科學(xué)寫作與報告大作業(yè)

1、1 Why do scientific write1.1 科技論文促進(jìn)學(xué)術(shù)交流寫作與發(fā)表的科技論文則正是科技工作者之間進(jìn)行科學(xué)思想交流的永久記錄，也是科學(xué)的歷史，它記載了探索真理的過程，記載了各種觀測結(jié)果和研究結(jié)果，而科學(xué)技術(shù)研究是一種承上啟下的連續(xù)性的工作，一項研究的結(jié)束可能是另一項研究的起點;因此，科技工作者通過論文寫作與發(fā)表形式進(jìn)行的學(xué)術(shù)交流，能促進(jìn)研究成果的推廣和應(yīng)用，有利于科學(xué)事業(yè)的繁榮與發(fā)展。1.2 科技論文有利于科學(xué)積累科技論文寫作是信息的書面存儲活動，通過論文的寫作與發(fā)表，信息的傳遞將超越時空的限制，研究成果將作為文獻(xiàn)保存下來，成為科學(xué)技術(shù)寶庫的重要組成部分，為同時代人和后人提

2、供科學(xué)技術(shù)知識，由整個人類所共享。人類整個科學(xué)技術(shù)歷史長河就是由這樣一個個浪花匯集而成的。1.3 科技論文是發(fā)現(xiàn)人才的重要渠道一篇論文的發(fā)表，可能使一個原來默默無聞的科技工作者被發(fā)現(xiàn)并受到重用，這在科技史上和當(dāng)今的事例是很多的。發(fā)表論文的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量是衡量一個科技工作者學(xué)識水平與業(yè)務(wù)成績的重要指標(biāo)，同時也是考核他們能否晉升學(xué)位和技術(shù)職務(wù)的重要依據(jù)。2 How to write and publish a scientific paper最好科學(xué)寫作方法是，課題研究的開始就是論文寫作的開始，即不要等課題完了才寫，而應(yīng)在課題研究一開始就寫，因為思考一個比較復(fù)雜的問題，借助于寫作效果會更好些。寫，就是

3、用文字符號把思考的過程一一記錄下來，讓它們在紙面上視覺化，便于反復(fù)琢磨與推敲，使飄浮、抽象、混亂的思維清晰起來，具體化和條理化起來，使思維更縝密。如果把寫作貫穿在整個研究工作中，邊研究，邊寫作，則可及時發(fā)現(xiàn)研究工作的不足，補(bǔ)充和修正正在進(jìn)行的研究，使研究成果更加完善;同時也還有這樣的可能，即寫作靈感的突發(fā)，將導(dǎo)致研究方案的重大改進(jìn)，從而最終提高研究成果的水平和價值。2.1 科研選題科研選題就是選擇科研和論文的題目，是科研至關(guān)重要的第一步，不論一項科研項目總結(jié)出多少篇論文，其題目的內(nèi)涵和外延都不會超出科研項目本身的范圍?？蒲蓄}目涉及研究的主要方向，是整個研究的中心思想，也是指導(dǎo)研究工作中各向安排

4、的主線，在科研的成敗上起著決定性的作用。科研選題必須具備一定的創(chuàng)新性，不僅要繼承和發(fā)揚已有的科學(xué)成就，更重要的是應(yīng)在繼承運用的基礎(chǔ)上有所發(fā)現(xiàn)、發(fā)明和創(chuàng)造?？蒲械膭?chuàng)新性主要可以分為以下三個方面：（1）在原有理論和實踐的發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)上，把研究工作向前推進(jìn)一步，（2）更新已有的科學(xué)研究成就，或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)有科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)觀點進(jìn)行爭論或商榷，（3）填補(bǔ)某一科研領(lǐng)域的空白?？蒲羞x題應(yīng)具有極強(qiáng)的專業(yè)性，科學(xué)研究是無窮無盡的，向科研的深度和廣度進(jìn)展是永無止境的。隨著科學(xué)研究的不斷深人，學(xué)科的分工會越來越細(xì)。一個人的精力是有限的，不可能同時在多學(xué)科、多領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)造佳績。因此，連續(xù)深人地在某一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究，有利于逐步建立自己

