古玩收藏-鑒藏講座之良渚玉器鑒定述要（Antique collection - collection of Liangzhu jade identification of lectures）

1、古玩收藏-鑒藏講座之良渚玉器鑒定述要（Antique collection - collection of Liangzhu jade identification of lectures）Identification of Liangzhu jade(Jiang Weidong, 2003.09.05)Imitation of the ancient Liangzhu jade, or have appeared in the Song Dynasty, the Imperial Palace Museum in Beijing on the possession of a copy of

2、the song of God Shoumian Wen Liangzhu jade type. Ming and Qing Dynasties antique, especially the wind Sheng, but for the age of Liangzhu jade is still very vague, and imitation regardless of shape, decoration, or the production process, characteristics, lack of jade in the Neolithic age. Obviously,

3、it is not difficult to identify.The beginning of this century after 80s, as Jiangsu caoxieshan, Zhang Lengshan temple, Shanghai, Zhejiang Fuquan mountain pier, Fanshan and Yaoshan and other places has discovered, not only reversed the understanding of Liangzhu jade produced in, and set off has not d

4、ecline of Liangzhu jade research and collection craze at home and abroad. The last more than 10 years, a large number of Liangzhu jade collectors in the hands of the sea, which are fine, this is the result of some illegal excavation of smuggling. However, the jade wares scattered at home and abroad

5、are mostly imitations of imitations. In fact, as a result of the high interest, as early as more than 10 years ago, Zhejiang and Zhejiang provinces have already appeared the private workshops of imitation Liangzhu jade article. In the past two years, with the sale of imitation, the development of pr

6、ivate workshops is also very rapid. By the end of last year, Yuhang Pingyao town area, a business license of all kinds of jade carving workshops have been under thirty. In the spring of last year selling climax, many workshops working day and night, like a garment factory in order to make the situat

7、ion. Rushed out of jade, most of which are sold to Hongkong, Japan and other places. Therefore, in the hands of individual collectors at home and abroad, most of the Liangzhu jade wares are intermingled with good and bad.However, although the town of Pingyao ancient Liangzhu jade imitation area work

8、shop, but mostly through the imitation jade rough, not worth mentioning. Real antique deceptive, mixed human eyes and ears, is only two or three. The author visited the jade carving process of some private workshops, probably not much difference with the original era, but the selection of materials,

9、 jade carving tool and jade ancient process are very different, this will give us the authenticity of providing conditions.There are a variety of the Liangzhu jade material, mainly including nephrite is tremolite - actinolite series, in addition to fluorite, pyrophyllite, chalcedony, turquoise stone

10、 beauty. Nephrite series of materials, according to the difference of the fiber structure, showing two different forms, similar to the Xinjiang Hetian jade Zi Yu and mountain difference. One is not by Qin for translucent green lake by Qin after chicken bone white, the jade material was used for the

11、production of jade Cong, Tomahawk, Trident shaped ornaments, coronary ornaments. The other one is not affected by Qin opaque dark green colored mottled after Qin, often visible naked eye fiber structure of Sericite shaped mixed, the jade in the Liangzhu early has been adopted, mainly for the product

12、ion of a large area of jade, jade Cong also made individual, but to jade production process. Unearthed from the tombs in the location, the ceremonial position obviously inferior to the first kind of jade material made of high Jiecong. To the late Liangzhu, probably due to lack of jade material first

13、, second types of jade material is widely used for making high Jiecong, but jade material has not changed. No pure chicken bone white is the most basic feature of Liangzhu jade material, while the imitation is unknown.The imitation is the main raw material produced in Liaoning, commonly known as jad

14、e like jade mineral, color yellow, brown, mottled, green etc. The material hardness of yellow, brown, mottled low, opaque, and green material with high hardness, close to 6 Mohs degrees, translucent.Because the materials used in the imitations and the materials used in the ancient Liangzhu jade are

15、very different, there are many places for reference in the light of materials. First of all, the difference in hardness of the jade. The Liangzhu jade nephrite on the Mohs hardness of 66.5 degrees, despite thousands of years buried, more or less has been corroded in different degrees,But the surface

16、 except completely by Qin white plaster like stripping hardness is low, the remaining parts of the dry dehydration after the hard bottom basically maintained at the original level, steel cutting tools are generally difficult to carved into the. And although the imitation on the surface of the old im

