電氣工程與信息工程 電子 外文翻譯 外文文獻 英文文獻 基于LabVIEW的壓力開關(guān)測試系統(tǒng)設(shè)計

1、譯文題目：基于labview的壓力開關(guān)測試系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 外文資料（一）：labview programmingthe pressure switch test system, involving an important concept: the virtual instrument. virtual instrument is the united states national instruments corporation (ni) out of the concept of modern computer technology and instrumentation technology

2、in-depth integration of the product. virtual instrument virtual there are two levels of meaning: 1. a virtual control panel, two virtual test and measurement and analysis. virtual instrument is characterized by high-performance, scalability strong little development time, seamless integration. nis w

3、ithdrawal from a professional graphical programming software to design and development of virtual instruments, that is, labiew.labview, short for laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench, is a programming environment in which you create programs using a graphical notation (connecting func

4、tional nodes via wires through which data flows); in this regard, it differs from traditional programming languages like c, c+, or java, in which you program with text. however, labview is much more than a programming language. it is an interactive program development and execution system designed f

5、or people, like scientists and engineers, who need to program as part of their jobs. the labview development environment works on computers running windows, mac os x, or linux. labview can create programs that run on those platforms, as well as microsoft pocket pc, microsoft windows ce, palm os, and

6、 a variety of embedded platforms, including field programmable gate arrays (fpgas), digital signal processors (dsps), and microprocessors.using the very powerful graphical programming language that many labview users affectionately call g (for graphical), labview can increase your productivity by or

7、ders of magnitude. programs that take weeks or months to write using conventional programming languages can be completed in hours using labview because it is specifically designed to take measurements, analyze data, and present results to the user. and because labview has such a versatile graphical

8、user interface and is so easy to program with, it is also ideal for simulations, presentation of ideas, general programming, or even teaching basic programming concepts.labiew feature continuously enriched and powerful, labiew used for data acquisition and control, data analysis and data representat

9、ion, so that engineers and scientists to take full advantage of pc functions, quickly and easily complete their own power to make. labview main features can be summarized as follows: a graphical environment for two instruments into a built-in program compiler, so that run faster three flexible means

10、 of four supports multiple debugging platform 5 supports dde functions.labiew years of development from 1986 to now, has launched a number of different versions that can support multiple popular operating systems, labview main course of development are as follows:1.1983 years in april, labview devel

11、opment system in the united states austin, texas, the successful development of2.1985-year in may, ni introduced the labview beta test version3.1986-year in october, ni company officially released the labview1.0 for macintosh version of the4.1990-year in january, labview2.0 came5.1992-year in august

12、 in support of sun solaris workstation and pc-labview version available6.1993-year in january, labview3.0 version is developed7.1998-year in february, labview5.0 version available, this version is a milestone in the history of labview8.2003 years, labview7express and labview 7 series start into the

13、market, in the labview 7 series, introduced a new data type - dynamic data types9.2005 years, labview 8 version of the interview, the version of the specific distributed, intelligent outstanding features10.2006, the 20th anniversary edition of labview 8.20 an interview. 8.21 is the chinese version o

14、f11.2007-year in august, labview8.5 available12.2008-year in august, labview8.6 version availableafter 20 years of continuous innovation, development, labview to rely on the concept of a new and unique advantages, and has maintained an efficient and powerful, and open the three basic characteristics

15、, and gradually become the industry standard.the above describes the characteristics of labview and development, described below how the kind of virtual instrument designtypically, a virtual instrument design steps are as follows:(1). in the design window, place the front panel controls, front panel

16、 using the tool template development window, the corresponding tools, from the control template and place a good access control is needed to carry out parameter setting control properties, stickers text description tag.(2). in the flow chart editing window, place the nodes, frame, in the flow chart

17、editing window, use the tool template corresponding tools, from a functional template and put a good access to the required icon, they are the flow chart in the nodes , frame.(3). the data flow programming, data flow using the connection tool according to the direction of the port, node, frame in tu