5、的特色專長，使自己成為某一領(lǐng)域或者某一學(xué)科的專家。2.2 資料收集2.2.1 科技文獻(xiàn)的種類科技圖書?？萍紙D書大部分是對科研成果、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)知識和經(jīng)驗的總結(jié)和論述。由于作者對收集到的資料進(jìn)行了選擇、核對、鑒別和整理，因此他傳播的知識比較成熟、全面和系統(tǒng)。但是圖書的撰寫和出版時間較長，因此圖書中的內(nèi)容略為陳舊，不夠新穎。而且，學(xué)科發(fā)展越快，這一領(lǐng)域的圖書老化也越快?？萍紙蟾妗？萍紙蟾媸悄骋粚ｎ}的科學(xué)或技術(shù)研究成果的正式報告，內(nèi)容敘述詳盡，題目專業(yè)具體，實驗和推理的數(shù)據(jù)比較完整，反映了一個團(tuán)隊或者一個專業(yè)科學(xué)研究的情況。世界上一些主要國家都出版各自的科技報告，其中以美國政府出版的科技報告數(shù)量龐大、系

6、統(tǒng)。會議文獻(xiàn)。會議文獻(xiàn)是指在學(xué)術(shù)會議上宣讀的論文和書面報告，絕大部分設(shè)計的是當(dāng)前某一學(xué)科和領(lǐng)域的新成就、新課題。許多學(xué)科的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)和重大進(jìn)展，大多是在科技會議上首次公布的。因此，會議文獻(xiàn)反映了國內(nèi)外科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的水平和趨勢。學(xué)位論文。學(xué)位論文是高等院?；蚩蒲袉挝坏漠厴I(yè)生在考取碩士、博士等學(xué)位時提出的論文。雖然質(zhì)量參差不齊，但是一般來說具有一定的獨創(chuàng)性。它所探討的問題專業(yè)，對問題闡述得較為系統(tǒng)和詳細(xì)，對科學(xué)研究工作有一定的參考價值。2.2.2 科技文獻(xiàn)的檢索方法直接法。直接利用檢索工具（系統(tǒng)）檢索文獻(xiàn)信息的方法，這是文獻(xiàn)檢索中最常用的一種方法。它又分為順查法、倒查法和抽查法。（1）順查法。按照時

7、間的順序，由遠(yuǎn)及近地利用檢索系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)信息檢索的方法。這種方法能收集到某一課題的系統(tǒng)文獻(xiàn)，它適用于較大課題的文獻(xiàn)檢索。例如，已知某課題的起始年代，現(xiàn)在需要了解其發(fā)展的全過程，就可以用順查法從最初的年代開始，逐漸向近期查找。（2）倒查法。倒查法是由近及遠(yuǎn)，從新到舊，逆著時間的順序利用檢索工具進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)檢索的方法。此法的重點是放在近期文獻(xiàn)上。使用這種方法可以最快地獲得最新資料。（3）抽查法。抽查法是指針對項目的特點，選擇有關(guān)該項目的文獻(xiàn)信息最可能出現(xiàn)或最多出現(xiàn)的時間段，利用檢索工具進(jìn)行重點檢索的方法。追溯法。不利用一般的檢索工具，而是利用已經(jīng)掌握的文獻(xiàn)末尾所列的參考文獻(xiàn)，進(jìn)行逐一地追溯查找“引文”

8、的一種最簡便的擴(kuò)大信息來源的方法。它還可以從查到的“引文”中再追溯查找“引文”，像滾雪球一樣，依據(jù)文獻(xiàn)間的引用關(guān)系，獲得越來越多的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。綜合法。綜合法又稱為循環(huán)法，它是把上述兩種方法加以綜合運用的方法。綜合法既要利用檢索工具進(jìn)行常規(guī)檢索，又要利用文獻(xiàn)后所附參考文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行追溯檢索，分期分段地交替使用這兩種方法。即先利用檢索工具（系統(tǒng)）檢到一批文獻(xiàn)，再以這些文獻(xiàn)末尾的參考目錄為線索進(jìn)行查找，如此循環(huán)進(jìn)行，直到滿足要求時為止。綜合法兼有常用法和追溯法的優(yōu)點，可以查得較為全面而準(zhǔn)確的文獻(xiàn)，是實際中采用較多的方法。對于查新工作中的文獻(xiàn)檢索，可以根據(jù)查新項目的性質(zhì)和檢索要求將上述檢索方法融匯在一起，靈活

