像由粒子組成的。He spoke to me as if I were deaf.他跟我說話時(shí)就好像我是聾子似的。,(3) 虛擬語氣在目的狀語從句中的用法

22、以lest, for fear that 和in case 引出的狀語從句（謂語多用should加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成）。如： Batteries should be kept in dry places lest electricity should leak away.電池應(yīng)放在干燥的地方，以免漏電。 He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.他小心地弄那儀器，生怕把它弄壞。 Ill keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.我給

23、你留一個(gè)位子，說不定你會(huì)改變主意。,不接虛擬語氣的用法，表示可能或真 實(shí)的情形。 1. It looks as if I am going to be busy. 2. It looks as though it is going to rain.,虛擬語氣,1. if only 意為：若是.那該多好啊; 真希望.; 只要, 只要.就好 表示現(xiàn)在的情況,應(yīng)用過去式; 如果是過去的情況,應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)態(tài) If only I had arrived in time! If only she didnt drive so fast. 2. Its (high/right) time that tha

24、t 從句要用虛擬語氣：謂語用過去時(shí)或should + do Its time that you left/should leave here.,虛擬語氣中的幾個(gè)特例,虛擬語氣,3.虛擬語氣在含蓄條件句中的用法 一些介詞短語, 如:but for(要不是), without, otherwise(否則), 等表示含蓄的條件,這時(shí)主句要用虛擬語氣 Without your help, we would not have made such rapid progress. But for my brothers help, I would not have finished it on time.

25、I had to do something more important,otherwise I might have helped.,虛擬語氣中的幾個(gè)特例,It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately. 不立即潤滑軸承就會(huì)引起很大的故障 （暗含條件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately） Alone, she would have been terrified.,4. wish/if only,現(xiàn)在： 過去： 未來：,did（were）,had done,

26、would do,I wish I were a bird.（現(xiàn)在） I wish I hadnt made such a mistake.（過去） We wish our parents wouldnt punish us. (將來),虛擬語氣,虛擬語氣中的幾個(gè)特例,5. would rather that,現(xiàn)在： 過去： 未來：,I would rather you paid me now.,I would rather you had gone, too.,Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow.,did,did,had done,虛擬語氣

27、中的幾個(gè)特例,6.不用if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句條件句 非真實(shí)條件句的條件從句除用if引導(dǎo)外，還可用unless, lest, as if, for fear, in case, on condition that等詞語來引導(dǎo)。如： Steel parts were usually covered with grease lest they should rust.鋼部件通常涂有油脂以免生銹。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at work.除非我好了，否則我不會(huì)去上班。,虛擬語氣中的幾個(gè)特例,The electric current flows through a

28、 conductor as if it were a fluid.電流好像液體般地流過導(dǎo)體。 He handled the instrument with care for fear (that) it should be damaged.他小心地?cái)[弄那儀器，生怕把它弄壞。Take some more money with you in case you should need it. 多帶點(diǎn)兒錢以備急用。He can use the car on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天車能還回來，他就可以把車借去。Suppose y

29、ou were given a chance to get the job, would you accept?假如你有機(jī)會(huì)得到那份工作，你會(huì)接受嗎？但要注意：與if一樣，上述詞語所引導(dǎo)的條件從句也可用直陳語氣，表可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或發(fā)生的事。,虛擬語氣,7. 某些簡單句的固定句型： Heaven help him! God bless you! May you succeed! Long live the Peoples Republic of China!,虛擬語氣中的幾個(gè)特例,虛擬語氣,1、表示說話人的要求、建議、命令時(shí)，常用(should) do表示虛擬形式, 主要用于名詞性從句中。 2、其它情

30、況常用兩種形式：表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，用過去式；表示與過去事實(shí)相反用過去完成式。,簡單的歸納,虛擬語氣,Alan _ the party if he had gone to London. A. would have missed B. had missed C. would miss D. missed 2.It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy. He would be still alive today if he _ that drug. A.not take B.shouldnt have taken C.didnt ta

31、ke D.hadnt taken,Exercises,虛擬語氣,3. If only I _ to my parents! (But I didnt.) A. listened B. had listened C. should listen D. would listen 4. Tom suggested that Ann _ the house. A. sell B. sold C. shall sell D. would sell 5. I wish this bus _ to the university. A. go B. went C. has gone D. had gone,虛

32、擬語氣,6. Simon looks as though he never _ a square meal(吃得飽), though his parents feed him very well. A. get B. getting C. got D. should get 7. He is talking so much about America as if he _ there. A. had been B. were C. was D. been 8. I _ you some money, but I hadnt got any then. A. would lend B. woul

33、d have lent C. could lend D. may have lent,虛擬語氣,9. Have you ever been to Beijing? - No, but I wish I _. A. have B. will C. do D. had 10. I dont think it is the right time that you _. A. will go B. went C. go D. must go 11. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . A. breaks B.

34、 has broken C. were broken D. had been broken,虛擬語氣,12.(2003上海春季高考題)Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _ your advice. A.followedB.would follow C.had followedD.should follow 13.(2002上海高考題)It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda C

35、ox Library in my hometown. A.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallen C.should fall D.were to fall 14.She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him，but he didnt believe it. A.hadnt spoken B.shouldnt speak C.wouldnt speak D.not speak,虛擬語氣,15.It is high time the child _ to the hospital. A.is sent B.would be sent C.be sent D.w