17、itation Qin, which with the characteristics of unearthed jade is similar, but the hardness of jade material itself has the characteristics, it is difficult to get.Second is jade in transparency, gloss and color difference. Transparency refers to the ability of jade to pass through light. Identificat

18、ion of transparency is usually based on a standard thickness of 2 millimeters, but when we identify Liangzhu jade, the thickness is based on the thickness of the jade or the thickness of the edge, usually between 2 and 10 millimeters. Light does not refer to natural light, but rather uses light from

19、 a desk lamp or a flashlight. Gloss refers to the intensity of the reflection of light on the surface of jade. Most of the traditional jade in China is glassy luster. About the ancient Liangzhu jade material, we have already talked about, the series of nephrite jade are of two main types. A class th

20、at can not pre Qin unearthed jade Cong Shanghai fuquanshan tomb No. 9 as a representative, if the attack Taiwan lake green, light or stick wall light flashlight, the light can be completely through. Micro Qin without completely lost through the unearthed anti Hill tomb No. 12 jade Yue, unearthed in

21、Dayaoshan tomb No. 2 coronary decoration, lamp light or flashlight light through. Imitation of above two kinds of situation, may be the material and do the old there is considerable difficulty because of the current market is less likely to see. This kind of jade material has become a chicken bone w

22、hite which is called the chicken bone in the ancient world. In fact, the chicken bone white is a general appellation, refers to the devitrification by Qin state, in fact jade colour is yellowish white, white, blue and white, pale yellow, etc., the chicken bone white jade light. But the jade is a col

23、lection of a variety of minerals, mineral composition of jade in the same buried under the process and the degree of Qin is not completely consistent, therefore, on the surface of chicken bone white jade , we often can see a lot of small to large size such as sesame bean in a crystal. If you use han

24、d light attached to the edge of the jade, this usually reddish brown spot, you can see the light transmission. This is a phenomenon that can not be seen on any imitations. In addition, although the imitation of the hardness of the larger translucent jade material made by the old imitation Qin, the s

25、urface has been chicken bone white, but did not go deep in the bone, so under the flashlight light, still light. At present, Pingyao area imitation Liangzhu jade is still dominated by the chicken bone white, but the individual workshops have been using the hardness of jade material is large, mainly

26、green jade from Liaoning Xiuyan and Henan Nanyang, the use of color similar material hardness characteristics are similar to that of a slight staining after Qin to imitation, imitation half green half yellow semi transparent jade unearthed in Tongxiang, Haining in the vicinity of the market, sales p

27、rospects, imitation of second kinds of materials in the jade Liangzhu jade is not common in the market, such as Qin Qian opaque dark green jade colored mottled Qin, its unique jade material, make it very difficult to get realistic imitation of imitation.Liangzhu ancient jade unearthed jade, especial

28、ly the surface anti hill, Dayaoshan, Hengshan, and other places, often with a thin layer of dense Mask, painted like a layer of transparent lacquer, showing a strong glass luster. The Mask is the result of polishing and excavation for thousands of years. It is also a feature that any imitations can

29、not imitate. Although some imitations are carefully polished and the glass is strong, there is still a big difference in sense of heart compared with the glass luster of the real Liangzhu jade article. The glass luster of the imitated product comes from the surface of the jade. It looks impetuous an

30、d dazzling compared with the strong and soft gloss of the jade from the bone.Methods from the material identification of Liangzhu jade can also be measured using the proportion of liquid, tremolite, actinolite nephrite series, although the corroded, but the proportion remained at 2.963.17, and Xiuya

31、n accounted for 2.52.8, Nanyang jade accounted for 2.52.9, if the proportion of four methyl bromide heavy liquid test 2.95. Will sink to the bottom and liquid jade, Nanyang jade Xiuyan Jade or floating on the liquid surface.It is a quick and effective method to identify small pieces of Liangzhu jade

32、 with specific gravity liquid.TwoLiangzhu jade article is an outstanding achievement of Chinese late Neolithic art creation. Its manufacturing process has some aspects that still seem incredible today. Because the metal tools are not of high strength and hardness, making the Liangzhu jade completely

33、 depends on the type of stone tools and some organic matter. Mining era Liangzhu jade material is still unknown, but the proftion billet is mainly used in cutting method. In the unearthed Liangzhu machine, many have left the traces of cutting, according to expert research, there are two kinds of saw

34、ing, cutting and wire cutting. Sawing is linear cutting, while line cutting leaves a parabolic cut. The method of wire cutting is a far cry from the method of cutting with a metal TL. Generally speaking, the line cut is parabola cut, and the left traces after cutting are in the outer arc of the cut.