9、處理。檢索科技文獻(xiàn)使用的檢索工具，是圖書館部門在一次文獻(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)上加工整理、分類編排而成的二次文獻(xiàn)，按照著作格式分為題錄和文摘。而且，檢索工具有多種索引，可以提供多種檢索途徑。一般來講，檢索途徑可以分為以下四種：分類途徑、主題途徑、著者途徑和其他途徑等。北航圖書館提供了許多的文獻(xiàn)檢索系統(tǒng)和工具，例如Elsevier ScienceDirect，SpringerLink等，這里就不詳細(xì)介紹了。2.3 研究試驗研究試驗是按照試驗設(shè)計對所選題目進(jìn)行實際操作的過程。一般要經(jīng)過科研方案的設(shè)計、試驗條件和設(shè)備的準(zhǔn)備、試驗研究、試驗結(jié)果的整理分析等過程。這里重點介紹一下試驗設(shè)計和試驗結(jié)果處理。試驗設(shè)計。試驗方案

10、的設(shè)計主要包括以下的內(nèi)容：試驗要達(dá)到什么目的？使用哪些檢測指標(biāo)？運用什么儀器設(shè)備？如何設(shè)置對照組？另外，必須注意試驗的隨機(jī)性、重復(fù)性因素，進(jìn)行數(shù)理統(tǒng)計設(shè)計和正交試驗設(shè)計等工作。需要注意的是，試驗設(shè)計根據(jù)研究目標(biāo)，同時提出幾個達(dá)到目的的試驗方案。當(dāng)試驗方案提出之后，研究者通過對比分析，選取一個可行、可靠的方案進(jìn)行試驗。如果認(rèn)為幾種方案各有特點，也可以幾種方案同時開展試驗設(shè)計。試驗結(jié)果處理。在科學(xué)研究中，必然會得到許多的試驗資料和數(shù)據(jù)，它是一種原始資料。這些數(shù)據(jù)中不可避免地存在誤差。因此，必須對原始的試驗數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行科學(xué)的處理，將誤差、錯誤和非本質(zhì)的資料消除。其中，為了消除和區(qū)別誤差，研究者創(chuàng)立了誤差

11、理論，以得到最接近實際情況的數(shù)值。根據(jù)誤差理論，將誤差分為系統(tǒng)誤差、過失誤差和偶然誤差三類，并采用不同的方法進(jìn)行控制。2.3 論文撰寫一般科技期刊論文的組成部分和排列次序為：題目、摘要、關(guān)鍵詞、引言、正文、結(jié)論建議、致謝、參考文獻(xiàn)、附錄等內(nèi)容。2.3.1 題目題目是科技論文的總綱，論文的題名應(yīng)達(dá)到以下幾方面的要求。（1）準(zhǔn)確具體，簡短精煉.要準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)論文的中心內(nèi)容，恰如其分地反映論文的研究范圍和深度，文字要簡煉，一般不應(yīng)超過20字。（2）便于檢索，容易認(rèn)讀。題名所用詞語要有助于選定關(guān)鍵詞和編制題錄、索引等二次文獻(xiàn)，要避免使用非公知、公用的縮略詞、字符和代號等。2.3.2 摘要摘要是對論文的內(nèi)

12、容不加注釋和評論的簡短陳述。其作用有二：（1）讓讀者盡快了解論文的重要內(nèi)容，以補(bǔ)充題名的不足；（2）為科技情報人員和計算機(jī)檢索提供方便。文摘中應(yīng)寫的內(nèi)容一般包括研究工作的目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論，而重點是結(jié)果和結(jié)論。2.3.3 引言引言的內(nèi)容是簡明介紹論文的背景，相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的前人研究狀況，作者的意圖與分析的依據(jù)，包括追求的目標(biāo)，研究范圍和理論、技術(shù)方案的選取等。2.3.4 正文正文是科技論文的核心部分。論文的論點、論據(jù)和論證都在這里闡述，占據(jù)了論文的主要篇幅。由于論文作者的研究工作所涉及的研究對象、研究方法和研究結(jié)果表達(dá)方式的不同，所以正文中要寫的內(nèi)容不能作統(tǒng)一規(guī)定但總的思路和結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)符合“提出論點