18、rn connected to data from the source sent to the prescribed purpose terminal operating mode.(4). run test, when the completion of step (a), (2), (3), the front panel procedure and flow chart graphic design program is completed, a virtual instrument has been basically established, whether to achieve

19、the desired functionality, need to run the test. there are two kinds of test methods.a. simulation test: do not use i / o interface hardware. i needed to run tests on the signal data is from array or signal-generating function, resulting emulation signal.b. measured test: it is through the i / o int

20、erface to hardware devices, gathering input standard signal, to test the virtual instrument capabilities. simulation test in experimental tests carried out prior to the virtual instrument unique advantage because of its repeated testing, debugging, and constantly improve the improvement of virtual i

21、nstrument is extremely convenient, is a traditional instrument can not be used in test methods.(5).debugging techniques, use the toolbar shortcut run, highlight the implementation of, step, breakpoint set to the following steps to program debugging.a. to identify grammatical errors, if there is a sy

22、ntax error, then when start the shortcut bar run button, the button becomes a broken arrow, the program can not perform. mouse click on the button, a list will pop up an error window, the window listed in the wrong item, and then click any one of the listed errors, click the find function button, th

23、en the error object, or the port will be changed bright.b. slow tracking program running, use the shortcut in the toolbars highlight the implementation of button, click the button, the button icon becomes highlighted form, and then click run button, the program on a slower speed. the implementation

24、of the code was not grayed out after the implementation of the code highlighting, and display data on the value of the data stream. this allows the data flow, and track the implementation of the procedures.c. breakpoints and single-step, in order to check the program logic error, you may want to pro

25、gram a block diagram node in a node implementation. breakpoint tool to use a certain location in the program to suspend program execution, using probes or single-step ways to view the data.d. set the probe, you can view the block diagram by setting the probe to open a connection procedure by a data

26、value.(6). data observed, when the inspection observations were found to have an error, the mouse click highlight execution button, and observe the various nodes in the data stream values.(7). named save, save the designed i.翻譯（一）：labiew的程序設(shè)計壓力開關(guān)測試系統(tǒng)，涉及到一個重要的概念：虛擬儀器。虛擬儀器是美國國家儀器公司（簡稱ni）退出的概念，是現(xiàn)代計算機技術(shù)

27、和儀器技術(shù)深層次結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。虛擬儀器的“虛擬”有兩個層面的意思:1.虛擬的控制面板，2虛擬的測量測試與分析。虛擬儀器特點是性能高，擴展性強，開發(fā)時間少，無縫集成。ni公司退出一個專業(yè)圖形化編程軟件來設(shè)計開發(fā)虛擬儀器，就是labiew.labview是laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench的英文縮寫，它是一種圖形化的編程環(huán)境，使用圖形化的符號來創(chuàng)建程序（通過連線把函數(shù)節(jié)點連接起來，數(shù)據(jù)就是在這些連線上流動的）；在 這點上，它不同于傳統(tǒng)的文本編程語言像c, c+, 或者java。然而，labview不僅僅是一種編程語言，它是專門為那些

28、工作中需要大量編程的工程師和科學(xué)家們設(shè)計的一種交互式的程序程開發(fā)和執(zhí)行的系 統(tǒng)。labview開發(fā)環(huán)境可以工作在裝有windows, mac os x, 或linu任何一種操作系統(tǒng)的計算機上。labview創(chuàng)建的程序可以在上述平臺上運行，同時也可以運行于microsoft pocket pc, microsoft windows ce, palm os和大量的嵌入式平臺，包括現(xiàn)場可編程門陣列(fpgas)，數(shù)字信號處理器（dsps）和微處理器。許多使用功能強大的圖形化編程語言labview的用戶親切的稱之為“g”語言（取自graphical），labview能夠讓你的開發(fā)效率提高 幾個數(shù)量級。