35、 Some imitation, especially jade, in order to pursue with genuine likeness, also specially in the surface to leave a few cutting dent, but the traces can be obvious is the use of thallium with grind Zhuo, a flat bottom, with jade surface connection Hin, some even formed difference obvious step Taiwa

36、n mark rather than use wire cutting, a genuine soft and gentle.Although the technology of Liangzhu era drilling drill and drill pipe Zeng two, but jade due to high hardness, so by using the method of double tube drilling, imports, central similarities of small diameter, sometimes staggered form Taiw

37、an marks, 12 mm wide groove drill also left some marks on the table. Jade is a utensil of larger diameter drilling with double tube drilling, and, less displacement, and post production carefully polished, perforated wall Cong often become smooth arc surface, little hole wall completely straight Con

38、g. Bracelet with similar Cong. The imitation of hole drilling with complete, large Cong, Bi also uses both sides to drill, then Jiaxiuzhi polishing, but left traces with different original drilling. Imitation of jade Cong perforation, although after the expansion of the entrance, polishing and other

39、 means of treatment, is still not too stiff feeling straight hole wall. The hole wall less Liangzhu jade, jade Yue is repairing the polishing, so the hole wall often have concentric Rotary Marks obviously, and staggered formation table often groove drill. In order to achieve genuine imitation effect

40、, often to be bored to repair, so the hole wall is smooth, no spin marks.ThreeType of imitation, almost covers all kinds of Liangzhu jade, but in order to put the market good exorbitantusury, imitators often choose with exquisite decorations, such as Cong, bracelets, Trident shaped ornaments, orname

41、nts, Yue Juan, coronary end tail ornaments, jade in the Liangzhu culture to seek. Mother, but also create new styles, the cultural relics market of Hangzhou had seen in the triangle of jade Cong.The decoration design imitation also originated from the jade of Liangzhu Culture and cultural relics arc

42、haeological Journal of Liangzhu Culture jade pictures and charts. Although do not rule out the possibility of imitation from pillagers hands after purchase genuine copy, but most imitation is not careful observation of real goods may be missing, so will the wrong person is also a lot of decoration.

43、For example, the Liangzhu jade, the excavations are not shallow relief and Yin characterize the combination of God Shoumian ornamentation. A bird pattern of fine Yin characterize a few masterpieces, the bird pattern very shallow fine lines. But the imitation for profit, God Shoumian decoration, ofte

44、n in the surface of the jade carved bas relief superfluous, but people at a glance is a fake. Because of the deep excavations in Liangzhu jade warehouse and showcase, generally difficult to useful magnification details and pictures of opportunity, a line graph is not fully reflected the detailed fea

45、tures and ornamentation carved craft carving imitation, so in the decoration also has many loopholes. The first is the process of the Liangzhu jade carved era, is generally believed that the use of larger hardness of stone tool or shark teeth, shallow relief also needs the help of quartz sand medium

46、 to complete, and modern imitation goods with alloy knife and tool files just. Different tools,It is necessary to leave different details in the process of carving. Liangzhu jade material tools with age, there is no difference of hardness, fine decoration overelaborated is actually spent a lot of ef

47、fort and slowly rub draw out, this method cannot draw rub cut out of long lines, the depth can not agree. Straight is smooth, curved lines is distorted obviously, easy to move. With a magnifying glass, the Department of Liangzhu jade Yin repeatedly rub, and gossamer, line edge chipping like sawtooth

48、 phenomenon is very obvious. The imitation jade material of low hardness, diamond cutter can be easily carved in jade material surface line, so although some imitations in imitation to imitate Liangzhu jade repeatedly rub row Yin line intermittent, but always plausible.Imitation decoration according to book or line graph cut, its expression and combination of great thing less, but the overall composition patterns, especially those who cut the overelaborated imitation of God Shoumian Wen divine badge, as genuine natural and smooth, some fine decoration total intens