13、，通過論據(jù)（事實、數(shù)據(jù)）來對論點加以論證”這一共同的要求。要實事求是，客觀真切，合乎邏輯，層次分明。2.3.5 結(jié)論結(jié)論是論文的最后總結(jié)，是在理論和實驗分析的基礎(chǔ)上經(jīng)過嚴(yán)密的邏輯推理而得出的研究成果的描述，其內(nèi)容要點和撰寫要求是：（1）本研究結(jié)果說明了什么問題，得出了什么規(guī)律性的東西，解決了什么理論和實際問題。（2）研究中有無發(fā)現(xiàn)例外或本論文尚難以解釋和解決的問題。（3）與前人已發(fā)表過的研究結(jié)果有哪些不一致，作者作了哪些修正、補(bǔ)充、發(fā)展或否定。（4）對進(jìn)一步深入研究本課題的建議。2.4 論文投稿在科技論文撰寫完畢后，研究者希望盡快發(fā)表自己的成果。因此，我們必須了解論文的發(fā)表形式和發(fā)表程序，以便

14、進(jìn)一步提高論文的校對質(zhì)量，避免差錯。2.4.1 弄清刊物性質(zhì)科技期刊的性質(zhì)不同，種類不同，刊登的內(nèi)容也不相同。科技論文應(yīng)該投向?qū)W術(shù)類刊物或者技術(shù)類刊物，但是需要了解刊物報道的重點和側(cè)重。一般來說，最好翻閱幾期已出版的刊物，從刊登內(nèi)容和征稿簡則中判斷稿件是否能投向該期刊。2.4.2 弄清發(fā)表周期有的期刊雖然非常適合自己投稿，但是如果其稿源豐富，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)太高，那么出版周期必然很長。如果對自己的論文有信心，時間不緊迫，就可以向該期刊投稿。但是如果論文的時間要求很高，必須盡快發(fā)表的話，則不應(yīng)該選擇這一類型的期刊。2.4.3 弄清編輯要求不同期刊對于投稿都有明確具體的要求，比如征稿啟示、投稿須知等。這些文件

15、一般公布在刊物上，內(nèi)容包括辦刊宗旨、刊物性質(zhì)和報道內(nèi)容，以及對投稿的要求等。投稿前應(yīng)該仔細(xì)閱讀，盡量讓稿件符合期刊的要求，以減少修改時間。1 Why do scientific writing1.1 Promoting the academic exchangesThe writing and publishing a scientific paper is a permanent record of scientific researchers ideas and mind, as well as a record of science history. It records the pro

16、cess of exploring the truth and various observation results. Science and technology researching has a close link between the continuity work. The end of a study may be the beginning of another. Therefore, scientific researchers exchange academic ideas by paper writing and publishing, which can promo

17、te the study and its application.1.2 Conducive to accumulation of scienceScientific papers are written information storage activities. By writing and publishing papers, information delivery will transcend time and space limitations. The research results save as a document to become an important part

18、 of the treasure of science and technology. To provide scientific and technical knowledge generation and posterity is shared by the entire human race. Human history of science and technology as a whole is this one of a wave pool.1.3 An important way to find talentsThe publication of a scientific pap

19、er may have made a previously unknown technology worker known and reused in the history of science and technology. The number and quality of published papers is an important indicator to measure the level of knowledge and business performance of a scientific and technical worker. But also an importa

20、nt basis for assessing their ability to promote academic degree and technical positions.2 How to write and publish a scientific paperThe best method to write a scientific paper is to start at the beginning of a research, rather than when the project finished. Thinking is a complex issue, with the ai

21、d of in writing the effect will be better. Writing is the letter symbols to be used in the process of thinking, one in the record, let them on the paper-based visual, easy to repeated pondering and scrutiny, to floating, abstract, confusion of thought clear, specific and orderly, thinking more caref