29、使用傳統(tǒng)語言可能需要幾周或者幾個月才能完成的程序，如果用labview編寫，幾個小時就能完成，其中一個原因是labview是專為用戶 設(shè)計的，用來進行測量，分析數(shù)據(jù)和顯示結(jié)果。另一個原因是labview有豐富的圖形化用戶接口（gui）,使用這些接口使編程變得很容易。它也非常適合 用來進行仿真，表述思想，編寫一般程序，或者講述基本編程概念。labiew的功能不斷豐富和強大，labiew用來進行數(shù)據(jù)采集與控制，數(shù)據(jù)分析和數(shù)據(jù)表達，使工程師和科學(xué)家能充分利用pc的功能，快速簡便的完成自己的功作。labview主要特點可以概括如下：1圖形化的儀器變成環(huán)境2內(nèi)置的程序編譯器，使運行速度加快3靈活的程序調(diào)

30、試手段4支持多種系統(tǒng)平臺5支持dde等功能。labiew從1986年發(fā)展至今，已經(jīng)推出數(shù)個不同版本，可以支持多個目前流行的操作系統(tǒng)，labview主要發(fā)展歷程如下：1.1983年4月，labview開發(fā)系統(tǒng)在美國德克薩斯州奧斯汀研制成功2.1985年5月，ni公司推出了labview beta測試版3.1986年10月，ni公司正式發(fā)布了labview1.0 for macintosh版本4.1990年1月，labview2.0問世5.1992年8月，支持sun solaris工作站和pc的labview版本面世6.1993年1月，labview3.0版本開發(fā)完成7.1998年2月，labvi

31、ew5.0版本面世，該版本是labview歷史上有一個里程碑8.2003年，labview7express和labview 7系列開始推向市場，在labview 7系列中，引入了新的數(shù)據(jù)類型動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)類型9.2005年，labview 8版本面試，該版本具體分布式，智能化的優(yōu)異特性10.2006年，20周年紀(jì)念版labview 8.20面試。8.21是中文版本11.2007年8月，labview8.5面世12.2008年8月，labview8.6版本面世 經(jīng)過20年的持續(xù)創(chuàng)新，發(fā)展，labview依靠全新的概念和獨特的優(yōu)勢，并一直保持著高效和強大和開放這3個最基本的特征，逐步成為業(yè)界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 上面

32、介紹了labview的特點與發(fā)展，下面介紹虛擬儀器是怎么樣設(shè)計的 通常，一個虛擬儀器的設(shè)計步驟如下： （1).在前面板上設(shè)計窗口放置控件，在前面板開發(fā)窗口使用工具模板中的相應(yīng)工具，從控制模板中取用和放置好所需控件，進行控件屬性參數(shù)設(shè)置，標(biāo)貼文字說明標(biāo)簽。 （2).在流程圖編輯窗口，放置節(jié)點、圖框，在流程圖編輯窗口，使用工具模板中相應(yīng)工具，從功能模板中取用并放置好所需圖標(biāo)，它們是流程圖中的“節(jié)點”、“圖框”。 （3).數(shù)據(jù)流程編程，使用連線工具按數(shù)據(jù)流的方向?qū)⒍丝?、?jié)點、圖框依次相連，實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)從源頭按規(guī)定的運行方式送到目的終點。 （4).運行檢驗，當(dāng)完成步驟（1）、（2）、（3）后，前面板程序與

33、流程圖圖形化程序的設(shè)計完畢，一個虛擬儀器已經(jīng)基本建立，是否達到預(yù)期功能，還需運行檢驗。有如下兩種檢驗方式。a.仿真檢驗：不使用i/o接口硬件設(shè)備。對i檢驗運行所需的信號數(shù)據(jù)采用由“數(shù)組”或“信號生成函數(shù)”產(chǎn)生的“仿真信號”。b.實測檢驗：它通過i/o接口硬件設(shè)備，采集輸入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信號，來檢驗虛擬儀器功能。仿真檢驗在實測檢驗之前進行，是虛擬儀器所特有的優(yōu)勢，因為它對反復(fù)檢驗，調(diào)試，不斷完善改進虛擬儀器極為方便，是傳統(tǒng)儀器無法采用的檢驗手段。 （5).程序調(diào)試技術(shù)，利用快捷工具欄中的“運行”、“高亮執(zhí)行”、“單步執(zhí)行”、“斷點設(shè)置”進行以下程序調(diào)試步驟。a.找出語法錯誤，如果存在語法錯誤，則當(dāng)啟動快捷