22、ul.If the writing throughout the entire research process, research, writing, timely find out the lack of research work, supplement and correction of ongoing research, the research results more perfect; but also possible. The writing inspiration burst will lead to major improvements in the research p

23、roject research, and ultimately improve level and value of research results.2.1 Research subjectResearch subject is to select a topic of scientific research and thesis, which is the first step of the research. Whether a research program summed up from how many papers, the connotation and extension o

24、f the subject will not exceed the scope of the research project itself. Research topics related to the main direction of research, is the central idea of the whole study, but also to guide research work in the main line of the main line, in scientific research plays a decisive role in the success or

25、 failure.Research subject must have a certain innovation, not only to inherit and carry forward the scientific achievements. The most important is to be found on the basis of the use of inheritance, invention and creation. Innovative research can be mainly divided into the following three aspects: (

26、1) Put the research work a step forward from the original theory and practice basis. (2) Update existing achievements in scientific research, or to the existing scientific and academic point of view debate or discussion. (3) Fill the blank of a direction of research field.Research subject should hav

27、e a strong professional idea. The scientific research inexhaustible, and the depth and breadth of research progress is endless. With the deepening of scientific research, the division of the subject will become more and more thin. A persons energy is limited, one cannot create success in many discip

28、lines and fields. Therefore, the continuous deep in a professional field of scientific research, is conducive to gradually establish their own unique expertise. The better way is to become an expert in a field or a subject.2.2 Information collection2.2.1 Types of scientific literaturesScientific boo

29、ks. Most of scientific books are the summary and discussion of scientific researches, production technology knowledge and experiences. Because the author has chosen, checked, identified and sorted out the collected information, scientific books are more mature, comprehensive and systematic. However,

30、 the books are written and published for a long time. The contents of a scientific book may be a little old, not new. Moreover, the faster the development of the subject, the faster the aging of books in this area.Scientific reports. A scientific report is a subject of scientific or technical resear

31、ch results of the official report. Content in detail, specific professional subject, reasoning and experimental data is complete, reflecting on a team or a professional scientific research. Some of the worlds leading countries have published their own science and technology reports. For example, a l

32、arge number of science and technology reports are published by the government of the United States.Conference papers. A paper of the conference is to refer to the paper and written report that read out in the academic conference. The vast majority of design is the new achievement of a subject and th

33、e field at present, new topic. Important discoveries and major advances in many disciplines, mostly in the academic conferences for the first time. Therefore, the conference papers reflect the level and trend of the development of domestic surgery technology.Degree thesis. A thesis is colleges or sc

34、ientific research units of the graduates in obtaining masters and doctoral degrees in the thesis. Although the quality is uneven, it has a certain originality. It discusses the problem of professional, more systematic and detailed exposition of the problem. The work of scientific research has a cert

35、ain reference value.2.2.2 Retrieval methods of scientific literaturesDirect method. Direct use of retrieval tools to retrieve the method of literature information, which is the most commonly used in the literature search method. It is divided into the method, check method and sampling method. (1) No

36、rmal method. According to the order of time, the normal method of literature information retrieval by using the retrieval system from far and near. This method can be used to collect a topic of the system literature, it is applicable to a larger issue of the literature search. For example, beginning

37、 time of the given topic, now need to understand the whole process of its development, using method from first in the beginning, and gradually to search in the near future. (2) Reverse method. Check method is from the near to the distant, from old to new, inverse time sequence retrieval method using

38、 retrieval tools. The focus of this method is on the recent literature. Using this method can obtain the latest information. (3) Sampling method. Sampling method is the characteristics of the project, select the projects literature information most likely to appear or at most time period, the use of

39、 retrieval tools to focus on retrieval methods.Tracing method. Without the use of general search tools, but the use of the literature has been mastered at the end of the list of references, one by one to find the citation one of the most convenient way to expand the source of information. It can als

40、o be traced back to the citation to find the citation, like a snowball, based on the reference relationship between the literature, to obtain more and more relevant literature.Comprehensive method The comprehensive method, also known as the circle method, is the method of comprehensive utilization o