34、工具欄的“運行”按鈕時，該按鈕變成一個折斷的箭頭，程序不能執(zhí)行。鼠標(biāo)單擊該按鈕，則將彈出錯誤清單窗口，窗口中列出錯誤的項目，然后單擊其中任何一個所列出的錯誤，單擊“find”功能按鈕，則出錯的對象或端口就會變亮。b.慢速跟蹤程序的運行，利用快捷工具欄中的“高亮執(zhí)行”按鈕，單擊該按鈕，該按鈕圖標(biāo)變成高亮形式，再單擊“運行”按鈕，程序就以較慢的速度運行。沒有被執(zhí)行的代碼灰色顯示，執(zhí)行后的代碼高亮顯示，并顯示數(shù)據(jù)流上的數(shù)據(jù)值。這樣，就可以根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)流動狀態(tài)，跟蹤程序的執(zhí)行。c.斷點與單步執(zhí)行，為了查找程序中邏輯錯誤，你也許希望框圖程序一個節(jié)點一個節(jié)點地執(zhí)行。使用斷點工具可以在程序的某一地點中止程序執(zhí)行

35、，用探針或者單步執(zhí)行方式查看數(shù)據(jù)。d.設(shè)置探針，可以通過設(shè)置探針開查看框圖程序經(jīng)某一根連線的數(shù)據(jù)值。 (6).數(shù)據(jù)觀察，當(dāng)檢查觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)有錯誤時，鼠標(biāo)單擊“highlight execution”按鈕，觀察數(shù)據(jù)流中各個節(jié)點的數(shù)值。 (7).命名存盤，保存設(shè)計好的i。外文資料（二）：a nano-tuneable pressure switch system design based on single wall carbon nanotubess.s.hosseini yazdi and m.mousavi mashadi faculty of mechanical engineering,u

36、niversity of tehran, iranabstract:under hydrostatic pressure, the cross section of a single wall carbon nanotube(swnt) reduces uniformly and proportionally to the applied pressure until it reaches to swnts first transition pressure.in addition, swnt kinks,becomes unstable and collapses on a ground p

37、lane due to bending loads.this phenomenon is a function of swnt diameter. bending loads can be generated by inducing a voltage between swnt and a conductive ground plane. therefore ,by inducing a certain pull-in voltage relative to a certain diameter(pressure), swnt does not collapse until the appli

38、ed pressure reaches to a certain amount which causes a certain swnt diameter reduction.in this case, because of swnt collapse on the ground plane, there will be a connection between them closing an electric circuit.in this study, these characteristics are employed to introduce a tuneable pressure sw

39、itch. this type of pressure switch,in comparison to previous presented one, uses only one swnt for switching, is able to sense pressure with higher resolution and has a much simpler system.key words:single wall carbon nanotube, pull-in voltages, electrostatic bending forces, kink, phase transition,

40、transient pressureintroductionsingle wall carbon nanotubes(swnts) has novel mechanical properties and behaviors which have attracted many considerations and studies recently. under hydrostatic pressure, swnts cross section is reduced uniformly and proportionally to applied pressure, until it reaches

41、 swnts first transient pressure. in this case the swnt physical properties change and its cross section becomes elliptical. this characteristics has been used in previous presented nano pressure sensors by wu et al.(2004), when applied pressure reaches to one of the swnts transition pressure, its cr

42、oss section shape changes, turning swnt into a semi-conductive material.the pressure sensing system has the ability to sense the change of swnt from a conductive material to a semi- conductive substance for switching. therefore, in this way, pressure sensor needs a number of swnts. however, the numb

43、er of used swnts is restricted because gao et al.(1998)bsowed when swnt diameter exceeds a limit, its natural shape is collapsed form. thus, it is imposssible to use them in this system. consequently, the pressure sensor only is able to sense retricted number of pressure(swnts transition pressures)