41、f the above two methods. The comprehensive method not only uses the search tools to carry on the regular search, but also uses the reference literature to carry on the retrospective retrieval, and the two methods are used in different stages. First, the use of retrieval tools (system) seized a numbe

42、r of documents, and then to the end of the reference list of reference for clues to find, so the cycle is carried out until the time to meet the requirements. The comprehensive method has the advantage of both common law and tracing method, which can be used to find a more comprehensive and accurate

43、 document. Check for new work of literature retrieval, can according to find the nature of the new project and retrieval requirements of the retrieval methods and fusion together, flexible processing.Retrieval of science and technology literature retrieval tools, departmental libraries in a literatu

44、re based processing, sorting, classification arrangement and secondary literature, according to the book format for bibliographic and abstract. Moreover, there are many kinds of indexes, which can provide many kinds of retrieval methods. Generally speaking, the retrieval approaches can be divided in

45、to the following four types: classification approach, subject approach, author pathway and other pathways etc. Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Library provides much of the literature retrieval systems and tools, such as Elsevier ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, here is not described i

46、n detail.2.3 Research experimentationThe research experiment is the process of the actual operation of the selected topic according to the experimental design. Generally through the design of scientific research programs, test conditions and equipment preparation, test research, test results of the

47、finishing process. Here to focus on the test design and test results.Experiment design. The design of the test plan mainly includes the following content: what is the purpose of the test? Use which test indicators? What instruments to use? How to set up the control group? In addition, we must pay at

48、tention to the randomness of the test, the repeatability of factors, such as mathematical statistics design and orthogonal test design. It should be noted that the experimental design according to the research objectives, and put forward a number of test programs to achieve the purpose. After the te

49、st plan is put forward, the researcher chooses a feasible and reliable method to carry on the experiment through the comparative analysis. If we think that several programs have different characteristics, we can also carry out several programs at the same time to carry out experimental design.Treatm

50、ent of experimental results. In scientific research, it is necessary to get a lot of test data and data, it is a kind of original data. There is an inevitable error in the data. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with the original experimental data scientifically, and to eliminate the error, error a

51、nd non essential data. Among them, in order to eliminate and distinguish the error, the researchers created the error theory, in order to get the most close to the actual situation. According to the error theory, the error can be divided into three types: system error, error and accidental error, an

52、d the control is carried out by different methods.2.3 Paper writingThe composition and arrangement of general scientific and technological periodical papers are as follows: title, abstract, key words, introduction, text, conclusion, references, references, appendix and so on.2.3.1 TitleThe title is

53、the general principles of scientific papers. The title should meet the following requirements. (1) Accurate and specific, brief refining. To accurately express the content of the paper, to reflect the scope and depth of the paper, the text should be simple, generally should not be more than 20 words

54、. (2) Easy to retrieve, easy to read. The title words to contribute to the selected keywords and preparation of the bibliography and index of secondary literature, to avoid the use of non-public knowledge, common abbreviations, characters and symbols.2.3.2 AbstractThe abstract of the content of the

55、paper without comment or comment. Its role is: (1) As soon as possible for readers to understand the important content, to supplement Title deficiencies; (2) For scientific and technical information and computer retrieval provides convenient. The content that should be written in the abstract genera

56、lly includes the purpose, method, result and conclusion of the research work, and the key point is the result and conclusion.2.3.3 IntroductionThe introduction is a brief introduction of the background of the paper. The previous research situation, the authors intention and the analysis of the basis

57、, including the pursuit of the goal, the research scope and theory, the selection of technical programs, etc.2.3.4 TextThe text is the core part of the scientific and technological paper. The papers argument, argument and argument are described here, occupying the main length of the paper. Due to di

58、fferent involved in the research work of the authors of the paper the object of study, research methods and research results expression, so the text to write the content can not be as uniform provisions but the general ideas and structure should be in line with the argument, through the argument (fa

59、cts and data to demonstrate the common requirements of theory. To seek truth from facts, objective real, logical, clear hierarchy.2.3.5 ConclusionConclusion is at the end of the thesis, is a description of the research results on the basis of theoretical and experimental analysis through the rigorous logical reasoning that, the essential content and writing requirement is: (1) The study results are presented to