44、（fig.1 and 2）.to overcome the pressure sensing range restriction of the previous introduced switch, in this study, a tuneable pressure switch system has been introduced which can switches with higher resolution using much simpler system. it consists of a fixed ends swnt and a graphite ground plane w

45、hich are conductive. when various pull-in voltage are induced, swnt collapses on the ground plane only if the relative hydrostatic pressures are applied. the upper bound of pressure sensing range of this switch is the first swnts traansition pressure. to understand the mechanism of the switch on whi

46、ch the design is based, swnt transition pressure and pull-in phenomenon are illuminated in the follow sections.transition pressurezang et al.(2004), sun et al.(2004) and sood (2004) showed that swnts under applied hydrostatic pressure encounter phase transition. this phase transition is due to diffe

47、rence between energy which is needed to alter carbon-carbon bond length and carbon-carbon-carbon angle. at first stage, the swnt cross section reduces uniformly and proportionally under pressure, which is the result of carbon-carbon bond uniform length reduction. at a certain point, the cross sectio

48、n shape collapses from circular to elliptical. in this case, the swnt deformation is much lager than previous.the reason is:carbon-carbon-carbon angle variation needs much less energy in comparison to carbon-carbon bond length variation. thus, swnt undergoes a greater deformation after facing pressu

49、re higher than its first transition pressure. as a result, the isotropic swnt turns into an anisotropic swnt which is semi-conductive substance. the first swnt transition pressure is obtained by (fig.3):where r0 is swnt initial radius and d is swnt elastic constant. for swnts, d=0.76ev which is obta

50、ined by molecular dynamics. in consequence, the dimension of pt1 is:pull-in phenomenondequensnes ey al.(2004) has demonstrated when a voltage is include between a swnt and a conductive ground plane, the swnt deflects. when the deflection reaches to a certain amount, swnt becomes unstable and collaps

51、es. this phenomenon is called pull-in and the relative voltage, pull-in voltage. the applied electrostatic force per length is found by classic capacitance model as:where 0 is vacuum permittivity, v is include voltage, rnt is swnt radius and r is swnt and ground plane distance.wang and varadan(2005)

52、 prove that this instability is because of swnt kink under bending conditions, which has been observed by high resolution transmission electron, when the strain energy at the inner wall of the compressive side reaches the critical value. since stress and strain follow a linear distribution in radial

53、 direction, it is reasonable to assume that kink instability happens when in-plane strain under uniformly distributed compression. the kink slope being a function of dnt can be found by:that l is swnt length, dnt, is its diameter and h is swnt effective thickness.definition of tuneable pressure swit

54、chby combining the above mentioned concepts about pull-in phenomenon and transition pressure of swnts, the tuneable pressure switch mechanism can be defined. as it can be seen, from eq.3, the er is a function of swnt diameter. while a hydrostatic pressure is applied on swnt, its diameter reduces uni

55、formly and proportionally to the applied pressure:wherednt0 is swnts initial diameter (at zero pressure) and e is its effective young modulus (fig.5)to calculate the pull-in voltage, elastic and electrostatic domains should be considered. van der waals forces are quite small in comparison to electro

56、static force; therefore, they are neglected in this study.the system obeys the classical beam equationwhich is highly none-linear. therefore, it has no analytical solution. without losing the generality, it is possible to use lump model derived by dequensenes et al.(2002) which assumes bending elect

57、rostatic force distribution is uniform before pull-in phenomenon happens. the pull-in voltage for a lump model is calcuated by:that rinit is the initial distance between swnt and ground plane and rpl=2rinit/3 is the distance which pull-in happens.by considering rnt as a function of applied pressure,

58、 the relation between pull-in voltage and applied pressure is obtained(fig.6).in consequence, the mechanism of suggested pressure switch consists of a both end fixed swnt, a conductive ground plane and a tuneable voltage source to induce voltage between the swnt and the ground plane(fig.7).conclusionsin summary, a tuneable pressure switch has been obtained which uses only one swnt and its mechanism run as following:when a pull-in voltage related to a certain pressure is induced to the system, the swnt does not kink and does not on the ground plane, until th